The tight packing of chromatin can prevent gene transcription in several ways: by preventing transcription factors from binding DNA, preventing RNA polymerase from binding or forming an open complex, and preventing DNA looping which is necessary for activation. Iron regulatory protein (IRP) can affect gene expression at the RNA level in two ways: by inhibiting or increasing mRNA stability depending on whether it binds to the iron response element in the 5'UTR or 3'UTR. Eukaryotic response elements are orientation independent and can function in different locations through DNA looping bringing regulatory proteins and transcription factors together. Promoter bashing involves deleting segments of the upstream region of a gene to identify regulatory elements like enhancers and silencers based on their effects on reporter gene expression.
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA. These different patterns of gene expression cause your various cell types to have different sets of proteins, making each cell type uniquely specialized to do its job. [Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-eukaryotes/a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation]
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. The operon contains two operators, OE and OI. The former is just before the promoter, and the latter is just after the galE gene.This slide share includes some of the reasearch done on the galactose operons explained with review articles
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA. These different patterns of gene expression cause your various cell types to have different sets of proteins, making each cell type uniquely specialized to do its job. [Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-eukaryotes/a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation]
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. The operon contains two operators, OE and OI. The former is just before the promoter, and the latter is just after the galE gene.This slide share includes some of the reasearch done on the galactose operons explained with review articles
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A test automation framework defines an organization's way of doing things. It is a set of assumptions, concepts and tools that provide support for automated software testing.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes finalICHHA PURAK
The power point presentation explains about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes by means of Inducible and repressible operons with the help of Lactose(lac) operon and Tryptophan (trp)
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DEFINE INTRACELLULAR/NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
DESCRIBE ROLE OF INTRACELLULAR AND INTRANUCLEAR RECEPTOR IN THE FACILITATION OF ACTION STEROID NATURE DRUGS
Type I (Ion Channel-Linked receptors)
Type II (G-Protein coupled receptors)
Type III (Enzyme-Linked receptors)
Type IV (Receptors linked to gene transcription)
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA.
you can dowenload the interactive powerpoint through this link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Flqis6oX3Tq7nbRAiRcE71DTYcQ2TDkl/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=107152891770522030883&rtpof=true&sd=true
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. S1.Describe how the tight packing of chromatin in a closed conformation may prevent gene transcription.
Answer: There are several possible ways that the tight packing of chromatin physically inhibits transcription. First, it
may prevent transcription factors and/or RNA polymerase from binding to the major groove of the DNA. Second, it
may prevent RNA polymerase from forming an open complex, which is necessary to begin transcription. Third, it could
prevent looping in the DNA, which may be necessary to activate transcription.
S2. What are the two alternative ways that IRP can affect gene expression at the RNA level?
Answer: The ferritin mRNA has an IRE in its 5′-UTR. When IRP binds to this IRE, it inhibits the translation of the
ferritin mRNA. This decreases the amount of ferritin protein, which is not needed when iron levels are low. However,
when iron is abundant in the cytosol, the iron binds directly to IRP and prevents it from binding to the IRE. This allows
the ferritin mRNA to be translated, producing more ferritin protein. IREs are also located in the transferrin receptor
mRNA in the 3′-UTR. When IRP binds to these IREs, it increases the stability of the mRNA. This leads to an increase
in the amount of transferrin receptor mRNA within the cell when the cytosolic levels of iron are very low. Under these
conditions, more transferrin receptor is made to promote the uptake of iron, which is in short supply. When the iron is
found in abundance within the cytosol, IRP is removed from the mRNA, and the mRNA becomes rapidly degraded.
This leads to a decrease in the amount of the transferrin receptor.
S3. Eukaryotic response elements are often orientation independent and can function in a variety of locations. Explain
the meaning of this statement.
Answer: Orientation independence means that the response element can function in the forward or reverse direction. In
addition, response elements can function at a variety of locations that may be upstream or downstream from the core
promoter. DNA looping is thought to bring the regulatory transcription factors bound at the response elements and the
general transcription factors bound at the core promoter in close proximity with one another.
S4. To gain a molecular understanding of how the glucocorticoid receptor works, geneticists have attempted to
“dissect” the protein to identify smaller domains that play specific functional roles. Using recombinant DNA
techniques described in chapter 18, particular segments in the coding region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene can be
removed. The altered gene can then be expressed in a living cell to see if functional aspects of the receptor have been
changed or lost. For example, the removal of the portion of the gene encoding the carboxyl terminal half of the protein
causes a loss of glucocorticoid binding. These results indicate that the carboxyl terminal portion contains a domain that
functions as a glucocorticoid-binding site. The figure shown here illustrates the locations of several functional domains
within the glucocorticoid receptor relative to the entire amino acid sequence.
Based on your understanding of the mechanism of glucocorticoid receptor function described in figure 15.6,
explain the functional roles of the different domains in the glucocorticoid receptor.
Answer: The hormone-binding domain is located in the carboxyl terminal half of the protein. This part of the protein
also contains the region that is necessary for HSP90 binding and receptor dimerization. A nuclear localization sequence
(NLS) is located near the center of the protein. After hormone binding, the NLS is exposed on the surface of the protein
and allows it to be targeted to the nucleus. The DNA-binding domain, which contains zinc fingers, is also centrally
located in the primary amino acid sequence. Zinc fingers promote DNA binding to the major groove. Finally, two
separate regions of the protein, one in the amino terminal half and one in the carboxyl terminal half, are necessary for
the transactivation of RNA polymerase. If these domains are removed from the receptor, it can still bind to the DNA
but it cannot activate transcription.
2. S5. A common approach to identify genetic sequences that play a role in the transcriptional regulation of a gene is the
strategy that is sometimes called promoter bashing. This approach requires gene cloning methods, which are
described in chapter 18. A clone is obtained that has the coding region for a structural gene as well as the region that is
upstream from the core promoter. This upstream region is likely to contain genetic regulatory elements such as
enhancers and silencers. The diagram shown here depicts a cloned DNA region that contains the upstream region, the
core promoter, and the coding sequence for a protein that is expressed in human liver cells. The upstream region may
be several thousand base pairs in length.
To determine if promoter bashing has an effect on transcription, it is helpful to have an easy way to measure the
level of gene expression. One way to accomplish this is to swap the coding sequence of the gene of interest with the
coding sequence of another gene. For example, the coding sequence of the lacZ gene, which encodes ß-galactosidase, is
frequently swapped because it is easy to measure the activity of ß-galactosidase because there is an assay for its
enzymatic activity. The lacZ gene is called a “reporter gene” because it is easy to measure its activity. As shown here,
the coding sequence of the lacZ gene has been swapped with the coding sequence of the liver-specific gene. In this new
genetic construct, the expression and transcriptional regulation of the lacZ gene is under the control of the core
promoter and upstream region of the liver-specific gene.
Now comes the “bashing” part of the experiment. Different segments of the upstream region are deleted and then
the DNA is transformed into living cells. In this case, the researcher would probably transform the DNA into liver cells,
because those are the cells where the gene is normally expressed. The last step is to measure the ß-galactosidase
activity in the transformed liver cells.
In the diagram shown here, the upstream region and the core promoter have been divided into five regions,
labeled A–E. One of these regions was deleted (i.e., bashed out), and then the rest of
the DNA segment was transformed into liver cells.
The data shown here are from this experiment.
Percentage of*
Region Deleted ß-Galactosidase
Activity
None 100
A 100
B 330
C 100
D 5
E <1
*The amount of ß-galactosidase activity in the
cells carrying an undeleted upstream and
promoter region was assigned a value of 100%.
The amounts of activity in the cells carrying a
deletion were expressed relative to this 100%
value.
Explain what these results mean.
3. Answer: The amount of ß-galactosidase activity found in liver cells that do not carry a deletion reflects the amount of
expression under normal circumstances. If the core promoter (region E) is deleted, very little expression is observed.
This is expected because a core promoter is needed for transcription. If enhancers are deleted, the activity should be
less than 100%. It appears that one or more enhancers are found in region D. If a silencer is deleted, the activity should
be above 100%. From the data shown it appears that one or more silencers are found in region B. Finally, if a deletion
has no effect, there may not be any response elements there. This was observed for regions A and C.
Note: The deletion of an enhancer will have an effect on ß-galactosidase activity only if the cell is expressing the
regulatory transcription factor that binds to the enhancer and transactivates transcription. Likewise, the deletion of a
silencer will have an effect only if the cell is expressing the repressor protein that binds to the silencer and inhibits
transcription. In the problem described, the liver cells must be expressing the activators and repressors that recognize
the response elements found in regions B and D, respectively.