This presentation discusses the safety aspects of nuclear power plant design with respect to design basis parameters. It introduces concepts of nuclear safety and defense-in-depth. The document outlines safety objectives, requirements for multiple barriers and redundancy. It describes categories of postulated initiating events and how common cause failures are addressed. Safety classification and detailed design rules are also summarized. Finally, the presentation provides an overview of site-specific external hazards for the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh and compares its design basis safety to that of VVER reactor designs.
Assessment of Photovoltaic Module Failures in the FieldLeonardo ENERGY
This Webinar will present the current status and predictive ability for the power loss of PV modules for specific failure modes. The team describes PV module material interactions and incompatibilities among encapsulation materials and lamination processes so as to better understand PV module failures mechanism.
Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh : Environmental Issues and their SolutionsHasibul Hossain Rasheeq
For better view : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NWlCP_WaaGw55eOJ-Ac9csE4TzdACMmowr9Oyc8b1QE/edit?usp=sharing
Fission-based electric power stations are responsible for the emission of negligible amount of Carbon Di-oxide and thus many countries are considering the possibility of building Nuclear Power Plants in order to get clean energy at a reasonable cost. Bangladesh is not different either. Though Bangladesh might not have a strong financial support, but they are going to enter the Elite Club of "Nuclear Power Producing Countries" in 2023. Thanks to Rosatom and thanks to Russia for their outstanding support.
This paper evaluates the diversification opportunities for Indian corporates keen on entering the solar PV manufacturing sector. This includes both crystalline silicon and thin film technologies.
The white paper is divided into three sections. The first section examines the global market dynamics of the solar PV sector and the opportunities and challenges for this sector. This section also provides an introduction to the prominent technologies used in solar PV. Some of the key questions answered in this section include
• What are the global solar PV installation trends?
• Which is the largest solar market in the world?
• What are the various solar PV technologies available?
• What are the key differences between crystalline silicon and thin film technologies?
Nükleer santraller hakkında detaylı ve anlaşılır bilgiler içeren slayt. Kurulmalı mı kurulmamalı mı? Yararları ve zararları? Patlama ihtimali? Tüm bu sorulara cevap aranıyor...
Solar PV O&M looks easy however maintaining a Solar PV Plant at top performance is a task and based on the experience of Solarig-Gensol in maintaining a 2 GW portfolio of solar plants in India, here are some basics on Solar O&M.
Presentation has the following contents:
a) Balancing Soiling Losses with case study
b) Monitoring & Corrective Maintenance
c) Performance Ratio & Uptime Guarantee
d) Impact of O&M on IRR
Presentation: DOE Stetsoon Hydrogen Storage technologieschrisrobschu
Hydrogen Storage Technologies –
A Tutorial
with Perspectives from the US National Program
Ned T. Stetson
U. S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585
Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy
Cocoa Beach, FL
February 22, 2010
• Why do we need better hydrogen storage?
• Physical storage technologies
– Liquid
– Compressed
– Cryo-compressed
• Materials-based storage technologies
– Hydrogen sorbents
– Metal hydrides
– Complex hydrides
– Chemical hydrogen storage
Doe stetson hydrogen_storage_technologies_tutorial
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflictImran Sajol
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflict
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant & Iran Nuclear Issue
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Imran
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Proposal was made in 1961 & approved in 1963
Total area needed- 253.90 acres
Will be made and funded by Russia
Estimated cost 12.6 Billion $
Two VVER-1200 reactor power Plant
Output 2.4GWe
Completed within 2025
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Stable and Powerful Source
Continuously supply energy for long term
natural uranium can provide about 10000 times more energy than crude oil
Make a few amount of wastes compare to others
Transportation cost of raw material is also low for nuclear plant
Historical evidence of nuclear power plant accidents
afif
Accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
INES level 7 (worst nuclear accident ever)
Happened due to technical problem
releasing radiation into the atmosphere and cutting off the flow of coolant into the reactor
Thirty-one deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers
50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome
nine children who have died of thyroid cancer and 116,000 needed to be evacuated.
Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Plant
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors
INES Level 5
Four reactors were written off due to damage in the accident
No Death or sickness causes of radiation but 1000 died for the evacuation process
Over 100000 peopled needed to be evacuated
Conflict regarding Financial Issue
1 Rooppur Power Plant = 2 Coal Plant + 3 Padma Bridge
Maintenance and Operation cost will be 200 Million dollar per year for the next 40 years.
90% of the cost is loaned from Russian govt. and Uranium will be brought from Russia also.
It is actually a “cost plus” contract
All the repair and maintenance cost have to be provided by Bangladesh Government
Conflict regarding planning
Technology- “Pressurized water reactor” is outdated and unsafe according to specialist
Established near “Farakka Barrage”- get less water in summer season for cooling purpose
Cant tolerate a high level of earthquake
Lack of safe zone surrounding the area (50 Miles)
Difficulties should be faced to evacuate surrounding place in case of any accident
Threat of Terrorist and hacking
Conflict in operation level
Lack of expert and technical manpower
Lack of an institutional and regulatory framework
Unsettled price of fuel
Poor Management of spent fuel
Conflict regarding environmental Impact of Nuclear Power Plant
Impact on Land
Impact on Water
Impact on Human Health & Animal
Impact on forests
Environmental Effects
Waste Disposal
Radioactive waste
Chernobyl disaster and what are the lessons we have to learn especially India which having 21 Nuclear Centers or Plants
Reference Video Link is given below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9JSGU8MRb0
Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Solar PlantsMangeshK6
Floating solar panels are placed within lakes or other such still water bodies, fixed to a structure that keeps them above the surface of the water. The first patent for this type of floating solar technology was registered just recently in 2008. Since then, it has caught the attention of renowned construction companies and has been gaining popularity as a new alternative to other solar power plants. But, let’s take a closer look at what the pros and cons of this alternative are.
Assessment of Photovoltaic Module Failures in the FieldLeonardo ENERGY
This Webinar will present the current status and predictive ability for the power loss of PV modules for specific failure modes. The team describes PV module material interactions and incompatibilities among encapsulation materials and lamination processes so as to better understand PV module failures mechanism.
Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh : Environmental Issues and their SolutionsHasibul Hossain Rasheeq
For better view : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NWlCP_WaaGw55eOJ-Ac9csE4TzdACMmowr9Oyc8b1QE/edit?usp=sharing
Fission-based electric power stations are responsible for the emission of negligible amount of Carbon Di-oxide and thus many countries are considering the possibility of building Nuclear Power Plants in order to get clean energy at a reasonable cost. Bangladesh is not different either. Though Bangladesh might not have a strong financial support, but they are going to enter the Elite Club of "Nuclear Power Producing Countries" in 2023. Thanks to Rosatom and thanks to Russia for their outstanding support.
This paper evaluates the diversification opportunities for Indian corporates keen on entering the solar PV manufacturing sector. This includes both crystalline silicon and thin film technologies.
The white paper is divided into three sections. The first section examines the global market dynamics of the solar PV sector and the opportunities and challenges for this sector. This section also provides an introduction to the prominent technologies used in solar PV. Some of the key questions answered in this section include
• What are the global solar PV installation trends?
• Which is the largest solar market in the world?
• What are the various solar PV technologies available?
• What are the key differences between crystalline silicon and thin film technologies?
Nükleer santraller hakkında detaylı ve anlaşılır bilgiler içeren slayt. Kurulmalı mı kurulmamalı mı? Yararları ve zararları? Patlama ihtimali? Tüm bu sorulara cevap aranıyor...
Solar PV O&M looks easy however maintaining a Solar PV Plant at top performance is a task and based on the experience of Solarig-Gensol in maintaining a 2 GW portfolio of solar plants in India, here are some basics on Solar O&M.
Presentation has the following contents:
a) Balancing Soiling Losses with case study
b) Monitoring & Corrective Maintenance
c) Performance Ratio & Uptime Guarantee
d) Impact of O&M on IRR
Presentation: DOE Stetsoon Hydrogen Storage technologieschrisrobschu
Hydrogen Storage Technologies –
A Tutorial
with Perspectives from the US National Program
Ned T. Stetson
U. S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585
Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy
Cocoa Beach, FL
February 22, 2010
• Why do we need better hydrogen storage?
• Physical storage technologies
– Liquid
– Compressed
– Cryo-compressed
• Materials-based storage technologies
– Hydrogen sorbents
– Metal hydrides
– Complex hydrides
– Chemical hydrogen storage
Doe stetson hydrogen_storage_technologies_tutorial
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflictImran Sajol
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflict
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant & Iran Nuclear Issue
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Imran
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Proposal was made in 1961 & approved in 1963
Total area needed- 253.90 acres
Will be made and funded by Russia
Estimated cost 12.6 Billion $
Two VVER-1200 reactor power Plant
Output 2.4GWe
Completed within 2025
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Stable and Powerful Source
Continuously supply energy for long term
natural uranium can provide about 10000 times more energy than crude oil
Make a few amount of wastes compare to others
Transportation cost of raw material is also low for nuclear plant
Historical evidence of nuclear power plant accidents
afif
Accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
INES level 7 (worst nuclear accident ever)
Happened due to technical problem
releasing radiation into the atmosphere and cutting off the flow of coolant into the reactor
Thirty-one deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers
50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome
nine children who have died of thyroid cancer and 116,000 needed to be evacuated.
Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Plant
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors
INES Level 5
Four reactors were written off due to damage in the accident
No Death or sickness causes of radiation but 1000 died for the evacuation process
Over 100000 peopled needed to be evacuated
Conflict regarding Financial Issue
1 Rooppur Power Plant = 2 Coal Plant + 3 Padma Bridge
Maintenance and Operation cost will be 200 Million dollar per year for the next 40 years.
90% of the cost is loaned from Russian govt. and Uranium will be brought from Russia also.
It is actually a “cost plus” contract
All the repair and maintenance cost have to be provided by Bangladesh Government
Conflict regarding planning
Technology- “Pressurized water reactor” is outdated and unsafe according to specialist
Established near “Farakka Barrage”- get less water in summer season for cooling purpose
Cant tolerate a high level of earthquake
Lack of safe zone surrounding the area (50 Miles)
Difficulties should be faced to evacuate surrounding place in case of any accident
Threat of Terrorist and hacking
Conflict in operation level
Lack of expert and technical manpower
Lack of an institutional and regulatory framework
Unsettled price of fuel
Poor Management of spent fuel
Conflict regarding environmental Impact of Nuclear Power Plant
Impact on Land
Impact on Water
Impact on Human Health & Animal
Impact on forests
Environmental Effects
Waste Disposal
Radioactive waste
Chernobyl disaster and what are the lessons we have to learn especially India which having 21 Nuclear Centers or Plants
Reference Video Link is given below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9JSGU8MRb0
Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Solar PlantsMangeshK6
Floating solar panels are placed within lakes or other such still water bodies, fixed to a structure that keeps them above the surface of the water. The first patent for this type of floating solar technology was registered just recently in 2008. Since then, it has caught the attention of renowned construction companies and has been gaining popularity as a new alternative to other solar power plants. But, let’s take a closer look at what the pros and cons of this alternative are.
Practical Electrical Wiring Standards - AS 3000:2007Living Online
This workshop aims to familiarise the participants with the requirements laid down in the standard AS/NZS 3000:2007, commonly known as Australia-New Zealand Wiring Rules. For those installations covered in the scope of this standard, its provisions are mandatory and must be followed. Any engineer involved in planning and design of electrical systems, their installation or maintenance must have a clear idea about the various requirements contained in the standard.
The primary purpose of this standard, like many of its various other equivalent national standards, is to ensure the safety of personnel against the dangers arising from the use and handling of electrical equipment and appliances. The introductory modules of this workshop outline the basic principles that should be understood for a better appreciation of the standard. These include modules, which illustrate the calculation for the power demand of a system and the computation of earth fault current as discussed in the appendices of the standard, which are informative in nature but yet are very important in making an electrical system safe for operation. The actual provisions of the standard are then discussed in detail in the subsequent modules.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-wiring-standards-asnzs-30002007
ITCO (Iranian Turbine Company) started writing his history in 2011 and was founded on knowledge-basis Company and is owned by IDRO with 49% and PADICO with 51% shares. ITCO activities area: Aviation, Oil, Gas, Petrochemical and Power Plant industries.
Overcoming the Challenges of Large Capital Programs/ProjectsScottMadden, Inc.
Effective capital program/project delivery is a critical competency for any electric utility to achieve high performance. However, project scope creep, schedule delays, and cost increases have become the rule rather than the exception. Over the past 10 years, the electric utility industry has seen large demands on its projects and construction management organizations to ensure compliance with a number of concerns. Large capital programs/projects come with a variety of complicated planning, implementation, and workforce/vendor management challenges. Using EPU projects as an example, we will provide you with ways to overcome these challenges for any large capital program/project. This article can help you successfully plan, deliver, and control/monitor your large capital program/project.
“Random variables in the Offshore Wind Turbine fatigue reliability design wit...TRUSS ITN
Abstract: The fatigue design of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) is one of the most resource demanding tasks in the OWT design process. Techniques have been developed recently to simplify the amount of effort needed to design to structural fatigue. This is the example of the usage of Kriging surrogate models. These may be used in OWTs design not only, to reduce the computational effort needed to analyse an OWT, but also to allow their design to be robust. Due to the stress variability and its non-linear character, the short-term fatigue damage variability is high, and converging the stochastic field approached by the surrogate model in relation to the real observations is challenging. A thorough analysis of the different components that load an OWT and are more critical for the tower component fatigue life is required, and therefore, presented and discussed in the current paper. The tower, jointly with the foundation, are particular components of the OWT regarding the fatigue analysis process. Statistical assessments of the extrapolation of fatigue loads for the tower and the influence of the environmental parameters in the short-term damage are presented in this paper. This sets a support analysis for the creation of the Kriging response surfaces for fatigue analysis. NREL’s 5 MW monopile turbine is used due to its state of the art character. Five environmental variables are considered in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify which variables are most prominent in the quantification of the short-term damage uncertainty in the tower. The decoupling of the different external contributions for the fatigue life is a major contribution of the work presented. Preliminary guidelines are drawn for the creation of surrogate models to analyse fatigue of OWT towers and the most relevant conclusions are presented in an industry-oriented design outline regarding the most critical random variables that influence OWT short-term fatigue calculation.
1. Welcome To my Presentation
on
“An Approach to Assess the Safety Aspects of a
Nuclear Power Plant with Respect to Design Basis
Parameters”
2. Nuclear Safety
• Nuclear safety had been the central issue of nuclear reactor design since the
inception of nuclear power.
• The term “Safety” in the context of nuclear technology means the status and
the ability of a nuclear installation to prevent uncontrolled development of
fission chain reaction or unauthorized release of radioactive substances or
ionizing radiation into the environment and to mitigate the consequences of
incidents and accidents at nuclear installations.
• A nuclear power plant is assumed to be safe when its radiation impact in all
operational states is kept at a reasonably achievable low level and is
maintained below the regulatory prescribed dose limits for internal and
external exposure of the personnel and population and when in case of any
accident including those of very low frequency of occurrence, the radiation
consequences are mitigated.
3. Safety Objectives and Concepts
The nuclear safety objectives and concepts:
• establish the mandatory safety requirements that define the elements necessary to ensure nuclear
safety.
• are applicable to the design and operation of the associated structures, systems and components
as well as to procedures important to safety in nuclear power plants.
Safety Objectives
General
Nuclear Safety
Objective
Technical
Safety
Objective
Radiation
Protection
Objective
Safety
Concepts
The Concept
of Defense-in-
Depth
Consideration
of Physical
Barriers
Operational
Limits and
Conditions
4. The Concept of Defense-in-Depth
• Defense-in-Depth is an element of the safety philosophy that employs successive
compensatory measures to prevent accidents or mitigate damage if a malfunction,
accident or naturally caused event occurs at a nuclear facility.
• Application of the concept of defense in depth throughout design, construction and
operation will provide a graded protection against a wide variety of transients, anticipated
operational occurrences and accidents.
• The concept is applied in practice through the following procedures:
Prevention of Failures
Limiting The Effect of Failures
Limiting Design Basis Accidents
Severe Accident Control
Mitigation of Consequences of Significant Release
5. Design Phase
• Conservative design
approach plays a prominent
role in ensuring the safety
and integrity of a nuclear
power plant throughout its
life cycle.
• Design phase is the
transformation of a thought
to a reflection of the soon
to be built plant.
• Assessment of safety is
carried out in each and
every step of the process to
ensure the safest plant
design as practicable.
Design
Authority
General Design
Criteria
Design
Methods
Proven
Engineering
Practices
Requirement
Specifications
Quality Plans
Operational
Experience
and Safety
Research
Safety Analysis
Design
Documentatio
n
Qualification
or Quality
Assurance
Verification of
Design
Independent
Verification
6. Design Basis
• The main basis for the design of a nuclear
power plant is that the possibility of an
accident causing significant radioactive release
is eliminated .
• A necessary and adequate condition for
meeting this safety objective is that three
fundamental safety functions are provided.
• To ensure a safety level as high as reasonably
achievable through design, the following six
categories are taken into account to ensure
optimum safety of the plant.
Safety
Functions
Control of
Reactivity
Decay Heat
Removal
Containment
of
Radioactive
Release
Specific
Requireme
nts
Multiple
Protective
Barriers
Protection
and
Reactivity
Control
Systems
Fluid
systems
Reactor
Containme
nt
Fuel and
Reactivity
control
7. Design Rules and Limits
The design authority will specify the engineering design rules and limits for all
SSCs. These will comply with appropriate accepted engineering practices. The
design will also identify SSCs to which design limits will be applicable. These
design limits will be specified for normal operation, AOOs and DBAs. The design
limits will include:
• Radiological and other technical acceptance criteria for all operational states and
accident conditions;
• Criteria on protection of fuel cladding and maximum allowable fuel damage
during any operational state and design basis accidents;
• Criteria on protection of the coolant pressure boundary;
• Criteria on protection of the containment in case of extreme external events,
severe accidents and combinations of initiating events.
8. Categories of PIEs
• Postulated initiating events can lead to AOO or accident conditions and include credible failures
or malfunctions of SSCs as well as operator errors, common-cause internal hazards and external
hazards. Postulated initiating events will be grouped into different categories depending on their
frequency of occurrence per calendar year.
• Category 1: steady and transient states during normal operation;
• Category 2: anticipated operational occurrences, with frequency of 10-2 events per year;
• Category 3: accidents of low frequency of occurrence, in the range between 10-2 and 10-4
events per year;
• Category 4: design basis accident of very low frequency of occurrence, in the range
between10-4 and 10-6 events per year.
9. The Postulated Initiating Events (In Detail)
C1 (NO)
•Start up
•Power operation
•Hot standby
•Hot shutdown
•Cold shutdown
•Refueling
•Operation with an inactive loop
•Temperature increase and
decrease at a maximum
admissible rate
•Step load increase and decrease
(by 10 %)
• Load increase and decrease (at
a rate of 5 % load/minute)
within the range between 15
and100 % full power
•Switch-over to house load
operation from 100 % power
with steam dump
•Limiting conditions allowed by
the OLCs.
C2 (AOO)
•Inadvertent withdrawal of a
control rod group with reactor
subcritical
•Inadvertent withdrawal of a
control rod group with reactor at
power
•Static misalignment of control
rod or drop of a control rod
group
•Inadvertent boric acid dilution,
partial loss of core coolant flow
•Total loss of load or turbine trip
•Loss of main feed water flow to
steam generators
•Malfunction of the main feed
water system of steam
generators
•Total loss of off-site power (up to
2 hours)
•Excess increase in turbine load
•Very small loss of reactor
coolant
C3 (DBA)
•Loss of reactor coolant (small
pipe break)
•Small secondary pipe break
•Forced reduction in reactor
coolant flow
•Mispositioning of a fuel
assembly in the core with
consequent operation
•Withdrawal of a single control
rod in power operation
•Inadvertent opening and sticking
open of a pressurizer safety
valve
•Rupture of volume control tank
•Rupture of gaseous radioactive
waste hold-up tank
•Failure of liquid radioactive
waste effluent tank
•One steam-generator tube break
without previous iodine spiking
•Total loss of off-site power (up to
72 hours).
C4 (BDBA)
•Main steam line break
•Main feed water line break
•Ejection of any single control rod
•Loss of reactor coolant and
double-ended guillotine break of
the largest pipe
•Fuel handling accidents
•One steam generator tube break
with previous iodine spiking.
10. Common Cause Failures
• Common-cause failures occur when multiple components of the same type fail at the
same time.
• Failure of a number of devices or components to perform their functions may occur as a
result of a single specific event or cause.
• The event or cause may be a design deficiency, a manufacturing deficiency, an operating
or maintenance error, a natural phenomenon, a human-induced event, or an unintended
cascading effect from any other operation or failure within the plant.
• The design will provide the following remedies against common cause failures-
Physical
Separation
Diversity
11. Safety Class
• For the purpose of classification, the nuclear power plant shall be divided into structural or
operational units called systems.
• Every system that is a structural or operational entity shall be assigned to a safety class.
• When safety classification is established and applied attention shall be paid to the fact that
the ensuring of safety functions sets different requirements on equipment of different
types.
Safety
Class 1
Safety
Class 2
Safety
Class 3
Safety
Class 4
12. Nuclear Power in Bangladesh
• Bangladesh is venturing into uncharted territory by opting for nuclear
power to meet growing electricity demands.
• The first ever nuclear power plant of the country will be built at
Rooppur for producing 2000 MW(e) from two units of power.
• The Bangladesh government has signed with the Russian Government
to construct the power plant using the advanced VVER designs.
• Existing VVER nuclear power plants have demonstrated around 1500
reactor years of safe and effective operation.
• New VVER designs are the evolution of proven VVER technology by
improving plant performance and increasing plant safety.
• The viability of new passive systems implemented in new VVER design is
confirmed by extensive R&D works.
13. Safety Concept of VVER Designs
• The safety philosophy embodied in the new VVER designs is unique among reactors on the
market deploying a full range of both active and passive systems to provide fundamental safety
functions. Its safety systems can thus handle complicated situations that go beyond the
traditional design basis accidents.
•Maximum use of proven technologies.
•Minimum cost and construction times.
•Balanced combination of active and passive systems.
•Reduction in influence of human factors.
Main principles of new VVER designs
•Passivity
•Multiple train redundancy
•Diversity
•Physical separation
Concept of safety systems
14. Safety Systems
Active Safety Systems
Pressurizing
System
Emergency
Boron
Injection
System
Emergency
Feed Water
System
Residual
Heat
Removal
System
Double
Containment
Spray
System
Emergency
Power
Supply
System
Passive Safety Systems
Emergency
Core Cooling
System
(Passive Part)
Passive
Containment
Heat Removal
System
Passive SG
Heat Removal
System
Passive
Hydrogen
Removal
System
Passive
Reactor Scram
System
Passive Corium
Catcher
15. Advanced Features
• The following safety systems are provided in the
design as additional facilities aimed at severe
accident management
Severe Accident
Management
System
Core Melt
Localizing Facility
Passive System of
Heat Removal
from Containment
Passive System of
Heat Removal
from Steam
Generators
Seal Structure of
Circulation Pumps
Spray System
Fire Safety
Power Supply
Systems
Advanced
Safety
Features
16. Overview of Site Specific External Hazards
• The influence of Tsunami wave and Tornado at the specific site is practically zero with no occurrence till date and not projected for a lengthy
return period. Also there has been no incident of any aircraft crash or major external explosion at the proposed site.
• Maximum Magnitude of Earthquake: 7.6 Mw in 1918 (Epicenter
Distance - 203 km)
• Magnitude of Nearest Earthquake: 4.7 Mw (Epicenter Distance - 39
km)
• Probabilistic PGA: 0.18g-0.20g (for a return period of 2475 years)
Seismic Events
• Maximum Water Level: 15.19 m (1998)
• Predicted Maximum Water Level : 18.44m (1 of 1000 years cycles)Flooding
• Basic Wind Speed: 200 km/h
Wind Speed
17. Structural Solutions for Enhancing Protection
Seismic
•Weak soils to be avoided or
compacted .
•Length of a block be restricted
to three times of its width.
•Safety related main buildings
be designed as Seismic
category-1.
•Plant components belonging
to Seismic Category-1.
•Diverse and spatially
separated safety systems.
•Seismic detectors be installed
onto the base mat.
• Consideration of gravitational
cooling water supply or
cooling with natural
circulation.
Flooding
•Platforms of safety classified
equipment be at a level at
least equal to the MDFL
(19m).
•Elevated arrangement (>9m)
of electrical switchgears and
fuel tanks for the backup
diesel generators.
•Flood safe enclosures , Seals
against water load, Water-
tight design of penetrations
and emergency core cooling
systems, Adequate drainage
system.
•Water tight doors for the
supplementary control room
and the four diesel generator -
safety train rooms.
•Mobile flood barriers and
bilge pumps.
Wind Speed
•Increasing the thickness of
outer containment wall or
using Modular wall barrier
system.
•Plant components and safety
systems designed to
withstand Maximum Design
Load.
Aircraft Crash
•Change of construction
technique for the Shield
building from reinforced
concrete to a plate and
concrete sandwich structure.
• Separation of external fencing
structures with contraction
joint and annulus from the
building internal structures.
• Separation of safety systems
with fire-proof physical
barriers along their whole
length.
18. Comparison of Probable RNPP and VVER Design Basis Safety
RNPP Design
Basis Safety
Seismic: OBE-
0.12g, SSE-0.22g.
Flooding: DBFL:
19m
Wind Speed:
Design Wind
Velocity > 55 m/s.
Aircraft Crash:
Design Basis
Aircraft Weight-
Large Passenger
Airplane.
Tsunami:
Influence of
Tsunami Wave at
the site is
practically zero.
VVER Design Basis Safety
Seismic: OBE-0.12g,SSE-0.25g
Flooding: Mobile systems for removal of heat to the ultimate sink (engine
driven pumps, fast to assembly piping).
Wind Speed: Maximum Design Wind Velocity 56m/s.
Aircraft Crash: DBAW – 5t at a Fall Rate-120 m/s,VVER-1000 (AES-92); DBAW-
5.7t at a Fall Rate-100 m/s,VVER-1200 (AES-2006); DBAW-20t at a Fall Rate-215
m/s and BDBAW- up to 400t at a Fall Rate-150 m/s, VVER-TOI.
Tsunami: Able to Withstand Impact of Tidal Waves as High as 14m.
20. Ideal Design Characteristics of RNPP
• OBE: 0.12g, SSE: 0.22g.
• DBFL: 19m and availability of flood protection measures.
• Maximum design wind load > 200 km/hr.
• Generating units with double containment shell.
• Increased thickness of the housing building of the four trains of safety systems.
• Combination of active and passive safety systems (boron injection system, passive heat
removal systems and a molten core catcher).
• Elevated backup water tanks and large decantation ponds.
• Cooling towers.
• Outfitting of power units with hydrogen explosion, steam explosion and direct containment
heating protection systems.
• Mobile diesel generators to ensure long term safe conditions of power units in case of NPP
blackout.
• Diversity of all systems of AC emergency power.
• Separation of I&C systems.