SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Savings groups, livelihoods and
education
Stuart Cameron
Eric Ananga
funded by Plan UK
via its Partnership
Programme
Agreement with
DFID
Context
•Despite free primary education, households face formal and
informal education costs, especially at higher levels
•Plan and other NGOs facilitate savings groups – low-risk
microfinance that foster a savings habit, smooth income and
build financial assets
Research question
•Does access to better, village-level facilities for saving and
borrowing improve educational outcomes and expenditure?
Approach
•Review of research and evaluations of SGs, mostly from
Africa
•Qualitative research on 2 villages in Ghana where Banking on
Change projects operate
2
Possible mechanisms
Share-outs /
loans
Changes in
household decision-
making
Spending on
education
expenses
Increased
attendance /
enrolment
Learn
more
Enhanced
livelihoods
Income
Child
labour
Food and
health care
Nutrition
and health
Women invest more
in children’s
education and health
Changes in patterns
of spending or work
(smoothing)
3
Literature review
• RCTs for CARE programmes in Ghana, Malawi,
Uganda, and USAID-funded savings group in Burundi,
Saving for Change in Mali
• Large number of less rigorous evaluations – often no
control group / no baseline-endline comparison
• Most are predominantly quantitative but with focus
group discussions or in-depth interviews to
complement
4
Literature review: direct evidence
for impact
• Share outs and loans often used for education
(though not the main use)
• Savings groups  ↑educational expenditure in
some contexts.
• Lack of strong evidence on education enrolment but
small-scale studies (Uganda, Ethiopia) suggest
positive impact
5
Literature review: indirect
channels
• ↑business activity
• Mixed evidence on assets and income
• Mixed results on child work: may ↑ or ↓
• Mali – improved food security
• For child health no evidence of improvement
from the strongest studies
• Expenditure decisions shift towards female
household members
• Groups act as sites of collective action,
sometimes favouring education
6
Little new research since 2013?
• Gash and Odell (2013) Synthesis of RCTs finds mixed
and limited evidence on health and education
spending. May be used to ease timely payments rather
than increasing total.
• Brannen & Sheehan-Connor (2016) Zanzibar: possible
(non-robust) effect on educational expenditure
• Brunie et al (2014) Mozambique - potential effect on
seasonal and transitory food security, but need
supporting interventions
• Lønborg & Rasmussen (2014) Malawi – regressive
targeting
7
Primary research in Ghana
Village 1 - Upper West region
-Low educational indicators
-More remote
-Subsistence agriculture
Village 2 - Central region
-Better educational indicators
-Connected to urban economy
-More diversified livelihoods
In-depth individual and group
interviews with
-52 adult savings group members
-27 adult non-members
-24 children, 8 teachers, 2 community
volunteers
8
Context: Livelihoods
- Declining ability to live off the land, some faced food or cash
shortages
- Some out-migration for wage labour and salaried jobs
- Children often work, whether in or out of school
Context: education
- Parents have high education aspirations for children, but also
immediate need for agricultural labour, and school costs:
- informal fees + uniforms + books = about USD 12-18 at primary, USD 30 at
lower secondary … much higher at senior secondary
- Erratic attendance due to combination of not being able to pay fees
and having to work, more common than dropping out altogether
- Many enrol overage and repeat
- Children held back until they could pass exam
- Often not completing junior secondary education by 18
- Eventually drop out to work or marry
When you don’t go to school they won’t even take you to be a cleaner.
(adult member, female, Upper West)
9
Savings groups
- Oldest in third annual cycle, self-sustaining, supported by community
volunteer
- Weekly savings per member: Central: USD 0.50-2.50; Upper West USD 1 –
5
- Loans up to three times savings, payable within three months
- some vulnerable (poorest, older people, circular migrants) not in savings
groups
Direct educational impacts
- School attendance improving and some attributed to savings groups
- Many took small loans to pay school fees or buy uniforms – this seen as
legitimate reason for taking loans, included in constitution of some groups
- Share-outs also used, but less frequently
- According to several accounts, more children were going to school, and
fewer were being sent home because of non-payment of fees or to work
on farms
- In Central, some movement from public to private schooling
Now any time I go for a loan, it’s for the payment of the child’s school fees.
Whenever I am spending money, I think of the savings group first which I
will have to meet before any other expenses. (adult member, Central) 10
Indirect effects of savings groups on education
- Several interviewees said their overall income had increased due to
investment of share-outs or loans in business, allowing higher
expenditure on education
- Some support for idea that savings groups lead to improved ability
to pay for health expenses and for food in lean times, and that
migration – which can disrupt children’s schooling – had decreased
- Unable to determine with confidence whether child work had
increased or decreased as a result of the savings groups – need for
occasional work had not disappeared
- Savings groups may have placed more income in women’s hands,
increasing their de facto decision making power, including over
educational expenses
- Savings groups may have helped increase careful money
management
I use it to hire labour on my farm which increases my productivity. I
now spend more on my farm. I can now also cater for my children’s
educational expenses. (adult member, Central) 11
Conclusions
• Many take loans and use share-outs for
education – educational outcomes harder to
pin down
• Evidence from some contexts of increased
education expenditure and enrolments
• Combination of gradual income improvement
with better ability to pay fees on time?
• Possible indirect, longer term effects via
health and nutrition
12
Suggestions for further research
• Child labour – risk it could increase due to savings
groups?
• Longer term rigorous research needed
• Need to use better education indicators including
overage enrolment
• More consideration of equity effects (e.g. savings
group participation, private education)
• RCTs well suited to this type of evaluation:
interventions are relatively uniform and well-defined
• But large variation across contexts => don’t generalise
• Smaller scale qualitative studies can illuminate
underlying processes
13
Thank you
Stuart Cameron, Oxford Policy Management (Stuart.Cameron@opml.co.uk)
Eric Ananga, University of Education, Winneba
See also:
•Cameron, S. and Ananga, E.D. (2015) Savings groups, livelihood and
education: two case studies in Ghana. Journal of International Development,
27, 7
•Plan research report http://www.plan-uk.org/resources/documents/saving-
groups-and-educational-investments.pdf
•Plan research briefing http://www.plan-
uk.org/resources/documents/savings-groups-and-educational-investments-
research-briefing.pdf
•Blog post: Savings groups can help reduce the financial barriers to
education
14

More Related Content

What's hot

[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
Linkedin Education of Children in Care Network
 
Fair school choice
Fair school choiceFair school choice
Fair school choice
Rich Purtell
 
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
The Source for Learning, Inc.
 
The Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
The Expansion of School-Community PartnershipsThe Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
The Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
noblex1
 
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
The Impact Initiative
 
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation FrameworkHoliday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
Robin Beveridge
 
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme  Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
Dave Mckenna
 
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut AcademyImproved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
Community Education Partners, Inc., Education
 
Year round education 2
Year round education 2 Year round education 2
Year round education 2 bearkat31
 
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood Education
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood EducationVoter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood Education
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood EducationHonolulu Civil Beat
 
Investing in pre school programs
Investing in pre school programsInvesting in pre school programs
Investing in pre school programsLia Puspitasari
 
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & ImportanceUnderstanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
The Source for Learning, Inc.
 
Early Intervention
Early InterventionEarly Intervention
Early Intervention
Public Health England
 
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR
 
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1ACCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
Christian Connections for International Health
 
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPoint
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPointACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPoint
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPointKatlyn Wagner
 
Family and Parenting Support
Family and Parenting SupportFamily and Parenting Support
Family and Parenting Support
UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti
 
Family engagement for the post covid world
Family engagement for the post covid worldFamily engagement for the post covid world
Family engagement for the post covid world
Joseph Fratoni
 
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health educationPeer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
Alexander Decker
 

What's hot (20)

[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
[Canada] Harper, J. & Schmidt, F. (2014). The effectiveness of a group based ...
 
Fair school choice
Fair school choiceFair school choice
Fair school choice
 
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
VAECE 2017: Early Intervention: Reflecting on Scope, Need for Early Diagnosis...
 
AAP_Fact_Sheet_2013
AAP_Fact_Sheet_2013AAP_Fact_Sheet_2013
AAP_Fact_Sheet_2013
 
The Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
The Expansion of School-Community PartnershipsThe Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
The Expansion of School-Community Partnerships
 
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
2 Integrating Child Protection and Community Engagement, Sierra Leone, Kathle...
 
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation FrameworkHoliday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
Holiday Hunger Research & Evaluation Framework
 
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme  Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
Prevention and Early Intervention Programme
 
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut AcademyImproved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
Improved Student Performance at the Beechnut Academy
 
Year round education 2
Year round education 2 Year round education 2
Year round education 2
 
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood Education
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood EducationVoter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood Education
Voter Attitudes Toward Early Childhood Education
 
Investing in pre school programs
Investing in pre school programsInvesting in pre school programs
Investing in pre school programs
 
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & ImportanceUnderstanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
Understanding Early Intervention: Definition, Scope & Importance
 
Early Intervention
Early InterventionEarly Intervention
Early Intervention
 
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
Jemimah Njuki, CARE "Gender, Women’s Empowerment and Links to Agriculture and...
 
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1ACCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
CCIH 2015 Pamela Mukaire Breakout 1A
 
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPoint
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPointACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPoint
ACE-Attendance Proposal PowerPoint
 
Family and Parenting Support
Family and Parenting SupportFamily and Parenting Support
Family and Parenting Support
 
Family engagement for the post covid world
Family engagement for the post covid worldFamily engagement for the post covid world
Family engagement for the post covid world
 
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health educationPeer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
Peer educator and adolescent reproduction health education
 

Viewers also liked

Anna Resume Revised
Anna Resume RevisedAnna Resume Revised
Anna Resume RevisedAnna Miller
 
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico Cris Guzman
 
Presentation of work
Presentation of workPresentation of work
Presentation of workMurad Pyarali
 
DesignwithDigitalMedia
DesignwithDigitalMediaDesignwithDigitalMedia
DesignwithDigitalMediaRonald Keller
 
Pick Me Click Me Educate Me
Pick Me Click Me Educate MePick Me Click Me Educate Me
Pick Me Click Me Educate Me
Kshitiz Anand
 
Creative thinking
Creative thinkingCreative thinking
Creative thinking
Nosheen Ameen
 
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLER
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLERDesign&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLER
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLERRonald Keller
 
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to Practice
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to PracticeEnvironment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to Practice
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to PracticeGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection Control
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection ControlMAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection Control
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection ControlApril Metcalf
 
Informática aplicada à administração 1
Informática aplicada à administração 1Informática aplicada à administração 1
Informática aplicada à administração 1
Andrey Martins
 
The internet and www 2
The internet and www 2The internet and www 2
The internet and www 2
Iddrisu Issah
 
universal precautions
 universal precautions universal precautions
universal precautions
Sabari Nathan
 
TortugArte
TortugArteTortugArte
TortugArte
guestcfb0980
 
Edgardo
EdgardoEdgardo
Edgardo
edgardo1968
 
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchSampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Sam Ladner
 
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Two
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part TwoThe Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Two
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Twoaskpatty
 

Viewers also liked (18)

0944388579
09443885790944388579
0944388579
 
Anna Resume Revised
Anna Resume RevisedAnna Resume Revised
Anna Resume Revised
 
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico
Como crear una cuenta de correo electrónico
 
Presentation of work
Presentation of workPresentation of work
Presentation of work
 
DesignwithDigitalMedia
DesignwithDigitalMediaDesignwithDigitalMedia
DesignwithDigitalMedia
 
Catalan 5
Catalan 5Catalan 5
Catalan 5
 
Pick Me Click Me Educate Me
Pick Me Click Me Educate MePick Me Click Me Educate Me
Pick Me Click Me Educate Me
 
Creative thinking
Creative thinkingCreative thinking
Creative thinking
 
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLER
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLERDesign&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLER
Design&Formations-cert-de-travail-RKELLER
 
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to Practice
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to PracticeEnvironment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to Practice
Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction: Moving from Theory to Practice
 
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection Control
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection ControlMAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection Control
MAAT245 POWER POINT PRESENTATION Infection Control
 
Informática aplicada à administração 1
Informática aplicada à administração 1Informática aplicada à administração 1
Informática aplicada à administração 1
 
The internet and www 2
The internet and www 2The internet and www 2
The internet and www 2
 
universal precautions
 universal precautions universal precautions
universal precautions
 
TortugArte
TortugArteTortugArte
TortugArte
 
Edgardo
EdgardoEdgardo
Edgardo
 
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchSampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
 
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Two
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part TwoThe Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Two
The Ask Patty Holiday Social Part Two
 

Similar to Savings groups, livelihoods and education

Thoughts on ECEC Costs and Financing
Thoughts on ECEC Costs and FinancingThoughts on ECEC Costs and Financing
Thoughts on ECEC Costs and FinancingEduSkills OECD
 
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
Institute of Development Studies
 
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
Public Consulting Group
 
Walking School Bus Campaign
Walking School Bus CampaignWalking School Bus Campaign
Walking School Bus CampaignKDianora
 
Pd hearth overview presentation final
Pd hearth overview presentation finalPd hearth overview presentation final
Pd hearth overview presentation final
Mohammad Noor
 
Social Protection & Safety Nets
Social Protection & Safety NetsSocial Protection & Safety Nets
Social Protection & Safety NetsDevelopmentSeed
 
When Child Welfare Works
When Child Welfare WorksWhen Child Welfare Works
When Child Welfare Works
The Annie E. Casey Foundation
 
A school feeding program. research in kenya
A school feeding program. research in kenyaA school feeding program. research in kenya
A school feeding program. research in kenya
sirmek
 
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
National Alliance to End Homelessness
 
Human Capital health and education for critic
Human Capital health and education for criticHuman Capital health and education for critic
Human Capital health and education for critic
OnofreAlgaraJr2
 
Problem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
Problem Framing: Early Childhood LearningProblem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
Problem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
Kevin Morris
 
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in CambodiaThe Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics
 
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop ReportDigital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
CGAP
 
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefingGender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
Institute of Development Studies
 
Two Generation Strategies in Social Services
Two Generation Strategies in Social ServicesTwo Generation Strategies in Social Services
Two Generation Strategies in Social Services
Siemer Institute for Family Stability
 
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity Sorcia D'Arceuil
 
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School HealthLeveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
California School-Based Health Alliance
 
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDREN
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDRENReber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDREN
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDRENDayna Reber
 
Whole child makingthecase[1]
Whole child makingthecase[1]Whole child makingthecase[1]
Whole child makingthecase[1]
ManuelRicardoPimente
 

Similar to Savings groups, livelihoods and education (20)

Thoughts on ECEC Costs and Financing
Thoughts on ECEC Costs and FinancingThoughts on ECEC Costs and Financing
Thoughts on ECEC Costs and Financing
 
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
Child-sensitive social protection: policy and practice in South Asia - Disa S...
 
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
Improve Outcomes for Children in Foster Care by Reforming Congregate Care Pay...
 
Walking School Bus Campaign
Walking School Bus CampaignWalking School Bus Campaign
Walking School Bus Campaign
 
Pd hearth overview presentation final
Pd hearth overview presentation finalPd hearth overview presentation final
Pd hearth overview presentation final
 
Social Protection & Safety Nets
Social Protection & Safety NetsSocial Protection & Safety Nets
Social Protection & Safety Nets
 
When Child Welfare Works
When Child Welfare WorksWhen Child Welfare Works
When Child Welfare Works
 
A school feeding program. research in kenya
A school feeding program. research in kenyaA school feeding program. research in kenya
A school feeding program. research in kenya
 
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
6.1: Supporting Families: Federal Funding Opportunities
 
Human Capital health and education for critic
Human Capital health and education for criticHuman Capital health and education for critic
Human Capital health and education for critic
 
Problem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
Problem Framing: Early Childhood LearningProblem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
Problem Framing: Early Childhood Learning
 
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in CambodiaThe Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia
 
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop ReportDigital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop Report
 
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefingGender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
Gender mainstreaming from the ground up: WFP Lebanon management debriefing
 
Two Generation Strategies in Social Services
Two Generation Strategies in Social ServicesTwo Generation Strategies in Social Services
Two Generation Strategies in Social Services
 
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity
Promotion of Healthier Food Habits/ Choices within the family to combat Obesity
 
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School HealthLeveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
Leveraging Chronic Absence Accountability Metrics to Support School Health
 
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDREN
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDRENReber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDREN
Reber_NUTRITION FOR LOW-INCOME CHILDREN
 
ankitajain14
ankitajain14ankitajain14
ankitajain14
 
Whole child makingthecase[1]
Whole child makingthecase[1]Whole child makingthecase[1]
Whole child makingthecase[1]
 

Recently uploaded

CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCECLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
BhavyaRajput3
 
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdfHome assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
Special education needs
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Peter Windle
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
MysoreMuleSoftMeetup
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
EugeneSaldivar
 
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfUnit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Thiyagu K
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Levi Shapiro
 
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
beazzy04
 
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
CarlosHernanMontoyab2
 
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdfAdditional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
joachimlavalley1
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
Jisc
 
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official PublicationThe Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
Delapenabediema
 
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9  .docxAcetabularia Information For Class 9  .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
vaibhavrinwa19
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Mohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxFrancesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
EduSkills OECD
 
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdfAdversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Po-Chuan Chen
 

Recently uploaded (20)

CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCECLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
 
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdfHome assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
 
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfUnit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
 
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
 
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
 
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdfAdditional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
 
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official PublicationThe Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
 
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9  .docxAcetabularia Information For Class 9  .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
 
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxFrancesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 5pptx.pptx
 
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdfAdversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
 

Savings groups, livelihoods and education

  • 1. Savings groups, livelihoods and education Stuart Cameron Eric Ananga funded by Plan UK via its Partnership Programme Agreement with DFID
  • 2. Context •Despite free primary education, households face formal and informal education costs, especially at higher levels •Plan and other NGOs facilitate savings groups – low-risk microfinance that foster a savings habit, smooth income and build financial assets Research question •Does access to better, village-level facilities for saving and borrowing improve educational outcomes and expenditure? Approach •Review of research and evaluations of SGs, mostly from Africa •Qualitative research on 2 villages in Ghana where Banking on Change projects operate 2
  • 3. Possible mechanisms Share-outs / loans Changes in household decision- making Spending on education expenses Increased attendance / enrolment Learn more Enhanced livelihoods Income Child labour Food and health care Nutrition and health Women invest more in children’s education and health Changes in patterns of spending or work (smoothing) 3
  • 4. Literature review • RCTs for CARE programmes in Ghana, Malawi, Uganda, and USAID-funded savings group in Burundi, Saving for Change in Mali • Large number of less rigorous evaluations – often no control group / no baseline-endline comparison • Most are predominantly quantitative but with focus group discussions or in-depth interviews to complement 4
  • 5. Literature review: direct evidence for impact • Share outs and loans often used for education (though not the main use) • Savings groups  ↑educational expenditure in some contexts. • Lack of strong evidence on education enrolment but small-scale studies (Uganda, Ethiopia) suggest positive impact 5
  • 6. Literature review: indirect channels • ↑business activity • Mixed evidence on assets and income • Mixed results on child work: may ↑ or ↓ • Mali – improved food security • For child health no evidence of improvement from the strongest studies • Expenditure decisions shift towards female household members • Groups act as sites of collective action, sometimes favouring education 6
  • 7. Little new research since 2013? • Gash and Odell (2013) Synthesis of RCTs finds mixed and limited evidence on health and education spending. May be used to ease timely payments rather than increasing total. • Brannen & Sheehan-Connor (2016) Zanzibar: possible (non-robust) effect on educational expenditure • Brunie et al (2014) Mozambique - potential effect on seasonal and transitory food security, but need supporting interventions • Lønborg & Rasmussen (2014) Malawi – regressive targeting 7
  • 8. Primary research in Ghana Village 1 - Upper West region -Low educational indicators -More remote -Subsistence agriculture Village 2 - Central region -Better educational indicators -Connected to urban economy -More diversified livelihoods In-depth individual and group interviews with -52 adult savings group members -27 adult non-members -24 children, 8 teachers, 2 community volunteers 8
  • 9. Context: Livelihoods - Declining ability to live off the land, some faced food or cash shortages - Some out-migration for wage labour and salaried jobs - Children often work, whether in or out of school Context: education - Parents have high education aspirations for children, but also immediate need for agricultural labour, and school costs: - informal fees + uniforms + books = about USD 12-18 at primary, USD 30 at lower secondary … much higher at senior secondary - Erratic attendance due to combination of not being able to pay fees and having to work, more common than dropping out altogether - Many enrol overage and repeat - Children held back until they could pass exam - Often not completing junior secondary education by 18 - Eventually drop out to work or marry When you don’t go to school they won’t even take you to be a cleaner. (adult member, female, Upper West) 9
  • 10. Savings groups - Oldest in third annual cycle, self-sustaining, supported by community volunteer - Weekly savings per member: Central: USD 0.50-2.50; Upper West USD 1 – 5 - Loans up to three times savings, payable within three months - some vulnerable (poorest, older people, circular migrants) not in savings groups Direct educational impacts - School attendance improving and some attributed to savings groups - Many took small loans to pay school fees or buy uniforms – this seen as legitimate reason for taking loans, included in constitution of some groups - Share-outs also used, but less frequently - According to several accounts, more children were going to school, and fewer were being sent home because of non-payment of fees or to work on farms - In Central, some movement from public to private schooling Now any time I go for a loan, it’s for the payment of the child’s school fees. Whenever I am spending money, I think of the savings group first which I will have to meet before any other expenses. (adult member, Central) 10
  • 11. Indirect effects of savings groups on education - Several interviewees said their overall income had increased due to investment of share-outs or loans in business, allowing higher expenditure on education - Some support for idea that savings groups lead to improved ability to pay for health expenses and for food in lean times, and that migration – which can disrupt children’s schooling – had decreased - Unable to determine with confidence whether child work had increased or decreased as a result of the savings groups – need for occasional work had not disappeared - Savings groups may have placed more income in women’s hands, increasing their de facto decision making power, including over educational expenses - Savings groups may have helped increase careful money management I use it to hire labour on my farm which increases my productivity. I now spend more on my farm. I can now also cater for my children’s educational expenses. (adult member, Central) 11
  • 12. Conclusions • Many take loans and use share-outs for education – educational outcomes harder to pin down • Evidence from some contexts of increased education expenditure and enrolments • Combination of gradual income improvement with better ability to pay fees on time? • Possible indirect, longer term effects via health and nutrition 12
  • 13. Suggestions for further research • Child labour – risk it could increase due to savings groups? • Longer term rigorous research needed • Need to use better education indicators including overage enrolment • More consideration of equity effects (e.g. savings group participation, private education) • RCTs well suited to this type of evaluation: interventions are relatively uniform and well-defined • But large variation across contexts => don’t generalise • Smaller scale qualitative studies can illuminate underlying processes 13
  • 14. Thank you Stuart Cameron, Oxford Policy Management (Stuart.Cameron@opml.co.uk) Eric Ananga, University of Education, Winneba See also: •Cameron, S. and Ananga, E.D. (2015) Savings groups, livelihood and education: two case studies in Ghana. Journal of International Development, 27, 7 •Plan research report http://www.plan-uk.org/resources/documents/saving- groups-and-educational-investments.pdf •Plan research briefing http://www.plan- uk.org/resources/documents/savings-groups-and-educational-investments- research-briefing.pdf •Blog post: Savings groups can help reduce the financial barriers to education 14