Quantifying the interplay between star formation and stellar mass is a crucial component to understanding the build up of galaxies over cosmic time. There have been many investigations of this relationship, using both observations and simulations, with the aim of shedding light on how it connects with the underlying physical processes governing galaxy evolution.
In this talk I will present recent work where we have examined the star formation rate (SFR) - stellar mass (M∗) relation of star-forming galaxies in the XMM-LSS field to z ∼ 3.0 using the near-infrared data from the VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) survey. Combining VIDEO with broad-band photometry, we have used the SED fitting algorithm CIGALE to derive SFRs and M∗ and have adapted it to account for the full photometric redshift PDF uncertainty.
We have also compared our results to a range of simulations where I will show that the analytical scaling relation approaches, that invoke an equilibrium model, a good fit to our data. Within a simplified framework, such a model does not include the modelling of e.g. halos, cooling, or galaxy mergers, suggesting that a continual smooth accretion regulated by continual outflows may be a key driver in the overall growth of SFGs.
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude areas due to their high energy levels.
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are galaxies with extremely luminous central regions powered by accretion disks around supermassive black holes. The accretion disk is a ring of gas and dust circling the black hole, gradually falling onto it. Astronomers study accretion disks in AGN by observing the radiation emitted across the electromagnetic spectrum as material in the disk heats up before falling into the black hole. A "shrouded" or obscured AGN is one whose accretion disk and black hole are hidden behind thick clouds of dust, but can be detected using infrared observations able to penetrate the dust.
The document discusses dark energy, which accounts for about 70% of the mass of the universe but cannot be directly observed. Measurements of type 1a supernovae found that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, rather than slowing down as expected, suggesting the existence of a mysterious force exerting gravitational repulsion. This dark energy corresponds to Einstein's cosmological constant, which he later disregarded as his "biggest blunder" but may have been correct after all. Current theories hold that dark energy is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.
The document discusses the composition and structure of the universe, focusing on dark matter and dark energy. It explains that dark matter makes up 84.5% of the total matter in the universe and was first discovered in 1933, though its nature remains unknown. Theories suggest dark matter could be composed of supersymmetric particles or exist in a "hidden valley." Additionally, dark energy is thought to make up 70% of the universe and acts as a repulsive force associated with the vacuum of space.
Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation. They act as "lighthouses" that sweep through space as they spin. The first pulsar was discovered in 1967 and emitted pulses every 1.33 seconds. Pulsars form when massive stars undergo supernova explosions, collapsing the star into an ultra-dense neutron core. Their strong magnetic fields and rapid rotation produce beams of radiation detectable from Earth. Around 1600 pulsars have been discovered with properties like the Crab pulsar's 33 millisecond period.
1. Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles.
2. There are two main types of black holes - static and rotating. The rotating type, known as Kerr black holes, form when collapsed stars have angular momentum.
3. As a star collapses, it passes through stages as a red giant, white dwarf, and neutron star until its mass exceeds around 3 solar masses, causing it to collapse entirely into a black hole with a singularity at its center.
1. Stars form from dense clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space.
2. Gravity causes the cloud to contract over many stages until fusion begins in the core and a new star is born on the main sequence.
3. The size and mass of a star determines its position on the HR diagram, with more massive stars being larger and hotter.
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude areas due to their high energy levels.
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are galaxies with extremely luminous central regions powered by accretion disks around supermassive black holes. The accretion disk is a ring of gas and dust circling the black hole, gradually falling onto it. Astronomers study accretion disks in AGN by observing the radiation emitted across the electromagnetic spectrum as material in the disk heats up before falling into the black hole. A "shrouded" or obscured AGN is one whose accretion disk and black hole are hidden behind thick clouds of dust, but can be detected using infrared observations able to penetrate the dust.
The document discusses dark energy, which accounts for about 70% of the mass of the universe but cannot be directly observed. Measurements of type 1a supernovae found that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, rather than slowing down as expected, suggesting the existence of a mysterious force exerting gravitational repulsion. This dark energy corresponds to Einstein's cosmological constant, which he later disregarded as his "biggest blunder" but may have been correct after all. Current theories hold that dark energy is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.
The document discusses the composition and structure of the universe, focusing on dark matter and dark energy. It explains that dark matter makes up 84.5% of the total matter in the universe and was first discovered in 1933, though its nature remains unknown. Theories suggest dark matter could be composed of supersymmetric particles or exist in a "hidden valley." Additionally, dark energy is thought to make up 70% of the universe and acts as a repulsive force associated with the vacuum of space.
Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation. They act as "lighthouses" that sweep through space as they spin. The first pulsar was discovered in 1967 and emitted pulses every 1.33 seconds. Pulsars form when massive stars undergo supernova explosions, collapsing the star into an ultra-dense neutron core. Their strong magnetic fields and rapid rotation produce beams of radiation detectable from Earth. Around 1600 pulsars have been discovered with properties like the Crab pulsar's 33 millisecond period.
1. Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles.
2. There are two main types of black holes - static and rotating. The rotating type, known as Kerr black holes, form when collapsed stars have angular momentum.
3. As a star collapses, it passes through stages as a red giant, white dwarf, and neutron star until its mass exceeds around 3 solar masses, causing it to collapse entirely into a black hole with a singularity at its center.
1. Stars form from dense clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space.
2. Gravity causes the cloud to contract over many stages until fusion begins in the core and a new star is born on the main sequence.
3. The size and mass of a star determines its position on the HR diagram, with more massive stars being larger and hotter.
Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter that accounts for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe but does not emit, absorb, or interact with electromagnetic radiation. It is believed to play a key role in the formation of galaxies and their structure. While its existence and properties are well-established through its gravitational effects, its exact nature remains unknown. Several experiments are attempting to directly detect dark matter particles through methods like observing signals produced when dark matter particles interact or are destroyed, but so far none have succeeded, and dark matter's composition remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fisika inti dan radioaktivitas, termasuk konsep dasar seperti inti atom, radioaktivitas, reaksi inti, dan pemanfaatannya dalam teknologi."
Hello, I am Subhajit Pramanick. I and my classmate, Shivani Gupta, both presented this ppt in seminar of our university, Banaras Hindu University. Here it is the experiment how to determine Synodic and Sidereal time period of rotation of the Sun by tracing Sun spots. This presentation consists both the theory as well as experiment part. We hope you will all enjoy by reading this presentation. Thank you.
This document discusses pulsars and provides information about them. It begins by listing the group members and topics to be discussed, including an introduction to pulsars, their properties, discovery, formation from neutron stars, examples of the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars, and their radiating mechanism. It then provides details on the properties of pulsars, their extremely high density, classification, and the discovery of the first pulsar PSR B1919+21. The document summarizes how pulsars are formed from the collapse and rotation of massive stars, and discusses the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars in more detail. It concludes by outlining some applications and milestones of pulsar research, including their use in gravitational wave
Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 showed that the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than it is today, contrary to expectations. This led scientists to propose either modifications to Einstein's theory of gravity, such as the introduction of dark energy, or the existence of an unknown type of matter, dubbed dark matter, that cannot be detected directly. Dark matter is inferred to make up about 27% of the universe based on its gravitational effects, but its exact nature remains unknown.
How the concept was introduced by the astrophycists and examples that provide the base for the existence of dark matter. Basic introduction to types of dark matter according to standard cosmological theory.
1) Newton originally proposed a static, infinite universe that had always existed. However, this did not explain why the night sky is dark.
2) The Big Bang theory emerged as the prevailing explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe. It proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3) Evidence for the Big Bang includes Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundances of light elements. Inflation theory further explains properties of the early universe.
What are cosmic rays and where do they comes fromMatloob Bukhari
Cosmic rays are high-speed particles that originate from both within and outside our Milky Way galaxy. Most cosmic rays come from supernova explosions within our galaxy, which release atomic nuclei like hydrogen and helium during the explosion. These nuclei from supernovas are the primary source of cosmic rays within our galaxy. While some cosmic rays may come from our Sun, the intensity of cosmic rays on Earth remains constant and does not vary throughout the day, indicating most cosmic rays do not originate from the Sun but rather from outside our solar system.
Dark matter is hypothetical matter that is thought to account for gravitational effects that cannot be explained by the amount of visible matter. While it has not been directly observed, several observations provide evidence for its existence, including the rotation curves of galaxies and gravitational lensing effects. Dark matter is believed to be massive, collisionless, and dark. It does not interact with electromagnetic radiation. There are several postulated forms of dark matter such as WIMPs, axions, and massive compact halo objects. Its existence could help explain phenomena like the stability of galaxies and the structure of the universe. Further research aims to determine what dark matter is composed of.
Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet located in the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune's orbit. It has a diameter less than one-fifth of Earth and a surface composed of ice such as methane and nitrogen. Pluto has 5 known moons - Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. In 2015, the New Horizons probe conducted the first flyby of Pluto and provided more details of its geology, moons, and atmosphere.
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
Black holes are formed when giant stars collapse under their own gravity. If the star's mass is large enough, its gravitational pull becomes so strong that not even light can escape, forming an event horizon around the black hole. Anything that crosses this boundary, including light, cannot escape the black hole. Black holes can also rotate, forming an ergosphere outside the event horizon where the rotation of the black hole drags spacetime itself along. While black holes themselves are invisible, astronomers can detect them through their interaction with nearby matter and the strong gravitational lensing they produce.
Detail about Black holes. It's definition, components and then history of black hole and General theory of relativity.
Life cycle of a star and formation of black hole in space.
Different types of choice after star's life end.
Different types of Black hole on basis on mass of Parent star. and classification of black holes on basis of charge and rotational motion of black holes. Quantum theory of physics.
Study of Black holes using Quantum mechanics by Steaphen Hawking.
Current research on black holes.
This document discusses gravitational lensing and some of the challenges involved in measuring it. Gravitational lensing causes the apparent deflection of light from distant background sources as it passes massive foreground objects. Precise measurements of lensing effects can provide information about dark matter distributions and the geometry and growth of the universe. However, there are three main problems: accurately measuring galaxy shapes used to detect lensing distortions, determining reliable photometric redshifts for galaxies, and accounting for intrinsic alignments of galaxy orientations unrelated to lensing.
Catatan kuliah ini membahas tentang fisika statistik, termasuk faktorial, fungsi gamma, parameter β, distribusi statistik Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, dan Fermi-Dirac, serta termodinamika gas ideal monoatomik.
The document summarizes key topics in the chapter on nuclear physics, including:
1) The structure and properties of the nucleus, including its composition of protons and neutrons.
2) The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, which helped explain nuclear structure.
3) The strong and weak nuclear forces that bind nucleons together in the nucleus.
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
1. Laterite samples were collected from western Burkina Faso and divided into three sub-samples that were prepared differently for gold analysis: sieved to <125 μm, crushed to <2 mm, and unprocessed.
2. Gold analysis showed that 67% of sieved samples had significant gold assays, while 25% of crushed samples and only 8% of both sieved and crushed samples from one location had similar gold levels. Unprocessed samples returned insignificant gold assays.
3. The study concluded that sieving laterite samples to <125 μm is the best preparation method for detecting concealed gold mineralization in lateritic terrains of savannah regions using geochemical exploration.
Award App - NACo 2010 - Business Rules & ToolsPam Davis
The Business Rules & Online Tools Workshop was a collaborative effort between Richland County, SC and state agencies to provide regulatory information to hundreds of local businesses. The workshop included presentations from 21 government agencies and organizations, as well as informational booths. It was well attended with over 200 participants from across South Carolina and other states. The workshop was considered very successful based on its goals of educating businesses on regulations and making the information permanently accessible online. The enduring value of posting all presentations online helped businesses statewide.
Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter that accounts for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe but does not emit, absorb, or interact with electromagnetic radiation. It is believed to play a key role in the formation of galaxies and their structure. While its existence and properties are well-established through its gravitational effects, its exact nature remains unknown. Several experiments are attempting to directly detect dark matter particles through methods like observing signals produced when dark matter particles interact or are destroyed, but so far none have succeeded, and dark matter's composition remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fisika inti dan radioaktivitas, termasuk konsep dasar seperti inti atom, radioaktivitas, reaksi inti, dan pemanfaatannya dalam teknologi."
Hello, I am Subhajit Pramanick. I and my classmate, Shivani Gupta, both presented this ppt in seminar of our university, Banaras Hindu University. Here it is the experiment how to determine Synodic and Sidereal time period of rotation of the Sun by tracing Sun spots. This presentation consists both the theory as well as experiment part. We hope you will all enjoy by reading this presentation. Thank you.
This document discusses pulsars and provides information about them. It begins by listing the group members and topics to be discussed, including an introduction to pulsars, their properties, discovery, formation from neutron stars, examples of the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars, and their radiating mechanism. It then provides details on the properties of pulsars, their extremely high density, classification, and the discovery of the first pulsar PSR B1919+21. The document summarizes how pulsars are formed from the collapse and rotation of massive stars, and discusses the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars in more detail. It concludes by outlining some applications and milestones of pulsar research, including their use in gravitational wave
Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 showed that the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than it is today, contrary to expectations. This led scientists to propose either modifications to Einstein's theory of gravity, such as the introduction of dark energy, or the existence of an unknown type of matter, dubbed dark matter, that cannot be detected directly. Dark matter is inferred to make up about 27% of the universe based on its gravitational effects, but its exact nature remains unknown.
How the concept was introduced by the astrophycists and examples that provide the base for the existence of dark matter. Basic introduction to types of dark matter according to standard cosmological theory.
1) Newton originally proposed a static, infinite universe that had always existed. However, this did not explain why the night sky is dark.
2) The Big Bang theory emerged as the prevailing explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe. It proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3) Evidence for the Big Bang includes Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundances of light elements. Inflation theory further explains properties of the early universe.
What are cosmic rays and where do they comes fromMatloob Bukhari
Cosmic rays are high-speed particles that originate from both within and outside our Milky Way galaxy. Most cosmic rays come from supernova explosions within our galaxy, which release atomic nuclei like hydrogen and helium during the explosion. These nuclei from supernovas are the primary source of cosmic rays within our galaxy. While some cosmic rays may come from our Sun, the intensity of cosmic rays on Earth remains constant and does not vary throughout the day, indicating most cosmic rays do not originate from the Sun but rather from outside our solar system.
Dark matter is hypothetical matter that is thought to account for gravitational effects that cannot be explained by the amount of visible matter. While it has not been directly observed, several observations provide evidence for its existence, including the rotation curves of galaxies and gravitational lensing effects. Dark matter is believed to be massive, collisionless, and dark. It does not interact with electromagnetic radiation. There are several postulated forms of dark matter such as WIMPs, axions, and massive compact halo objects. Its existence could help explain phenomena like the stability of galaxies and the structure of the universe. Further research aims to determine what dark matter is composed of.
Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet located in the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune's orbit. It has a diameter less than one-fifth of Earth and a surface composed of ice such as methane and nitrogen. Pluto has 5 known moons - Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. In 2015, the New Horizons probe conducted the first flyby of Pluto and provided more details of its geology, moons, and atmosphere.
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
Black holes are formed when giant stars collapse under their own gravity. If the star's mass is large enough, its gravitational pull becomes so strong that not even light can escape, forming an event horizon around the black hole. Anything that crosses this boundary, including light, cannot escape the black hole. Black holes can also rotate, forming an ergosphere outside the event horizon where the rotation of the black hole drags spacetime itself along. While black holes themselves are invisible, astronomers can detect them through their interaction with nearby matter and the strong gravitational lensing they produce.
Detail about Black holes. It's definition, components and then history of black hole and General theory of relativity.
Life cycle of a star and formation of black hole in space.
Different types of choice after star's life end.
Different types of Black hole on basis on mass of Parent star. and classification of black holes on basis of charge and rotational motion of black holes. Quantum theory of physics.
Study of Black holes using Quantum mechanics by Steaphen Hawking.
Current research on black holes.
This document discusses gravitational lensing and some of the challenges involved in measuring it. Gravitational lensing causes the apparent deflection of light from distant background sources as it passes massive foreground objects. Precise measurements of lensing effects can provide information about dark matter distributions and the geometry and growth of the universe. However, there are three main problems: accurately measuring galaxy shapes used to detect lensing distortions, determining reliable photometric redshifts for galaxies, and accounting for intrinsic alignments of galaxy orientations unrelated to lensing.
Catatan kuliah ini membahas tentang fisika statistik, termasuk faktorial, fungsi gamma, parameter β, distribusi statistik Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, dan Fermi-Dirac, serta termodinamika gas ideal monoatomik.
The document summarizes key topics in the chapter on nuclear physics, including:
1) The structure and properties of the nucleus, including its composition of protons and neutrons.
2) The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, which helped explain nuclear structure.
3) The strong and weak nuclear forces that bind nucleons together in the nucleus.
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
1. Laterite samples were collected from western Burkina Faso and divided into three sub-samples that were prepared differently for gold analysis: sieved to <125 μm, crushed to <2 mm, and unprocessed.
2. Gold analysis showed that 67% of sieved samples had significant gold assays, while 25% of crushed samples and only 8% of both sieved and crushed samples from one location had similar gold levels. Unprocessed samples returned insignificant gold assays.
3. The study concluded that sieving laterite samples to <125 μm is the best preparation method for detecting concealed gold mineralization in lateritic terrains of savannah regions using geochemical exploration.
Award App - NACo 2010 - Business Rules & ToolsPam Davis
The Business Rules & Online Tools Workshop was a collaborative effort between Richland County, SC and state agencies to provide regulatory information to hundreds of local businesses. The workshop included presentations from 21 government agencies and organizations, as well as informational booths. It was well attended with over 200 participants from across South Carolina and other states. The workshop was considered very successful based on its goals of educating businesses on regulations and making the information permanently accessible online. The enduring value of posting all presentations online helped businesses statewide.
Haiku Deck is a presentation platform that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The document encourages the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare by providing a link to do so. It aims to inspire the reader to try out Haiku Deck's unique presentation style.
GOPALA KRISHNAN provides a summary of his professional experience as an electrical engineer working in oil and gas construction. Over the past 5+ years, he has worked on projects in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and India for various companies. His experience includes electrical equipment installation, cable laying, switchgear installation, and ensuring work is completed within schedule and budget. He holds a Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering and is seeking new opportunities to contribute his skills and experience.
1) Shalea DeGraffenreid is a young black woman from Newark, New Jersey who is interested in entrepreneurship and the arts, specifically hip hop music.
2) She has invested in a home studio in Richmond, Virginia to foster local talents in hip hop music and founded Collective Entertainment to develop art reflecting hip hop culture.
3) Her target audience is ages 15-35, male/female with some college education and interest in urban culture. She believes her competitive advantage is her authentic reputation in hip hop culture.
How Has Youth dress been an expression of working class identity in the secon...Alex Butler
This document is a student essay analyzing how subcultural youth dress expressed working class identity in Britain from 1950-1980. It discusses three main youth subcultures - Punks, Mods and Teddy Boys - and how their distinctive styles of dress demonstrated aspects of their identity and reflected broader social issues. Punk clothing in particular is examined as a mode of political engagement expressing the disillusionment and alienation of working class youth. The essay also analyzes how the Mod subculture both consumed mainstream fashion but also subverted it, and how their dress was an assertion of working class identity in the context of changing class dynamics and consumer culture in postwar Britain.
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a computer-based system for capturing, storing, editing, analyzing, managing and displaying spatial or geographic data. It then lists the typical hardware and software components of a GIS, including computers, scanners, plotters, printers, and spatial and attribute databases. The document outlines several applications of GIS, such as forest monitoring, resource inventory, and land use planning. It also discusses vector and raster data structures and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Paul Oxnard is an experienced chef who has worked in high-profile roles at international events, prestigious hotels, schools, and corporations. He has a track record of improving the financial performance and customer satisfaction of catering operations. Oxnard seeks new opportunities where he can apply his expertise in menu development, team leadership, and transforming businesses through innovative culinary programs.
The document discusses the secrets of a healthy lifestyle and emphasizes the importance of eating a balanced diet with vitamins from fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly but in moderation, and spending time outdoors in fresh air. It notes that vitamins from plant foods are essential for health but cannot be replaced by supplements, and that exercise relieves stress, improves mood, and is beneficial for both physical and mental well-being when done in moderation. Maintaining a clean and tidy environment at home is also recommended for overall health.
Los parámetros de operación de las máquinas proporcionan información actualizada para garantizar que sean seguras y eficientes. Determinan los requisitos y condiciones necesarias para su operación y optimización. La capacidad de una máquina depende no solo de su velocidad sino también de los tiempos de preparación, limpieza y otras tareas asociadas. En Venezuela, la reforma de la ley de 2005 condujo a un mayor enfoque en la seguridad industrial debido a las altas tasas de accidentes y enfermedades relacionadas con el trabajo.
Integrating SEL in Early Childhood Education: Getting to the Heart of the MatterB2KSolutions
Session presented at the Division for Early Childhood 2015 conference. The session describes an approach to whole-child education that fosters the relationship between inner and outer experiences. Such an approach is designed to elevate children’s overall social-emotional health by equipping parents and providers with evidenced-based techniques grounded in the latest findings in neuro-scientific research. Additional resources are posted at: http://www.mindfuleducationsolutions.com/soul-friends-resource-pack
This document summarizes new rules adopted by the Federal Communications Commission regarding wireless E911 location accuracy requirements. Key points include:
1) The rules aim to significantly improve the ability to locate wireless 911 callers who are indoors by establishing new indoor location accuracy requirements for wireless carriers.
2) The requirements include timelines for carriers to provide either dispatchable location (a street address plus additional information like floor/room number) or x/y coordinate location within 50 meters for certain percentages of wireless 911 calls within 2, 3, 5 and 6 years.
3) The requirements incorporate commitments made in the "Roadmap for Improving E911 Location Accuracy" agreed to by public safety groups and major carriers, and
This resume summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Eyad Sami Farraj. He has over 15 years of experience in HVAC project management and installation, having worked for companies in Jordan and Dubai. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and is a member of the Jordan Engineers Association. His resume lists his roles and responsibilities on numerous HVAC projects in the Middle East and details his educational background and technical training.
Judge Sekou has over 20 years of experience as both a litigator and judge in New Jersey. She was appointed to the Superior Court of New Jersey in 2005, where she presided over civil, family, and criminal cases for seven years. She is currently a Municipal Court Judge in Orange, NJ, presiding over various criminal offenses and ordinance violations. Judge Sekou has a strong reputation for sound legal reasoning and insight.
Gestion SIDEV, recognized expertise and experience in real estate management. With a portfolio of office and commercial space approaching three million square feet and buildable land in Quebec totalling 20 million square feet, Gestion SIDEV is an industry leader.
This game gives players 5 hours to save the world from zombies, monsters, looters, and a rogue government by solving puzzles and engaging in action to find gear, food, and shelter needed to survive. It is developed by SAS games and stands apart from other games through its main menu options of story mode, survival mode, free roam, settings, and profile editor that are accessible after the loading screen displays the company logo and game name.
Paul Blakey has over 21 years of experience in B2B sales across multiple industries. He is currently seeking new opportunities as a Key Account Manager, where he has consistently met sales goals. Previously he held Key Account Manager roles at HC Slingsby, Brammer UK, and Southco Europe, where he was responsible for growing multi-million pound customer portfolios and winning significant new business. Blakey has a BSc in Mechanical Engineering and has worked in various engineering and sales roles throughout his career.
Global collapse of_molecular_clouds_as_a_formation_mechanism_for_the_most_mas...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes observations of the massive star-forming cloud SDC335 made using Spitzer, Herschel, Mopra, and ALMA. It finds that SDC335 contains over 5500 solar masses of gas distributed in a network of filaments that converge on a central hub region. ALMA observations reveal two massive cores within this hub region, the most massive of which contains over 500 solar masses of gas. Kinematic analysis of molecular line data from Mopra and ALMA indicates that the cloud is undergoing global collapse, with infalling gas bringing additional material at a rate of over 2.5 solar masses per year to the central region, which could double its mass within the next few million years and allow
Discovery of a_probable_4_5_jupiter_mass_exoplanet_to_hd95086_by_direct_imagingSérgio Sacani
The document reports the discovery of a probable 4-5 Jupiter-mass exoplanet orbiting the young star HD 95086. Deep imaging observations using VLT/NaCo detected a faint source at a separation of 56 AU from the star. Follow-up observations over more than a year found the source to be co-moving with the star, suggesting it is bound. Its luminosity corresponds to a predicted mass of 4-5 Jupiter masses, making it the lowest mass exoplanet directly imaged around a star. If confirmed, this discovery could provide insights into giant planet formation and evolution.
This document summarizes simulations of jets in star forming regions. It discusses simulations of jets from binary sources, and how jets can be collimated by their ambient environment. The simulations show that a toroidal magnetic field helps collimate interacting binary jets. When jets propagate through an evacuated ambient medium, they become accelerated and more collimated. Intensity maps of these simulations can help interpret observations of outflows from young stellar objects.
Observing ultra-high energy cosmic rays with prototypes of the Fluorescence d...Toshihiro FUJII
1. The document describes observations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using prototypes of the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) project in both hemispheres.
2. FAST aims to observe cosmic rays with energies over 10^20 eV using an array of low-cost telescopes to cover a large ground area.
3. Initial results are presented from FAST prototypes installed at the Telescope Array site, including coincident observations of air showers with the Telescope Array fluorescence detector and reconstruction of shower parameters from FAST data.
This document examines whether galaxy environments and the color-density relation can be robustly measured using photometric redshift (photo-z) surveys. It finds that:
1) Using optimized parameters for density measurements, a correlation between 2D projected density measurements from photo-z surveys and true 3D density can still be revealed, even with photo-z uncertainties up to 0.06.
2) The color-density relation remains visible in photo-z surveys out to z=0.8, despite photo-z uncertainties of 0.02-0.06.
3) A deep (i=25 magnitude) photo-z survey with photo-z uncertainties of 0.02 can measure small-scale galaxy
The document summarizes a research paper titled "HON4D: Histogram of Oriented 4D Normals for Activity Recognition from Depth Sequences". It proposes a novel descriptor called HON4D that encodes the distribution of surface normal orientations in a 4D space of depth, time, and spatial coordinates for activity recognition from depth image sequences. The 4D space is quantized using the vertices of a polychoron structure to create bins. This allows the HON4D descriptor to capture more complex and articulated motions than existing holistic approaches. Evaluation shows it outperforms these prior methods and can also be adapted for unaligned dataset recognition.
Fifteen years of_xmm_newton_and_chandra_monitoring_of_sgr_a_evidence_for_a_re...Sérgio Sacani
Três telescópios de raios-X têm monitorado o buraco negro supermassivo no centro da Via Láctea, na última década e meia observando o seu comportamento. Essa longa campanha de monitoramento tem revelado algumas novas mudanças nos padrões desse buraco negro de 4 milhões de massas solares conhecido como Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*).
O painel inferior do gráfico principal desse post é uma visão da região ao redor do Sgr A*, onde as cores vermelha, verde e azul, representam os raios-X de baixa, média e alta energia detectados pelo Observatório de Raios-X Chandra da NASA. O Sgr A* não é visto na imagem, mas ele está mergulhado no ponto brando na ponta final da seta. Os outros dois telescópios envolvidos nessas observações de raios-X de 15 anos foram o XMM-Newton da ESA e o Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer da NASA, mas seus dados não estão incluídos nessa imagem.
Dentro do último ano, o buraco negro normalmente tranquilo, tem mostrado um aumento no nível de flares de raios-X com relação à sua taxa típica. Esse aumento nos flares de raios-X coincide com a passagem perto do Sgr A* do misterioso objeto chamado G2. Os astrônomos estão rastreando o G2 por anos, pensado originalmente como uma extensa nuvem de gás e poeira. Contudo, depois da passagem próxima do Sgr A* no final de 2013 sua aparência não mudou muito, a menos do fato de ter sido levemente estirado pela gravidade do buraco negro. Isso levou a novas teorias que o G2 não era uma nuvem de gás, mas uma estrela ou um par de estrelas dentro de um casulo empoeirado.
Detection of a_supervoid_aligned_with_the_cold_spot_of_the_cosmic_microwave_b...Sérgio Sacani
This study uses infrared galaxy data from WISE and 2MASS surveys matched with optical data from the Pan-STARRS1 survey to search for a supervoid in the direction of the cosmic microwave background cold spot. Radial galaxy density profiles centered on the cold spot show a large underdensity extending over tens of degrees. Counts in photometric redshift bins within radii of 5 and 15 degrees show significantly low galaxy densities, at 5-6 sigma detection levels. This is consistent with a large 220 Mpc supervoid with an average density contrast of -0.14, centered at a redshift of 0.22. Such a supervoid could plausibly explain the observed cold spot in the cosmic microwave background.
Detection of an atmosphere around the super earth 55 cancri eSérgio Sacani
We report the analysis of two new spectroscopic observations of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, in the near
infrared, obtained with the WFC3 camera onboard the HST. 55 Cancri e orbits so close to its parent
star, that temperatures much higher than 2000 K are expected on its surface. Given the brightness
of 55 Cancri, the observations were obtained in scanning mode, adopting a very long scanning length
and a very high scanning speed. We use our specialized pipeline to take into account systematics
introduced by these observational parameters when coupled with the geometrical distortions of the
instrument. We measure the transit depth per wavelength channel with an average relative uncertainty
of 22 ppm per visit and nd modulations that depart from a straight line model with a 6 condence
level. These results suggest that 55 Cancri e is surrounded by an atmosphere, which is probably
hydrogen-rich. Our fully Bayesian spectral retrieval code, T -REx, has identied HCN to be the
most likely molecular candidate able to explain the features at 1.42 and 1.54 m. While additional
spectroscopic observations in a broader wavelength range in the infrared will be needed to conrm
the HCN detection, we discuss here the implications of such result. Our chemical model, developed
with combustion specialists, indicates that relatively high mixing ratios of HCN may be caused by a
high C/O ratio. This result suggests this super-Earth is a carbon-rich environment even more exotic
than previously thought.
A giant galaxy in the young Universe with a massive ringSérgio Sacani
In the local (redshift z ≈ 0) Universe, collisional ring galaxies make up only ~0.01% of galaxies1 and are formed by head-on galactic collisions that trigger radially propagating density waves2–4. These striking systems provide key snapshots for dissecting galactic disks and are studied extensively in the local Universe5–9. However, not much is known about distant (z > 0.1) collisional rings10–14. Here we present a detailed study of a ring galaxy at a look-back time of 10.8 Gyr (z = 2.19). Compared with our Milky Way, this galaxy has a similar stellar mass, but has a stellar half-light radius that is 1.5–2.2 times larger and is forming stars 50 times faster. The extended, dif- fuse stellar light outside the star-forming ring, combined with a radial velocity on the ring and an intruder galaxy nearby, provides evidence for this galaxy hosting a collisional ring. If the ring is secularly evolved15,16, the implied large bar in a giant disk would be inconsistent with the current understand- ing of the earliest formation of barred spirals17–21. Contrary to previous predictions10–12, this work suggests that massive col- lisional rings were as rare 11 Gyr ago as they are today. Our discovery offers a unique pathway for studying density waves in young galaxies, as well as constraining the cosmic evolution of spiral disks and galaxy groups.
A spectroscopic redshift_measurement_for_a_luminous_lyman_break_galaxy_at_z _...Sérgio Sacani
This document presents the spectroscopic confirmation of a luminous Lyman break galaxy (LBG) at a redshift of z = 7.7302 ± 0.0006, as observed using the MOSFIRE instrument on the Keck I telescope. The galaxy, named EGS-zs8-1, was pre-selected as a promising candidate for spectroscopic follow-up based on its bright apparent magnitude of H = 25.0 and very red Spitzer/IRAC colors suggestive of strong emission lines. Spectroscopic observations revealed a clear detection of the Lyman-alpha emission line at a observed wavelength of 1.06 microns, reliably confirming the high photometric redshift of z~7.7. Analysis of the
Polarimetric Study of emission nebulea Stock 8 in Aurigarahulporuri
Group 4 studied the properties of dust and magnetic fields in the star cluster Stock 8 using multiband polarimetry observations. Their aims were to characterize dust properties from the polarization data, identify probable cluster members using the Stokes plane, and map the magnetic field structure. They observed 20 stars in Stock 8 in UBVRI bands and analyzed the data to determine the polarization, Stokes parameters, peak polarization Pmax, and wavelength of maximum polarization λmax. They found average values of Pmax = 2.33% and λmax = 0.584 μm, consistent with typical interstellar dust. Polarization vectors were overlaid on images and aligned with the Galactic plane, and the Stokes plane helped identify stars likely belonging to the cluster
This document summarizes observations of the lensed galaxy HATLAS J142935.3-002836 (H1429-0028) from the Herschel-ATLAS survey. Optical spectroscopy revealed the foreground lens is at redshift 0.218, while the background galaxy is at redshift 1.027. High-resolution imaging from Hubble Space Telescope and Keck adaptive optics show the background galaxy is comprised of two components and a tidal tail, resembling a major merger. Analysis of ALMA observations of CO emission provides a dynamical mass estimate of one component as 5.8 ± 1.7 × 1010 M☉. Modeling of the spectral energy distribution indicates the total stellar mass is 1.32
The document discusses the history and operation of charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors used for astronomical imaging. It describes how CCDs work by transferring electrical charges between pixels via controlled voltage potentials (1-2 sentences). It outlines the key advantages of CCDs such as high spatial resolution, quantum efficiency, dynamic range, and low noise. The document also explains the process of taking astronomical images with a CCD, including bias subtraction, dark calibration, flat fielding, and combining multiple exposures to improve signal-to-noise ratio.
Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits...iosrjce
Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration
has the capability to delineate and provide better images of regional structure for exploration of mineral
deposits in any geological settings. Previous tests on detection and imaging of massive sulphide ores using
seismic reflection techniques have been done mostly in crystalline environments. Application of seismic
reflection techniques for imaging sedimentary hosted massive sulphide is relatively new and the few experiments
carried out are at local scale (<500m). In this study, we analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by
modelling three massive sulphide ore and norite lenses scenario using 2D seismic survey with relatively sparse
source-receiver geometry to image these deposits within 1.5km depth range. Results from the modelling
experiment demonstrate that 2-Dimensional seismic reflections survey can be used to detect massive sulphides
at any scale. The test further indicates that geologic setting and acquisition parameters are very important for
the detection of these ore bodies. Overall, the outcomes of the results support our started objective which is to
demonstrate that seismic reflection surveys can be used to detect the presence of sediment hosted massive
sulphides at regional scale
This document summarizes techniques for online particle sizing, especially for wet processes and nanoparticles. It discusses common sizing methods, challenges of online sizing like high concentration and morphology, and advances to address these difficulties. These include modeling approaches to account for multiple scattering, techniques to suppress scattering effects, and the use of chemometrics to model sizing results and process parameters from instrument data. Wet media milling for nanoparticle production is also briefly reviewed, outlining variables that influence particle size and strategies for efficient milling.
Similar to The Evolving Relation between Star Formation Rates and Stellar Mass (20)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
The Evolving Relation between Star Formation Rates and Stellar Mass
1. UV Visi NI FIRMIR
Russell Johnston
Collaborators: MattiaVaccari, Matt Jarvis, Mat Smith, Matt Prescott, Elodie Giovannoli
The evolving relation between SFR and M* in the VIDEO
survey since z = 3
2. I. A bit of background
II. Creating our star-forming sample
III. Results part 1 - the star-forming main sequence
IV. Results part 2 - simulations and implications
3. A Bit of Background
• How do galaxies evolve?
• What are the physical processes driving that evolution?
4. a
To probe star formation histories of galaxies, the key components are:
M! yr-1
Measure of the present
activity of the galaxy
M!
!
Measure of the
past activity of the
galaxy.
Galaxy spectra is the sum of the
different components:
!
STARS
!
GAS
!
DUST
!
We need access to the full
stellar emission to determine
these quantities
young old dust
SFR M★
star formation ratestellar mass
Estimating Star Formation Rates
5. • UV - emission dominated by young massive short-lived star.
Estimating Star Formation Rates
6. Estimating Star Formation Rates
➡ Dust in galaxies absorbs UV and optical photons
!
➡ Which is then re-emitted at infrared wavelengths
Visible Infrared
Dust
Log10[λFλ(t)](ergs-1M!-1)
Wavelength (μm)
7. • UV - emission dominated by young massive short-lived star.
• UV+IR - Account for dust attenuation in the UV.
• Nebular emission lines - , ,
• Radio continuum emission and stacking.
• SED Modelling e.g. CIGALE and MAGPHYS
H↵ O[II] O[III]
Estimating Star Formation Rates
9. The SFR-Mass “Main Sequence”
Noeske et al. 2007
Daddi et al. 2007Elbaz et al. 2007
DEEP2, K-band imaging and Spitzer MIPS 24 µm
GOODS, SDSS, Spitzer 3.6, 4.8 µm MIPS 24 µm UV, radio, mid and far IR
An Emerging Picture
➡ SF galaxies follow tight
SFR-Mass relation.
➡ SFR increases with Mass
as a Power-law.
➡ Intrinsic scatter
0.2 . MS . 0.35
➡ Strong evolution in the
nor malisation with
redshift
➡ Measurements of slope
vary wildly in literature
0.2 < ↵ < 1.2
SFR / M↵
⇤
11. The VIDEO Survey
VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations
( Jarvis et al. 2013 )
VIDEO
Spitzer SWIRE
CFHTLS-D1
UKIDSS-UDS
!
➡ 12 deg^2
!
➡ (NIR): Z, Y, J, H, Ks
➡ Visible: ugriz (CFHTLS)
➡ zphot
< 4.0
➡ zphot
obtained from
!
LePhare
12. ➡ SERVS (Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey, Mauduit et al. 2012)
IRAC 1 - 3.6 µm
IRAC 2 - 4.5 µm
Joint selection
then matched to
➡ SWIRE (Spitzer Wide-Area Extragalactic, Lonsdale et al. 2003)
IRAC 1 - 5.8 µm
IRAC 2 - 8.0 µm
➡ HerMES (Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey, Olivier et al. 2012)
SPIRE 250, 350 and 500 µm
MIPS 24, 70 and 160 µm
Matching to Multi-wavelength data
13. FirstThings First
• SFR indicator
• Mass Completeness
• CosmicVariance
• Star-forming selection criteria
• Calibration
14. Code Investigating GALaxy Emission (CIGALE)
(Burgarella et al. 2005; Noll et al. 2009b)
CIGALE INPUT
• Photometric broad-bands
• Star Formation History
• Dust Attenuation
• IR Library
CIGALE OUTPUT
• SFR
• M*
• LDUST
• .... etc...
Combines UV-optical stellar SED
with dust emission in IR
to conserve energy balance
between dust absorbed emission
and its re-emission in IR
Wavelength (µm)SPIRE
HerschelSpitzer
ZYJHK
VIDEO
ugriz
CFHTLS
MIPSIRAC
15. exponentially
decreasing tau models
Kroupa IMF
PEGASE
FIR part of the spectrum
Dale & Helou (2002)
!
64 templates
6 AGN models
Code Investigating GALaxy Emission (CIGALE)
(Burgarella et al. 2005; Noll et al. 2009b)
18. Mass Completeness Limits
• Joint selection in Ks with SERVS 3.6 & 4.5 µm
log10(Mlim) = log10(M⇤) + 0.4(Ks Klim
s ) - [Ilbert et al. (2013)]
19. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
redshift
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
cosmicvariance(v)
Dark Matter
8.5 < log(M⇤) 9.0
9.0 < log(M⇤) 9.5
9.5 < log(M⇤) 10.0
10.0 < log(M⇤) 10.5
10.5 < log(M⇤) 11.0
11.0 < log(M⇤) 11.5
CosmicVariance
• VIDEO currently only covers 1 sq. deg
• Uncertainty in observed number density of galaxies arising from the underlying
large-scale density fluctuations.
Moster et al. (2011)
‘GETCV’
• Determined using predictions from CDM and theory and galaxy bias
20. Selecting Star Forming Galaxies
• Common to perform rest-frame colour selection
e.g. UVJ, U-B, BzK, u-g
• or sigma-clip
• mixture: NUV-r and r-J
Ilbert et al. 2014
Schreiber et al. 2015
(Magnelli et al. 2014, Santini et al. 2009)
(e.g. Daddi et al. 2007,Whitaker et al. 2014, Rodighiero et al. 2011,)
• Avoids selecting the bluest galaxies
21. Colour cut
(u-r)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
100
600
1100
1600
2100
2600
N
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
U R
8
9
10
11
log(M⇤
/M)
Selecting Star Forming Galaxies
22. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
100
600
1100
1600
2100
N
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D4000
8
9
10
11
log(M⇤
/M)
D4000 break
Selecting Star Forming Galaxies
D4000<1.3
• An output from CIGALE.
• Related to the age of a stellar population.
• low D4000 index = younger SP
• high D4000 index = older SP
˚A
ratio of the average flux per frequency unit of the
wavelength ranges 4000–4100 Å and 3850–3950 Å
Balogh et al. 1999
23. Calibrating the Main Sequence
• Comparing your results to other works is very tricky!
Wavelength coverage/selection
SFR estimation (L-SFR relation)
Initial mass function (IMF)
Stellar population synthesis models (SPS)
Star forming galaxy selection
Star formation histories (SFH) [difficult to correct/calibrate]
Extinction
Metallicities
Adopted cosmology
Dust attenuation
Photometric redshifts
Incompleteness
!
(see Speagle et al. 2014)
|{z}
affects normalisation
affects slope
26. log(SFR) = ↵ log(M⇤) +
log(SFR) = A1 + A2 log(M⇤) + A3[log(M⇤)]2
(e.g. Noeske et al. 2007, Daddi et al. 2007, Elbaz et
al. 2007, Santini et al. 2009, Heinis et al. 2014)
SFR = ↵
✓
M⇤
1011 M
◆
log[SFR(z)] = ↵(z)[log(M⇤) 10.5] + (z)
↵(z) = ↵1 + ↵2z
(z) = 1 + 2z + 3z2
where,
(e.g. Magnelli et al 2014,Whitaker et al 2014)
(e.g.Whitaker et al 2012)
Modelling the Data
27. 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5
1
0
1
2
3
This work
Dunne et al. (2009)
Noeske et al. (2007a)
Oliver et al. (2010)
Santini et al. (2009)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Schreiber et al. (2014)
Magnelli et al. (2014)
0.10 < z 0.80
Ngal = 10357 (7487)
9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5
This work
Dunne et al. (2009)
Elbaz et al. (2007)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Heinis et al. (2014)
Schreiber et al. (2014)
Magnelli et al. (2014)
0.80 < z 1.20
Ngal = 10976 (7746)
10.5 11.0 11.5
This work
Daddi et al. (2007)
Dunne et al. (2009)
Pannella et al. (2009)
Reddy et al. (2012)
Rodighiero et al. (2011)
Santini et al. (2009)
Zahid et al. (2012)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Schreiber et al. (2014)
Magnelli et al. (2014)
1.90 < z 2.10
Ngal = 2956 (1520)
log(M⇤
[M ])
log(SFR[My1
])
z~0.45 z~1 z~2
The Star Forming Main Sequence
↵ = 0.7 ± 0.01 ↵ = 0.7 ± 0.01 ↵ = 0.83 ± 0.02
28. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
redshift
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
↵
This work (D4000)
Daddi et al. (2007)
Santini et al. (2009)
Rodighiero et al. (2011)
Noeske et al. (2007a)
Elbaz et al. (2007)
Dunne et al. (2009)
Pannella et al. (2009)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Oliver et al. (2010)
Zahid et al. (2012)
Reddy et al. (2012)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Whitaker et al. (2014)
Whitaker et al. (2014)
The Star Forming Main Sequence
29. What about photo-z uncertainties?
• Common approach to bin in redshift
• Lephare outputs full z-PDF
• Can we propagate this in our modelling?
30. 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
probability
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
redshift
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
log(M⇤
[M])
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
log(SFR[My1
])
probability
z-PDF from Lephare
run CIGALE in series of
z-steps for each galaxy
Weigh the resulting SFR and M*
distributions by the z-PDF probability
31. log10[SFR(z)] = ↵(z)[log10(M⇤) 10.5] + (z),
↵(z) = ↵1 + ↵2z, and
(z) = 1 + 2z + 3z2
median constraints - DOES NOT INCLUDE
zPDF uncertainties
‘all data’ constraints - INCLUDES zPDF uncertainties
(Whitaker et al 2012)
32. log10[SFR(z)] = ↵(z)[log10(M⇤) 10.5] + (z),
↵(z) = ↵1 + ↵2z, and
(z) = 1 + 2z + 3z2
OUR median constraints
Whitaker et al. (2012) (medians)
33. High mass SFR turn-off?
Whitaker et al. (2014)
stacking in MIPS 24µm
Tasca et al. (2014) [VUDS]
Magnelli et al. (2014)
[PACS, HerMES]
34. 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4
log(M⇤
[M ])
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
log(SFR[My1
])
D4000 < 1.30
D4000 < 1.35
Whitaker et al. (2014)
1.00 < z 1.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
redshift
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
↵
This work (D4000)
This work (u r)
Star-Forming Selection Effects
35. 10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
9.85 < M⇤ < 10.15
sSFR / (1 + z)3.56±0.01
Feulner et al. (2005)
Noeske et al. (2007a)
Dunne et al. (2009)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Salmi et al. (2012)
Ilbert et al. (2013)
Heinis et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.15 < M⇤ < 10.45
sSFR / (1 + z)3.09±0.03
Zheng et al. (2007)
Daddi et al. (2007)
Kajisawa et al. (2009)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Karim et al. (2011)
Ilbert et al. (2013)
Zwart et al. (2014)
Tasca et al. (2014)
Schreiber et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.45 < M⇤ < 10.65
sSFR / (1 + z)2.60±0.04
Noeske et al. (2007a)
Dunne et al. (2009)
Karim et al. (2011)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Salmi et al. (2012)
Ilbert et al. (2013)
Heinis et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.65 < M⇤ < 10.85
sSFR / (1 + z)2.15±0.04
Zheng et al. (2007)
Daddi et al. (2007)
Kajisawa et al. (2009)
Rodighiero et al. (2010)
Ilbert et al. (2013)
Zwart et al. (2014)
Schreiber et al. (2014)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.85 < M⇤ < 11.15
sSFR / (1 + z)2.13±0.06
Feulner et al. (2005)
Karim et al. (2011)
Whitaker et al. (2012)
Heinis et al. (2014)
redshift
log(sSFR[y1
])
• At between
we find , consistent
to Tasca et al. (2014)
log10(sSFR) = log10(SFR) log10(M⇤)
• Mass dependent evolution
out to z<1.4 , similar to that
of Ilbert et al. (2014)
• General flattening off beyond
• We model this by
sSFR / (1 + z)
Evolution of the Specific Star Formation Rate
0.4 < z < 2.46
z > 2
M⇤ ⇠ 10.5
= 2.60 ± 0.04
37. Hydrodynamical: Scaling relations:
➡Horizon - Dubois et al. (2014)
➡Ilustris - Sparre et al. (2014)
➡Davé et al (2013)
➡Mitra et al. (2014)
- Equilibrium Model-
What Can SimulationsTell Us?
Star formation
gas cooling and heating
feedback from stellar winds, supernovae and AGN
analytical - constrained to observed data
Describes motion of gas into and out of
galaxies - baryon cycle.
8 free parameters
➡Behroozi et al. (2013)
- HOD-
stellar mass-halo mass scaling relation
15 free parameters
38. 9 10 11
0
1
2
3
This work
Illustris, Sparre et al. (2014)
Mitra et al. (2014)
Horizon, Dubois et al. (2014)
Behroozi et al. (2013)
Dav´e et al. (2013)
z = 1
9 10 11
z = 2
9 10 11
0
1
2
3
This work
Horizon (with cut)
Horizon (no cut)
9 10 11
log(M⇤
[M ])
log(SFR[My1
])
39. 10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
9.85 < M⇤ < 10.15
Behroozi et al. (2013)
Mitra et al. (2014)
Illustris Sparre et al. (2014)
Horizon Dubois et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.15 < M⇤ < 10.45
Mitra et al. (2014)
Horizon Dubois et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.45 < M⇤ < 10.65
Behroozi et al. (2013)
Mitra et al. (2014)
Illustris Sparre et al. (2014)
Horizon Dubois et al. (2014)
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.65 < M⇤ < 10.85
Mitra et al. (2014)
Horizon Dubois et al. (2014)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
10.85 < M⇤ < 11.15
Behroozi et al. (2013)
Illustris Sparre et al. (2014)
Mitra et al. (2014)
Horizon Dubois et al. (2014)
redshift
log(sSFR[y1
])
• Hydro show lower
normalisation by factor
of 2-6 between
0.5<z<~3.0
• Good agreement with
scaling relation
approaches.
40. Implications
• Discrepancy between hydro/SAMs and observations well known
• Oversimplified gas accretion modelling?
• Systematic offsets in gas cooling rates?
• Insufficient sub-grid models that control star formation
and stellar feedback?
(Daddi et al. 2007; Elbaz et al. 2007; Santini et al. 2009; Damen et al. 2009b; Davé et al. 2013; Sparre et al. 2014; Genel et al. 2014; Tasca et al. 2014)
• Currently this remains an unresolved issue:
41. Implications
• Equilibrium model [Mitra et al. (2014)] does not explicitly model:
• halos,
• cooling,
• mergers or
• a disk star formation law
• Parameterises the motion of gas into and out of galaxies
• Is continual smooth accretion regulated by continual outflows a
key driver in the overall growth of SFGs?