A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria by Sebastian O Uremadu in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
This document reviews bank loans to farmers and their implications for agricultural diversification in Nigeria. It finds that loans to farmers carry more risks than other business loans due to unfavorable cost-price relationships in agriculture and the difficulty of obtaining farm operation information. It also finds that commercial banks consider factors like a farmer's ability to manage operations and generate positive cash flow. The document recommends that the government and banks take actions to address risk factors and information problems, ensure banks have well-trained farm representatives, focus on loans that meet standards, and help farmers improve soil productivity and cash flows. The overall aim is to enhance agricultural productivity and diversification in Nigeria.
Agricultural credit is a vital input for Pakistan's economy, as the agricultural sector accounts for 25.3% of GDP. It is needed to purchase inputs, machinery, make improvements, and manage risks for farmers. The major sources of agricultural credit are non-institutional sources like money lenders and institutional sources like commercial banks and the Agricultural Development Bank. During 2013-14, banks disbursed Rs. 255.7 billion in agricultural credit, achieving 67.3% of the annual target of Rs. 380 billion. The share of credit going to the non-farm sector increased to 45.6% as banks diversified lending.
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The document provides background information on a thesis submitted to the University of Mysore examining mergers and acquisitions of regional rural banks in Karnataka, India. It discusses the history and economy of Karnataka state and introduces regional rural banks, which were established to better deliver rural credit. The thesis will study mergers and acquisitions as a strategy to strengthen weak public sector banks, with a focus on regional rural banks in Karnataka.
Agri business financing in bangladesh, a case study on bangladesh krishi bankAlexander Decker
This document discusses agribusiness financing in Bangladesh, using Bangladesh Krishi Bank as a case study. It provides background on agribusiness and its role in Bangladesh's economy. The objectives are to study Krishi Bank's agribusiness financing activities and performance, identify problems faced by the bank and clients, and suggest improvements. Key findings include Krishi Bank disbursed over 50 billion taka for agribusiness in fiscal year 2011, recovering 50 billion, with outstanding loans of over 116 billion taka and non-performing loans of 14.17% of outstanding amounts.
Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of agricultural credit on farm output of members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State Nigeria. Data was collected from 260 cooperative farmers from 10 cooperative societies in Anambra East LGA in Anambra State. Also 260 non cooperative farmers were equally selected to act as control group Descriptive and inferential were applied to collected data. Evidence from the study showed that cooperative members had more access to agricultural credit than non members. Furthermore, results from the regression analysis showed that farm size, farm inputs, credit and access to cooperative credit were positive and important determinants of farm output. The implication of the significance of access to cooperative credit is a confirmation of the primacy of cooperative as a source of credit to rural farmers. Indeed, significance of use of credit and access to cooperative credit equally confirms the main thrust of Vroom's expectancy theory that a particular course of action is chosen based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of a positive return. Francis O. Nwankwo PhD | Okenwa C. Ogbodo PhD | Faith C. Onwuchekwa ""Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/22955/agricultural-credit-and-farm-output-of-cooperative-members-in-anambra-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo-phd
Agricultural credit is a vital input for Pakistan's economy, as the agricultural sector accounts for 25.3% of GDP. It is needed to purchase inputs, machinery, make improvements, and manage risks for farmers. The major sources of agricultural credit are non-institutional sources like money lenders and institutional sources like commercial banks and the Agricultural Development Bank. During 2013-14, banks disbursed Rs. 255.7 billion in agricultural credit, achieving 67.3% of the annual target of Rs. 380 billion. The share of credit going to the non-farm sector increased to 45.6% as banks diversified lending.
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The document provides background information on a thesis submitted to the University of Mysore examining mergers and acquisitions of regional rural banks in Karnataka, India. It discusses the history and economy of Karnataka state and introduces regional rural banks, which were established to better deliver rural credit. The thesis will study mergers and acquisitions as a strategy to strengthen weak public sector banks, with a focus on regional rural banks in Karnataka.
Agri business financing in bangladesh, a case study on bangladesh krishi bankAlexander Decker
This document discusses agribusiness financing in Bangladesh, using Bangladesh Krishi Bank as a case study. It provides background on agribusiness and its role in Bangladesh's economy. The objectives are to study Krishi Bank's agribusiness financing activities and performance, identify problems faced by the bank and clients, and suggest improvements. Key findings include Krishi Bank disbursed over 50 billion taka for agribusiness in fiscal year 2011, recovering 50 billion, with outstanding loans of over 116 billion taka and non-performing loans of 14.17% of outstanding amounts.
Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of agricultural credit on farm output of members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State Nigeria. Data was collected from 260 cooperative farmers from 10 cooperative societies in Anambra East LGA in Anambra State. Also 260 non cooperative farmers were equally selected to act as control group Descriptive and inferential were applied to collected data. Evidence from the study showed that cooperative members had more access to agricultural credit than non members. Furthermore, results from the regression analysis showed that farm size, farm inputs, credit and access to cooperative credit were positive and important determinants of farm output. The implication of the significance of access to cooperative credit is a confirmation of the primacy of cooperative as a source of credit to rural farmers. Indeed, significance of use of credit and access to cooperative credit equally confirms the main thrust of Vroom's expectancy theory that a particular course of action is chosen based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of a positive return. Francis O. Nwankwo PhD | Okenwa C. Ogbodo PhD | Faith C. Onwuchekwa ""Agricultural Credit and Farm Output of Cooperative Members in Anambra State, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/22955/agricultural-credit-and-farm-output-of-cooperative-members-in-anambra-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo-phd
1. Agricultural credit is an important input for leveraging financial growth in the agricultural sector and ultimately leading to sustainable economic growth.
2. It is provided by both formal institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks, as well as informal non-institutional sources like money lenders and shopkeepers.
3. It is needed for a variety of purposes from purchasing seeds and fertilizers, to machinery, to making permanent land improvements and managing risks. However, small farmers often face issues in accessing sufficient credit from institutional sources.
agricultural finance and rural credit (1).pdfTemesgen59
This document defines and discusses agricultural finance. It provides definitions from various sources that describe agricultural finance as studying the financial aspects of farm businesses, including credit sources and credit use. The document also discusses the nature and scope of agricultural finance at both the macro and micro levels. It outlines the types and significance of agricultural credit as well as how agricultural credit can be classified based on time, purpose, security, lenders, and borrowers.
The document discusses the role of banks in providing agricultural credit in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown rapidly, its dependence on agricultural performance remains high. Access to banking services in rural and agricultural areas remains limited. The document then outlines various agricultural credit schemes provided by banks in India, including short term crop loans, term loans, and the Kisan Credit Card scheme. It also discusses the challenges in expanding rural and agricultural credit like lack of infrastructure and focus on urban sectors.
Agricultural finance deals with the study of credit provision and liquidity services for farm borrowers. It examines the financial intermediaries that provide loan funds to agriculture and how these intermediaries obtain funds. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it considers total credit needs and terms for the agricultural sector. At the micro level, it focuses on financial management of individual farm units. Common sources of agricultural finance include money lenders, traders, cooperatives, commercial banks, and microfinance organizations. Loans are classified by time period, purpose, and security. Weaknesses in rural credit systems include a lack of motivation, high interest rates, and poor recovery rates. Suggestions for
This document summarizes a senior essay that examines the influence of credit constraints on production efficiency among farm households in Yelmana Densa district, Ethiopia. The essay aims to examine socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, determine factors influencing farmers' production efficiency, and estimate factors affecting efficiency between credit-constrained and unconstrained farm households. The study is significant because credit plays a key role in agricultural inputs and productivity. However, smallholder farmers often face credit constraints that negatively impact efficiency. The study focuses on Yelmana Densa district and investigates how credit access influences differences in farmers' output and efficiency.
Agricultural credit is an important input for agricultural development programs in India. It is needed to purchase seeds, fertilizers, equipment and manage risks. However, small and marginal farmers often do not receive enough institutional credit. Some reasons for this are loose definitions that allow large companies access to subsidized loans, and non-compliance by banks with targets for lending to small farmers. Reforms are needed to streamline the system and better facilitate credit to small farmers through organizations and technology.
M. Nagappa is a fruit vendor in Bangalore who supports his family of 6 back in Tamil Nadu. He borrows Rs. 8,500 from his uncle every 3 months to fund his pushcart business, repaying Rs. 100 daily at an annual interest rate of 120%. His daily expenses include Rs. 2 for using the bathroom, Rs. 3 for washing his face, Rs. 50 for food, and bundled services of Rs. 10 for bathing and Rs. 15 for washed and ironed clothes every 3 days.
Nair committee report on priority sector advancesPankaj Baid
The committee recommended expanding the definition of priority sectors to include additional activities like off-grid renewable energy and increasing certain lending limits, suggested streamlining bank reporting systems to improve data quality and consistency, and proposed increasing priority sector lending targets for foreign banks to be in line with domestic banks.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
This document provides lecture notes on agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance and discusses its nature and scope at both the micro and macro levels. Micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm units, while macro-finance deals with total credit needs of the agricultural sector. The document also covers credit needs in agriculture, definitions of credit, and classifications of credit based on time, purpose, security, lender, and borrower. Credit is essential for agricultural development as it allows farmers to purchase inputs, improve farms, and market crops effectively.
The document discusses credit analysis and loan repayment plans from the perspective of lending institutions. It addresses the three key factors in credit analysis - returns to investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. It then describes various loan repayment plans used by banks, including straight repayment plans, partial repayment plans, amortized repayment plans, variable repayment plans, optional repayment plans, and reserve repayment plans. The goal of different repayment plans is to structure loan repayments in a way that considers the cash flows and risks for the borrower.
This document discusses agricultural credit and its importance for farmers. It covers the need for agricultural credit to purchase new inputs, implements, manage risk, and make improvements. The document also outlines different types of agricultural credit, including short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit. Sources of agricultural credit are discussed, including non-institutional sources like money lenders and institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks. Problems obtaining credit like high interest rates and complicated procedures are summarized. Finally, remedial measures are proposed such as making the loan process easier and establishing more agricultural development banks.
Day 2, Session 1, Part 2: Unlocking Agricultural Growth through Technology an...IFPRI-NSSP
NIRSAL was created by the Central Bank of Nigeria to address challenges in agricultural lending. Prior to NIRSAL, agricultural lending was only 1% of total lending due to risks and a lack of understanding of agriculture. NIRSAL provides loan guarantees and technical assistance to improve agricultural value chains and incentivize banks to lend. Since starting in 2011, NIRSAL has guaranteed over 6 billion Naira in loans with a pipeline of 20-25 billion Naira. Going forward, NIRSAL aims to guarantee 450 billion Naira annually and expand international capital sources for Nigerian farmers. Challenges remain around identification, high interest rates, inconsistent policies and the need for greater innovation in credit delivery and value
This document discusses financing mechanisms for rural livestock and dairy sector players in Uganda. It outlines various types of financial service providers in Uganda, including commercial banks, microfinance institutions, credit cooperatives and development partners. It also describes common activities requiring financial services for livestock owners, such as purchasing animals and transportation. Additionally, the document notes that financial products need to be tailored to local circumstances and client needs to improve access in rural areas, where transaction costs are higher and titled collateral is often lacking. Effective credit delivery also requires functioning markets and market linkages.
Regionalising loan repayment capacity of small holder cooperative farmers in ...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the loan repayment capacity of smallholder cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria. It analyzes data from 96 farmers across 16 cooperatives in Bayelsa and Delta states.
2) The results show that factors like age, education level, loan size, repayment period, net farm income, loan supervision, and farm size positively influence repayment capacity, while gender, household size, and funds spent on equipment have negative influences.
3) The author recommends improving access to farm implements and fertilizer to increase yields and income, implementing effective loan supervision, providing more loans to females, and subsidizing farm equipment costs to enhance repayment capacity.
The Role of Farmers' Tenure in Securing Loans: The Case of the Philippines' '...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed at exploring the role of farmers' tenure in securing a loan, specifically the 'hiraman' agreement among farmers. A sample of 50 respondents was randomly selected and the data were collected mainly through a questionnaire. A descriptive research design was used to analyse and interpret the data collected. The findings revealed that hiraman agreements among farmers are common in a certain area of the Philippines. Most of the borrowers who joined this agreement are farmers who have a tenure as tenants, followed by the farmers who are registered owners/partly owners. It also revealed that there were no farmworkers/laborers that have been entered into this agreement as their role is primarily for the cultivation only, such as planting, growing, harvesting, etc. Furthermore, the study showed the unique characteristics of the agreement and the major reasons for the farmer availing of and securing this loan. However, farmers still encountered constraints during the agreement such as uncertainties in the legal rights of the borrower, and the unavailability of payment instalments. Hence, conducting sustainability training and seminars for resource efficiency, intensification of the subsidy programs, and increasing the presence of formal institutions in the areato help increase the farmers' income is highly recommended.
The document discusses credit guarantee schemes (CGS) and the experiences of CGS in Nigeria. It provides context on Nigeria's economy and agriculture sector. It then describes the financial risks in agricultural lending that discourage banks from lending to agriculture. To address this, the Central Bank of Nigeria established several CGS programs, including the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), which began in 1978 and guarantees 75% of loans for agricultural purposes. The document outlines the objectives, operations, and impacts of the ACGSF and other CGS established by the Central Bank of Nigeria to facilitate agricultural financing.
Building the next generation of farmers
Supporting capacity-development of African Farmer’s Organisations through improved Policies, Technologies and Capabilities
Workshop , 6-7 November 2018, Brussels
This document discusses agricultural credit, including its definition, need, classification, sources, and problems. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Agricultural credit refers to loans needed by farmers to grow the agricultural sector and is classified based on purpose, repayment period, security, surplus generation, creditor, and number of activities.
2) Farmers need credit for inputs, machinery, risk management, land improvements, marketing, and emergencies. Institutional sources include banks and development programs while non-institutional sources are exploitative.
3) Problems with agricultural credit include low access for small farmers, complicated application processes, increasing bad debts, delayed disbursements, and high interest rates. Remedies proposed
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Stable Isotope Analysis as a Tool to Determine Nitrogen Fertilizer SourceCrimsonpublishersMCDA
Fingerprinting crops to detect organic or inorganic fertilizer use can be done by determining nitrogen (N) stable isotope values. In previous research, crops grown with organic N had higher amounts of 15N while those grown with inorganic N were higher in 14N. This information may be useful to follow plant
demands and N requirements of heavy N feeding crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lead
to more efficient N inputs. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with ‘Better Bush’ tomatoes using four soil fertility treatments consisting of a) inorganic fertilization [Miracle Grow®; 24N-4P-13K], b)
organic fertilization [bonemeal (6N-8P-0K), bloodmeal (12N-0P-0K), liquid Earth juice (2N-1P-1K) and 25% vermicompost]; c) mixed fertilization [Miracle Grow® with 25% vermicompost] and d) control [no fertilization].
More Related Content
Similar to A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria by Sebastian O Uremadu in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
1. Agricultural credit is an important input for leveraging financial growth in the agricultural sector and ultimately leading to sustainable economic growth.
2. It is provided by both formal institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks, as well as informal non-institutional sources like money lenders and shopkeepers.
3. It is needed for a variety of purposes from purchasing seeds and fertilizers, to machinery, to making permanent land improvements and managing risks. However, small farmers often face issues in accessing sufficient credit from institutional sources.
agricultural finance and rural credit (1).pdfTemesgen59
This document defines and discusses agricultural finance. It provides definitions from various sources that describe agricultural finance as studying the financial aspects of farm businesses, including credit sources and credit use. The document also discusses the nature and scope of agricultural finance at both the macro and micro levels. It outlines the types and significance of agricultural credit as well as how agricultural credit can be classified based on time, purpose, security, lenders, and borrowers.
The document discusses the role of banks in providing agricultural credit in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown rapidly, its dependence on agricultural performance remains high. Access to banking services in rural and agricultural areas remains limited. The document then outlines various agricultural credit schemes provided by banks in India, including short term crop loans, term loans, and the Kisan Credit Card scheme. It also discusses the challenges in expanding rural and agricultural credit like lack of infrastructure and focus on urban sectors.
Agricultural finance deals with the study of credit provision and liquidity services for farm borrowers. It examines the financial intermediaries that provide loan funds to agriculture and how these intermediaries obtain funds. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it considers total credit needs and terms for the agricultural sector. At the micro level, it focuses on financial management of individual farm units. Common sources of agricultural finance include money lenders, traders, cooperatives, commercial banks, and microfinance organizations. Loans are classified by time period, purpose, and security. Weaknesses in rural credit systems include a lack of motivation, high interest rates, and poor recovery rates. Suggestions for
This document summarizes a senior essay that examines the influence of credit constraints on production efficiency among farm households in Yelmana Densa district, Ethiopia. The essay aims to examine socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, determine factors influencing farmers' production efficiency, and estimate factors affecting efficiency between credit-constrained and unconstrained farm households. The study is significant because credit plays a key role in agricultural inputs and productivity. However, smallholder farmers often face credit constraints that negatively impact efficiency. The study focuses on Yelmana Densa district and investigates how credit access influences differences in farmers' output and efficiency.
Agricultural credit is an important input for agricultural development programs in India. It is needed to purchase seeds, fertilizers, equipment and manage risks. However, small and marginal farmers often do not receive enough institutional credit. Some reasons for this are loose definitions that allow large companies access to subsidized loans, and non-compliance by banks with targets for lending to small farmers. Reforms are needed to streamline the system and better facilitate credit to small farmers through organizations and technology.
M. Nagappa is a fruit vendor in Bangalore who supports his family of 6 back in Tamil Nadu. He borrows Rs. 8,500 from his uncle every 3 months to fund his pushcart business, repaying Rs. 100 daily at an annual interest rate of 120%. His daily expenses include Rs. 2 for using the bathroom, Rs. 3 for washing his face, Rs. 50 for food, and bundled services of Rs. 10 for bathing and Rs. 15 for washed and ironed clothes every 3 days.
Nair committee report on priority sector advancesPankaj Baid
The committee recommended expanding the definition of priority sectors to include additional activities like off-grid renewable energy and increasing certain lending limits, suggested streamlining bank reporting systems to improve data quality and consistency, and proposed increasing priority sector lending targets for foreign banks to be in line with domestic banks.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
This document provides lecture notes on agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance and discusses its nature and scope at both the micro and macro levels. Micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm units, while macro-finance deals with total credit needs of the agricultural sector. The document also covers credit needs in agriculture, definitions of credit, and classifications of credit based on time, purpose, security, lender, and borrower. Credit is essential for agricultural development as it allows farmers to purchase inputs, improve farms, and market crops effectively.
The document discusses credit analysis and loan repayment plans from the perspective of lending institutions. It addresses the three key factors in credit analysis - returns to investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. It then describes various loan repayment plans used by banks, including straight repayment plans, partial repayment plans, amortized repayment plans, variable repayment plans, optional repayment plans, and reserve repayment plans. The goal of different repayment plans is to structure loan repayments in a way that considers the cash flows and risks for the borrower.
This document discusses agricultural credit and its importance for farmers. It covers the need for agricultural credit to purchase new inputs, implements, manage risk, and make improvements. The document also outlines different types of agricultural credit, including short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit. Sources of agricultural credit are discussed, including non-institutional sources like money lenders and institutional sources like agricultural development banks and commercial banks. Problems obtaining credit like high interest rates and complicated procedures are summarized. Finally, remedial measures are proposed such as making the loan process easier and establishing more agricultural development banks.
Day 2, Session 1, Part 2: Unlocking Agricultural Growth through Technology an...IFPRI-NSSP
NIRSAL was created by the Central Bank of Nigeria to address challenges in agricultural lending. Prior to NIRSAL, agricultural lending was only 1% of total lending due to risks and a lack of understanding of agriculture. NIRSAL provides loan guarantees and technical assistance to improve agricultural value chains and incentivize banks to lend. Since starting in 2011, NIRSAL has guaranteed over 6 billion Naira in loans with a pipeline of 20-25 billion Naira. Going forward, NIRSAL aims to guarantee 450 billion Naira annually and expand international capital sources for Nigerian farmers. Challenges remain around identification, high interest rates, inconsistent policies and the need for greater innovation in credit delivery and value
This document discusses financing mechanisms for rural livestock and dairy sector players in Uganda. It outlines various types of financial service providers in Uganda, including commercial banks, microfinance institutions, credit cooperatives and development partners. It also describes common activities requiring financial services for livestock owners, such as purchasing animals and transportation. Additionally, the document notes that financial products need to be tailored to local circumstances and client needs to improve access in rural areas, where transaction costs are higher and titled collateral is often lacking. Effective credit delivery also requires functioning markets and market linkages.
Regionalising loan repayment capacity of small holder cooperative farmers in ...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the loan repayment capacity of smallholder cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria. It analyzes data from 96 farmers across 16 cooperatives in Bayelsa and Delta states.
2) The results show that factors like age, education level, loan size, repayment period, net farm income, loan supervision, and farm size positively influence repayment capacity, while gender, household size, and funds spent on equipment have negative influences.
3) The author recommends improving access to farm implements and fertilizer to increase yields and income, implementing effective loan supervision, providing more loans to females, and subsidizing farm equipment costs to enhance repayment capacity.
The Role of Farmers' Tenure in Securing Loans: The Case of the Philippines' '...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed at exploring the role of farmers' tenure in securing a loan, specifically the 'hiraman' agreement among farmers. A sample of 50 respondents was randomly selected and the data were collected mainly through a questionnaire. A descriptive research design was used to analyse and interpret the data collected. The findings revealed that hiraman agreements among farmers are common in a certain area of the Philippines. Most of the borrowers who joined this agreement are farmers who have a tenure as tenants, followed by the farmers who are registered owners/partly owners. It also revealed that there were no farmworkers/laborers that have been entered into this agreement as their role is primarily for the cultivation only, such as planting, growing, harvesting, etc. Furthermore, the study showed the unique characteristics of the agreement and the major reasons for the farmer availing of and securing this loan. However, farmers still encountered constraints during the agreement such as uncertainties in the legal rights of the borrower, and the unavailability of payment instalments. Hence, conducting sustainability training and seminars for resource efficiency, intensification of the subsidy programs, and increasing the presence of formal institutions in the areato help increase the farmers' income is highly recommended.
The document discusses credit guarantee schemes (CGS) and the experiences of CGS in Nigeria. It provides context on Nigeria's economy and agriculture sector. It then describes the financial risks in agricultural lending that discourage banks from lending to agriculture. To address this, the Central Bank of Nigeria established several CGS programs, including the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), which began in 1978 and guarantees 75% of loans for agricultural purposes. The document outlines the objectives, operations, and impacts of the ACGSF and other CGS established by the Central Bank of Nigeria to facilitate agricultural financing.
Building the next generation of farmers
Supporting capacity-development of African Farmer’s Organisations through improved Policies, Technologies and Capabilities
Workshop , 6-7 November 2018, Brussels
This document discusses agricultural credit, including its definition, need, classification, sources, and problems. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Agricultural credit refers to loans needed by farmers to grow the agricultural sector and is classified based on purpose, repayment period, security, surplus generation, creditor, and number of activities.
2) Farmers need credit for inputs, machinery, risk management, land improvements, marketing, and emergencies. Institutional sources include banks and development programs while non-institutional sources are exploitative.
3) Problems with agricultural credit include low access for small farmers, complicated application processes, increasing bad debts, delayed disbursements, and high interest rates. Remedies proposed
Similar to A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria by Sebastian O Uremadu in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy (20)
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Stable Isotope Analysis as a Tool to Determine Nitrogen Fertilizer SourceCrimsonpublishersMCDA
Fingerprinting crops to detect organic or inorganic fertilizer use can be done by determining nitrogen (N) stable isotope values. In previous research, crops grown with organic N had higher amounts of 15N while those grown with inorganic N were higher in 14N. This information may be useful to follow plant
demands and N requirements of heavy N feeding crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lead
to more efficient N inputs. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with ‘Better Bush’ tomatoes using four soil fertility treatments consisting of a) inorganic fertilization [Miracle Grow®; 24N-4P-13K], b)
organic fertilization [bonemeal (6N-8P-0K), bloodmeal (12N-0P-0K), liquid Earth juice (2N-1P-1K) and 25% vermicompost]; c) mixed fertilization [Miracle Grow® with 25% vermicompost] and d) control [no fertilization].
The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU (CAP) contains incentives for consolidation of resources and integration of organizations. The entire CAP follows the concept of efficiency achieved through product structure optimization and economies of scale. CAP imposes an advantage for the concept of efficiency at each level of the economic system. For this reason, integration-horizontal and vertical has been imposed as more important for farmers than competition. Such an approach stimulates large-scale exchange and consolidation of resources, at the same time being a prerequisite for problems for market competition. The Chicago School addresses the concept of efficiency in relation to the “antitrust paradox”.
Use of Cover Crops in Organic Sweetpotato Production to Improve Yield: A Case...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This case study evaluated the use of cereal rye and rapeseed cover crops for organic sweetpotato production. The cover crops were either tilled into the soil or crimped on the surface prior to transplanting sweetpotato slips. Tilling the cover crops resulted in significantly less weed coverage in the early growing season compared to crimping. Sweetpotato plants grown in tilled cover crop plots exhibited higher vigor throughout the season. Tilling also led to higher sweetpotato tuber yields, with cereal rye producing more than rapeseed. In contrast, crimped cover crop plots showed reduced plant vigor and yielded no tubers. This case suggests tilling cover crops can improve weed control and increase yields for
Organic Farming: An Agricultural Waste Management System for Enhancing Soil P...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Sustainable agricultural production systems are crucial for meeting the food demand of the ever-increasing human population. However, these systems generate large amount of wastes which is a major environmental challenge when not properly managed. The difficulty and cost-related constraints associated with achieving sustainable food production through effective soil and crop management practices has led to a paradigm shift from inorganic farming to organic farming, where agricultural wastes are incorporated into the production systems. Organic farming applies natural principles for improved quality and quantity of crop produce while maintaining and/or improving soil health. This paper explores some ways in which agricultural wastes are used and their impacts on soil properties and crop yield in organic farming systems.
Games and the Communication of Ecosystem Services to Non-Scientific AudiencesCrimsonpublishersMCDA
Scientific results should also be disseminated to non-scientific audience. Communication and knowledge exchange are, generally, not treated as priority for scientists possibly due to lack of time, interest or reward. There are funds such as Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) that require knowledge exchange to non-scientific audiences as a condition for project acceptance. We conducted an environmental education activity through an active learning method in a high school of Rio de Janeiro. The aim of the game was to explain activity concepts of environmental resources management, tragedy of commons, tipping point and reproduction rate. The game was focused on fisheries, but similar concepts are used in the management of other commons such as water, air, and increasingly soils. The activity and the results are presented in a short video.
Evaluation and Breeding of Lowland Rice Varieties for their Yield and Toleran...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This document summarizes a study that evaluated rice varieties for yield and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in Benin and Togo. 1901 rice lines were tested across two sites representing lowland ecologies. Key parameters like tillering, height, flowering time, and tolerance to drought, iron toxicity, blast disease, and insects were measured. Statistical analysis identified lines from crosses between local and improved varieties that showed good performance under stresses and suitable growth cycles. These lines have potential for genetic improvement of rice in West Africa.
Ribosomal Proteins and their Extra Ribosomal Functions in Abiotic Stress Tole...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Ribosomal proteins (RPs) that include both small (RPS) and large subunit (RPL) proteins have been known to be involved in several very important functions in ribosome assembly, protein synthesis and other cellular functions in association with several other components [1]. The composition of ribosomal protein subunits that are involved in ribosome assembly is heterogeneous [2] indicating clearly that individual subunit protein components have functions also in phenomena like stress tolerance. Although each RP gene has multiple paralogs, the expression of all of them is differentially required for normal development with some of them functioning in spatio-temporal and signal-induced manner while others exhibit binding properties. The expression of ribosomal proteins has been shown to be regulated by various environmental cues and treatments with signaling molecules [3,4]. The involvement of ribosomal proteins in extra ribosomal functions in animal systems has been well documented [5].
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Scenario of Chilli Production and Hindrances Faced by the Growers of Sindh Pr...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Chilli (Capsicum annum/Capsicum frutescens L.) is a valuable cash crop in Pakistan and globally. Chilli native to America, were brought to sub-continent by the Portuguese traders from Brazil. In Pakistan, Sind is the major cultivator of chilli crop followed by the Punjab and Baluchistan. It is not only used as food but also used as main flavouring spice in the country cuisine. Pakistan was the fifth largest exporter but facing continues decline in its production due to various problems. Higher Aflatoxin level (40-300ppm) is also one the serious reasons behind declining export. Pests (whitefly, aphids, thrips, mites and heliothis) and pathogens (dieback, damping-off, CMV, powdery and downy mildews) are the main culprits in declining the national chilli production. In view of the mentioned problems we need strict strategy to overcome all these issues in order to increase our export and economy.
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Urban Farming Using Upcycling Technique of Brassica rapa L. Cv (Pechay Tagalo...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This document summarizes a study on using upcycling techniques to grow Brassica rapa L., commonly known as Pechay, in Manila, Philippines. 180 Pechay stems and 180 Pechay seeds were planted in recycled Styrofoam boxes with loam soil. 128 of the Pechay stems (71% survival rate) and 177 of the Pechay seeds (98.33% survival rate) survived. While both methods were successful, the Pechay seeds had a higher survival rate. The study demonstrated that upcycling food waste through urban farming is an effective way to address food scarcity and promote nutrition in urban areas.
Wild Boar: A Threat to Europe’s Pig Industry by Cristina Castillo in Modern C...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Since 2014 the African Swine Fever (ASF), is advancing through wild boar to Spain from Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland, borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia and northern Hungary). Officially, according with the European Commission this disease was eradicated in France (1974), Mainland Italy (1993), Belgium (1985)., Netherlands (1986), Spain (1994) and Portugal (1999). But the threaten has emerged again. From the point of view of Animal Health, an alert has been issued at European level prohibiting exports of this type of animals, whether live or dead, especially their by-products. Recently, at the end of February 2019, wild boars affected by this disease were found at frontiers of Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Although the disease is not transmissible to humans, we want to make an appeal here, because the transmission of the disease to any pig farm would cause a health alarm, having to empty the farm, with the enormous economic loss that this would entail for the farm. In this article we analyze what the African Swine Pest is, the role played by the overpopulation of wild boar in its distribution and the preventive measures to be adopted.
Pineapple: Potential Source of Proteolytic Enzymes for Degumming of Raw Silk ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Pineapple is a well-known reservoir of proteases. Treatment of silk skeins with pineapple juice resulted in degumming of the fibers leading to unmasking of the lustrous inner layer. The juice obtained from raw pineapple was subjected to concentration by saturation with 85% ammonium sulfate. The proteolytic activity of the juice as well as the concentrate was found to effectively degum the skein. The proteases were optimally active at pH 6.6, and 50-55 C. Treatment of the skein with 5U of proteolytic activity at 50 C and pH 6.6 for 120min resulted in weight loss to an extent of 17-18.5%. Release of peptides and amino acids, arginine, histidine and aromatic amino acids was monitored during the process of degumming. The rate of release of peptides and amino acids was relatively higher till 90-120min, reducing thereafter. The enzymatically degummed skeins were found to be more lustrous in comparison to untreated skeins. Conventionally, raw silk skeins are chemically treated to impart luster to the fiber. Enzymatically degummed fibers displayed smoother texture and improved stretch ability in comparison to chemically decoated skeins. Use of pineapple in silk manufacture may boost the agronomy in tropical regions where it is grown extensively.
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Rehabilitation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Residues Incorporation and Its I...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A two year field study was conducted on a permanent layout to investigate the effect of crop residues (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120kg P2O5 ha-1) on rehabilitation of saline soil (ECe=4.59 dS m-1; pH=8.38; CaCO3=3.21%; Extractable P=4.07mg kg-1; sandy clay loam) during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out according to split plot design with three replications. Planting of direct seeded rice (DSR) with and without crop residue incorporation @2ton ha-1 were placed in main plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on productive tillers, panicle length, paddy/grain and straw yields was collected. Soil was sampled (0-15cm) before initiation and after the harvest of last crop. On an average of two years, maximum productive tillers (18), panicle length (33), paddy yield (3.26t ha-1) and was produced with P application @ 80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17), spike length (17), grain panicle-1 (66) and grain yield (3.56t ha-1) were produced with P application @80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with this treatment (80kg P2O5 ha-1+CR) performed statistically equal to 120kg P2O5 ha-1 without CR incorporation during both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantly superior (22 and 24% respectively) than that of higher P rate (120kg ha-1) without CR. Overall, continuous two year CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest. Higher concentration of P, K and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues was found where 80kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied along with CR incorporation or 120kg P2O5 ha-1 alone while Na+ and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. The soil salinity was decreased and fertility was improved significantly after two years of study.
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The 28th African Union Summit declared “Harnessing the Demographic Dividend through investments in youth” as its theme, which connects the “Agenda 2063” that offers a comprehensive development vision for Africa. Regardless, African youth faces numerous challenges and opportunities in the fields of skills training, technology, entrepreneurship, agribusiness, advocacy, and political involvement. Hopes that Africa’s dramatic population bulge may create prosperity seem to have been overdone. It is time for development economists to look beyond the stylized facts to the dire realities of Africa’s frustrated youth and burgeoning informal economies. Although development economists talk about a demographic dividend for the continent of Africa, however, what the continent has now is not a ‘dividend’ but a youth population ‘bulge’.
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Phytoremediation, a Biotechnology with Important Applications by Vanesa Pérez...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This document discusses the use of phytoremediation, a biotechnology that uses plants, to remove pollutants from soil and water. It notes that pollution from both natural and human sources negatively impacts ecosystems. While water treatment removes some toxic elements, the treatments are often too expensive for developing areas. As an alternative, phytoremediation uses plants that can uptake contaminants like arsenic, heavy metals, and organic compounds from soil and water. However, the technique still faces technical challenges and needs optimization to become cost-effective for treating polluted sites and ensuring water quality. Further research on plant species and agronomic practices could help consolidate phytoremediation's role in environmental remediation.
The Role of Advanced Technology in Agricultural Innovation by Ikpe-etim Natha...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
In many countries of the world, technology plays a leading role in the transformation of businesses. This study adopts a survey of literature in agriculture sector and gives certain recommendations which are evolved after descriptive analysis of literature. After systematic review of literature in Chinese, Pakistani and Nigerian context, our paper describes that agricultural policy and agricultural funding are connected to many problems in agriculture field and needs social and strategic steps to be taken particularly in Nigeria. The way observed by the study includes increased budgetary allocation for agriculture, adding a line of technological development, and expansion to social responsiveness in Agricultural Motor Mechanics and Tractors Operators Training Centres (AMMOTRAC). Our study has theoretical implications in social, technology and business research and has practical implication regarding liaison and funding cooperation among the Research and Development (R&D) Agencies.
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Camelina sativa Biodiesel Cope the Burning Issue of Global Worming; Current S...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Camelina sativa possesses high potential for biodiesel and ethanol production. It has more biodiesel potential per unit area of land than many other crops with minimum usage of inputs. This is very useful for effective spring moisture utilization. Biofuels appear to be a potential alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. About 84% savings in GHG emissions were obtained with camelina jet fuel, compared with petroleum jet fuel. This shift from fossil fuels to biofuels has the potential to reduce global warming emissions, lessen the country’s dependence on petroleum import and create new jobs for rural and urban communities.
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Use of Seagrasses as Natural Forage Source for Small Ruminants: The Example o...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The search for new sources of food that contribute to the optimization of livestock production is urgently needed, especially in the Spanish SE where rainfall is increasingly scarce and land degradation makes grazing of small ruminants difficult. This work provides in vivo and in vitro data on the nutritional composition, digestibility, inputs in sheep and goats.
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Need for Shift from Hypothesis to Data Driven Approach in Fisheries Research-...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Science is not changing every day, but our understanding. Through systematic research based on hypothesis, scientists give a lead towards possible truth. With more and more such hypothesis, we can go nearer to the truth. In all fields of research, it is customary to design research based on hypothesis. Scientists test their hypothesis using suitable test statistics and arrive at some conclusion. But the technical, economic feasibility and replicability of such results will decide the rate of its adoptability. The results of sample survey, hypothesis-based research may go wrong in many instances. Intricacies between parameters in a dynamic aquatic system are so complex. This leads us to conclude the results with certain assumptions and conditions. These conditions and assumptions limit the translation of knowledge into reality. When dealing with system level research, developing and under developed countries cannot afford to waste time and money on hypothesis. Due to the advancement information technology, huge data can be collected, processed which enabled better understanding of correlations between parameters and results can be predicted with precisely. If the research shifts from hypothesis to data driven approach, most of the results can directly applied in the intended field. The results of Data Driven Approach in Research (DDAR) will play vital role in designing developmental programs and policy making. DDAR also attracts funding support from industries and more technology will move to the field.
Removal of Cr (VI) Through the Use of the Agroindustrial Residue of the Perse...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
We analyzed the Chromium (VI) removal capacity in aqueous solution by the Persea americana biomass, using the diphenyl carbazide method to evaluate the metal concentration. Biosorption at different pH (1, 2, 3, and 4) was evaluate for different times. We too studied the effect of temperature in the range of 28 to 60 °C and the removal at different initial concentrations of Cr (VI) of 200 to 1000mg/L. Therefore, the highest biosorption of the metal (50mg/L) occurs within 270 minutes, at pH of 1.0 and 28 °C. According to temperature, the highest removal was observing at 60 °C, in 45 minutes, when the metal is completely adsorbed. At the analyzed concentrations of Cr (VI), fungal biomass, showed excellent removal capacity, besides it removes efficiently the metal in situ (100% removal in earth and water contaminated, after 5 and 6 days of incubation, 5 and 10g of biomass, 10g of earth and 100mL of water; so, it can be used to eliminate it from industrial wastewater.
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Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...Aussie Hydro-Vac Services
Explore Aussie Hydrovac's comprehensive cable location services, employing advanced tools like ground-penetrating radar and robotic CCTV crawlers for precise detection. Also offering aerial surveying solutions. Contact for reliable service in Australia.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
A Review of Bank Loans to Farmers: Implications for Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria by Sebastian O Uremadu in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy