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![Chapter 1: Facts and figures on
Transportation.
1.1. F&F – Cars for transportationmay decrease, better cars will sustainin
the market.
[Automobile industry in India:
The automobile industry in India is the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of
over 2.6 million units in 2009. In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of
automobiles,behind Japan, South Korea and Thailand. By 2050, the country is expected to top the
world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation's roads.
Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has
demonstratedsustainedgrowthas a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions.
Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and
Mahindra,expandedtheirdomestic and international operations. India's robust economic growth
led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which attracted significant India-
specificinvestmentbymultinationalautomobilemanufacturers.InFebruary 2009, monthly sales of
passengercarsin Indiaexceeded100,000 units.Embryonicautomotiveindustryemergedin India in
the 1940s. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector
launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the
automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to
nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the
automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial
vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian
marketultimatelyleadingtothe establishmentof Maruti Udyog.A numberof foreignfirmsinitiated
joint ventures with Indian companies.
In the 1980s, a numberof Japanese manufacturerslaunched joint-venturesforbuildingmotorcycles
and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its
joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the
gradual weakeningof the license raj,anumberof Indianandmulti-nationalcarcompanieslaunched
operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has
accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. Source [109]
]
The large population with the people moving for various works like going to offices / markets/
temple / school / business, and so on, which are not closer to their residence made to use the
vehicle, which in turn made the automobile industry in India is the seventh largest in the world.
It isbetter,if the nationexportsmore vehicleswhichgiveeconomicstrengthtothe nation and thus
all the people in the nation get the benefit, directly or indirectly.
By looking at the present ‘overcrowding and traffic’ in the present road and expected rise in the
numberof vehiclesonthe road, it is necessary to do the CRS with twelve lanes and CRTS with two
lanes.The CRS – CRTS systemmaycater the transportation in a better way with rise in the number
of vehicleswithbetter economy. But, only CRS – CRTS, without VPA – MV – MN, will lead to traffic](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-3-2048.jpg)
![million.The carswill be manufacturedbothforthe Indianmarketandforexport. The company said
that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business. Fiat
Motors also announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from
India.
Accordingto BloombergL.P.,in 2009 India surpassed China as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars.
Source [109]
]
Even the sale of small cars may also come down as there is less chances for using the same.
The car manufacturing companies may survive better if they are in better export market.
With VPA – MV – MN, the large scale transportation vehicle will get better place in the market, as
there is broad roads and the VPA transporting its products in large scale.
1.3. F&F - Nonpolluting vehicle will remainonthe road.
[AUTO: The Smog Will Get Worse...
Cheapercars maybe lightonthe wallet,butthe damage theywill cause tothe environment will be
very heavy.
As Tata Motors begins the countdown to launch its much-awaited Rs 1 lakh car, a different kind of
rumble isgettinglouder.“The authoritiesare allowingpollutingvehiclestoenterIndianroadsbefore
stringent norms set in,” says Anumita Roychowdhary, associate director of the Centre for Science
and Environment,aDelhi-basedpublicinterestNGO. “No one will be able to launch Rs 1 lakh cars if
manufacturers are asked to stick to better quality norms.” These norms (read Euro IV) will not be
enforcedinthe countrybefore 2010. Meanwhile,here isaninklingof the damage ‘polluting’vehicles
are capable of inflicting. Source [110]
]
WithbettereconomywithVPA,all the peoplewill preferlesspollutingvehicles,andthe cheaperand
polluting vehicle will lose their place in the market.
1.4. F&F – Decreasing the number of the vehicle is the needof the life.
[AUTO: The Smog Will Get Worse...
According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the number of cars in India will triple to eight
million by 2015, spewing out 319 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. That is 88 per cent more than
current levels.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-5-2048.jpg)
![While price-conscious consumers will welcome the arrival of cheaper cars, their cozy drive could
actuallyput public health and safety at risk. “The situation is terrifying,” says Roychowdhary. “We
are in for trouble even without cheaper cars coming into the market.”
Here’s what a large number of cheap cars hitting India’s roads could do. Studies by one of India’s
largest vehicle manufacturers report that, in India, a car travels 12,000 km a year on average. The
Euro-III norms dictate that a petrol car exhales 27 kg of carbon monoxide on the road every year.
This means that if Tata Motors manages to sell all the 250,000 cars it says it will manufacture in the
first year, these will generate around 6,600 additional tonnes of carbon monoxide that will be
pumped into the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide, of course, causes visual impairment, breathing
disorders,andevendeathinhumans.Nearly2.5 million Indians die every year due to air pollution,
according to a 1998 study by The Energy Resources Institute. Source [110]
]
With the above fact it is necessary to decrease the usage of vehicles with infrastructure
modification, otherwise environment make us morbid and the day may come we may have to
purchase and carry the oxygen cylinders to breath to save the life routinely. Varieties of car with
oxygenated air conditioning and the oxygen filling stations may generate if the same situation
continues. We cannot rule out the possibilities like people quarrelling for oxygen, stealing the
oxygen cylinders, strong people grabbing the oxygen cylinders from the weaker people, oxygen
cylinderscarcityleadingtopeopledyingonthe roadsandso on. If the people move to the village in
searchof oxygen,theymayget somewhat better air to breath, but will not get food to eat, as most
of the landswill be seendrywithoutanygrowthplantsinit,due to no rain / no water in the canals /
no underground water. It is a serious issue, and it is the national emergency, VPA – MV – MN will
give the solution to save the mankind.
1.5. F&F –The key to prevent the environmental degradationis tocontrol the
population.
[Environmental issues in India:
The rapid growing population and economic development are leading to the environmental
degradation in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization,
expansion and massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests.
Major environmental issues are Forest and Agricultural land degradation, Resource depletion
(water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.,), Environmental degradation, Public Health, Loss of
Biodiversity,Lossof resilience in ecosystems, Livelihood Security for the Poor. It is estimated that
the country’s population will increase to about 1.26 billion by the year 2016. The projected
populationindicatesthatIndiawill be the firstmostpopulouscountryinthe worldandChinawill be
rankingsecondinthe year 2050. Indiahaving18% of the world'spopulationon2.4% of world'stotal
area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion
and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas. India's water supply and
sanitation issues are related to many environmental issues. Source [111]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-6-2048.jpg)
![capita water availability declined by almost 70% to 1,822 cubic meters, and overexploitation of
groundwaterisproblematicinthe statesof Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Forest area covers
18.34% of India’sgeographicarea(637000 km²).Nearlyhalf of the country’sforestcoverisfound in
the state of Madhya Pradesh (20.7%) and the seven states of the northeast (25.7%); the latter is
experiencingnetforestloss.Forest cover is declining because of harvesting for fuel wood and the
expansionof agricultural land.These trends,combinedwithincreasingindustrial and motor vehicle
pollution output, have led to atmospheric temperature increases, shifting precipitation patterns,
and declining intervals of drought recurrence in many areas.
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute of Parvati has estimated that a 3 °C rise in temperature
will result in a 15 to 20% loss in annual wheat yields. These are substantial problems for a nation
with such a large population depending on the productivity of primary resources and whose
economic growth relies heavily on industrial growth. Civil conflicts involving natural resources—
most notably forests and arable land—have occurred in eastern and north eastern states.
Afterall these majorchallengesthe Indiangovernment is not implementing the strict laws against
increasing population and protecting the environment. Source [111]
]
Population can be well controlled with VPA to have sustainable socioeconomic development.
VPA can very well control the natality, mortality, and migration, thus it can maintain the desired
compositionof populationwiththe helpof NES,togive betterservicestoitspopulationfromall the
angles.
With better population control, preventing heavy pressure on the land, preventing land
degradation,preventingforestandhabitatdestruction,andpreventing the loss of biodiversity, we
can prevent many environmental calamities like air pollution, global warming, climate change,
water scarcity, water pollution, and so on. This can also prevent the environmental issues and
natural hazards like cyclones, annual monsoon floods, and frequent recurrence of drought.
Top soil conservation can be effectively done through VPA.
The declining ‘average annual per capita water availability’ and the ‘ground water level’ can be
brought back to the normal/natural/ adequate levels with RCS.
VPA can actively involve in the process of increasing the forest cover, unlike the present system,
where the voluntary agencies with school children with the forest department involve in the
process of implanting the plants only in the sides of the road or in the space available around the
office andthe school forone day, take the photoand publish in the media and then forget about it
till next ‘forest day’ come. But VPA will cover all the possible area to convert the land in to forest
area or thin forest in to thick with useful trees to save the environment and the humanity.
Increase inthe forestarea,withlessusage of vehicles,withbetterindustrieswithlesspollution will
preventglobal warmingandpreventsthe droughtlike situation.Betterenvironmentaltemperature
will have positive effects on the growth of the plants and thus the yield will rise.
Family tree based PIN system will decrease the disputes related to lands.
Law alone will not give answers to all the problems of the nation. The individual and the family
needstobe understood,theirprofession and income generated with their profession, the natures
helpforthe sustainabilityof the profession,all needtobe understoodandhasto be solvedwith this](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-8-2048.jpg)
![increasedpopulation,otherwise the law will be misusedbythe peoplewhoknow the law in a better
and it becomes the income only for those who practise the law and the rest will be gradually will
become poor.
1.7. F&F - One of the biggest causes of air pollutionin India is from the
transport system.
[Environmental issues in India: Air pollution.
Indian cities are polluted by vehicles and industry emissions. Road dust due to vehicles, also
contributingupto33% of airpollution. IncitieslikeBangalore, around 50% of children suffer from
asthma. India has emission standard of Bharat Stage II (Euro II) for vehicles since 2005.
One of the biggestcausesof airpollutioninIndiaisfromthe transportsystem.Hundredsof millions
of old diesel engines continuously burning away diesel which has anything between 150 to 190
timesthe amountsof sulphuroutEuropeandiesel has.Of course the biggestproblemsare inthe big
citieswhere there are huge concentrationsof these vehicles.Onthe positive side, the government
appearsto have noticedthis massive problem and the associated health risks for its people and is
slowly but surely taking steps. The first of which was in 2001 when it ruled that its entire public
transportsystem,excludingthe trains,be converted from diesel to compressed gas (CPG). Electric
rickshawsare being designed and will be subsidised by the government but the supposed ban on
the cycle rickshaws in Delhi will require a huge increase on the reliance of other methods of
transport, mainly those with engines. Source [111]
]
Road dustwill decrease todrasticlevel withVPA –CRS – CRTS – MV – MN. VPA – MV will effectively
control the air pollutioninthe urbanareaalso.The people moving from the rural area to the urban
area fortheirroutine workslike sellingtheiragricultureproducts,foroffice works,forshopping,for
education,andsoon will decrease,thisin turn decrease the burden on city buses, auto rickshaws,
taxis and so on. With pollution free environment, it is possible to have good health and we can
prevent diseases like Asthma.
With better economy in Rural area, in turn leads to the economic growth in the urban area. The
shoppingcomplexesinthe rural areamay be buying the materials from the factories / urban areas
inbulkand it will be transportedinthe biggervehicles.Thusthe urbaneconomy improves with the
betterpurchasingpower of the people of the rural area, even though they are not directly buying
the materialsfromthe urbanshops.In thiswaywiththe better economy of the people of both the
urban andrural area,the people will goforluxurious,pollutionfree vehiclesevenif itistaxi,instead
of lesscomfortable,more pollutingautorickshaws.So,all the driverswho owns the auto rickshaws
may owngoodcars whenonce the VPA – MV – MN establishes. Thus all the engines that emit lots
of emission will vanish.
With the decreased movement of people from rural to urban area for their routine work, the
concentration of the vehicles in the urban area will also decreases.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-9-2048.jpg)
![Modificationof publictransportsysteminthe urbanareasisnot goingto decrease the movementof
the people from the rural to urban area for their day to day work. It is the VPA – MV – MN, which is
going to give solution for all the problems related to transport and brings down the pollution.
1.8. F&F - Noise pollution.
[Environmental issues in India: Noise pollution.
The Supreme Court of India gave a significant verdict on noise pollution in 2005. Unnecessary
honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities. The use of loudspeakers for
political purposes and by temples and mosques make for noise pollution in residential areas.
RecentlyGovernmentof Indiahassetup normsof permissiblenoise levels in urban and rural areas.
How they will be monitored and implemented is still not sure. Source [111]
]
Noise pollutioncanbe effectivelycontrolledwithVPA.CRSwill make the vehiclesto use less horn as
there will be decrease in the traffic.
1.9. F&F - The crude oil prices have beensteadily increasing.
[PRICES OF PETROLEUMPRODUCTS
The Minister of State for Petroleum & Natural Gas Shri Jitin Prasada informed.
the Rajya Sabha thatthe pricesof crude oil in the internationalmarketfluctuate on daily basis. The
crude oil prices have been steadily increasing since December 2008, largely due to the global
economicrecoveryandincrease indemandforoil fromthe emergingeconomies. The average price
of the Indian Basket of crude oil which was 50.14 dollar per barrel in the month of April 2009
increasedto78.02 dollarperbarrel inthe month of March 2010. The average price of Indian Basket
of crude oil during the year 2009-10 was 69.76 dollar per barrel. The average price of the Indian
Basket of crude oil in the month of April 2010 (up to 12th
April 2010) is 83.37 dollar per barrel.
Source [112]
]
India is a nation which is not having large reserve of oil, so need to depend on other nation for
import. VPA – MV – MN will decrease the demand for crude oil to the maximum extent.
It is necessary to take all the measures to decrease the use of petroleum products and thus
decrease the dependencyonthe same.VPA –MV – MN, will make the usage petroleumproductsto
go down,withvarious modification in the nation, like, the people inside the MV will not be using
any vehicleswhichrunson the petroleum products, CRS – CRTS system will cut short the length as
well as,the inclinationanddeclinationsinthe paths,thusthere will be less usage of the petroleum
products and it will also add better mileage for the vehicle, the total number of vehicles moving
fromthe rural to urban and vice versawill decreaseasall the neededactivityforthe people will be
done in the MV itself, and so on.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-10-2048.jpg)
![1.10. F&F - India is projected tohave the largest number of cars in the world
by 2050.
[India to top in car volumes by 2050.
India is projected to have the largest number of cars in the world -- 611 million to be precise -- by
2050. Accordingto the thirdBric (Brazil, Russia, India, China) report from investment banking firm
Goldman Sachs, this means every sixth car produced in the world will be sold in India.
The third Bric report says passenger car density in India will continue to be a third of China's until
2025. India will overtake its neighbour somewhere in the vicinity of 2050, when the country will
have 382 cars per thousand people compared with China's 363 in that year.
The report also projected that there will be 14.35 million cars in India by 2010, in line with the
industry's projection of adding a million cars a year from next year. It presumes a base of 9.03
million cars in 2005. Source [113]
]
People buythe car to maintaintheirdaytoday activityina comfortable way.Buton the other hand,
it isalsonecessary toconsiderthe money that we lose in the process of importing the car, its spare
parts,the fuel thatwe import,the emission,the effectof emissiononthe health,workandeconomy
of the people. The more commonly affected people by the environmental issues caused by the
emissionare the commonpeople, rather than people who travel in the vehicle and these common
people depend on the government health services for treatment for the illness caused by the
inhalationof polluted air, thus the government need to spend on such issues. So, it is necessary to
make the people to reach their place of work comfortably, that is possible only by the planned
construction of the entire village and that is possible by the MV with inter building bridges.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-11-2048.jpg)
![1.11. F&F - India's first expressway - The Mumbai-Pune Expressway.
[Transport in India
The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first expressway. Source [114]
]
WithCRS – CRTS, satellitebasedsurveyitispossible to identify, short, wide, safe paths for creating
road and railway tracks.
1.12. F&F - Transport is an important part of the nation's economy.
[Transport in India:
Transport inthe Republicof Indiaisan important part of the nation's economy. Since the economic
liberalisation of the 1990s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a
rapidpace,and today there isa wide varietyof modesof transportby land, water and air. However,
the relatively low GDP of India has meant that access to these modes of transport has not been
uniform. Motor vehicle penetration is low with only 13 million cars on the nation's roads. In
addition, only around 10% of Indian households own a motorcycle. At the same time, the
AutomobileindustryinIndia israpidlygrowingwithanannual productionof over2.6 millionvehicles
and vehicle volume isexpectedtorise greatlyinthe future.Inthe interimhowever, public transport
still remainsthe primarymode of transport for most of the population, and India's public transport
systems are among the most heavily utilised in the world. India's rail network is the longest and
fourth most heavily used system in the world transporting over 6 9billion passengers and over 350
million tons of freight annually. Source [114]
]
WithVPA – MV – MN, usage of small cars will come down, large vehicle like bus and Lorries will be
used in large scale for transportation of people and the materials.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-12-2048.jpg)
![1.13. F&F – Effects of outdatedinfrastructure, lack of investment, corruption
and a burgeoning populationon transportation.
[Transport in India:
Despite ongoingimprovementsinthe sector,several aspectsof the transportsectorare still riddled
with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and a burgeoning
population.The demand for transport infrastructure and services has been rising by around 10% a
year, with the current infrastructure being unable to meet these demands. According to recent
estimates by Goldman Sachs, India will need to spend $1.7 Trillion USD on infrastructure projects
overthe nextdecade toboost economic growth of which $500 Billion USD is budgeted to be spent
during the eleventh Five-year plan. Source [114]
]
Investing only the huge money on infrastructure will make few people rich and shift of the
governmentmoneytothe othernationsincludingthe bankslikeSwissbank.Itisnecessary to make
drastic changes while creating the infrastructure like involving the people in the process of
construction to cut short the expenses incurring the labour charges. Documenting the properties
accurately with PIN and family tree and distributing the income based on the property
documentation, with this we can avoid the money need to be spend on land acquisition and
rehabilitation. With present system of calling tender and giving contract will not work out in
completing the work of creating the RCS – CRS – CRTS – MV – MN, the people involved in it will,
shift the money away from this nation in the name constructing these structures, if the same
procedure of giving contract is followed.
1.14. F&F -Bullock cart as the mode of transport.
[Transport in India:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-13-2048.jpg)
![A bullock cart being used to transport sugarcane in rural Maharashtra. Source [114]
]
More number of bullock carks will come up for usage with VPA, as it is more nature friendly, and
naturesrecyclingprocessisgoodwithbullockcark. VPA will be generating more husks with better
growthof crops like paddy,wheat,ragi,andsoon,thus itwill be producing more husk and that can
be usedto feedthe cowsand bullocks.There will be more generationof coconutandother oil seed
cakes, after the extraction of the oil; this can also be used to feed the cows and bullocks.
In MV, the cow keepingareabuildingwill be constructedatthe borderof the MV proper, so that the
large number of cows and bullocks will not come in the way of traffic, in the middle of the village.
1.15. F&F - Cycle rickshaw.
[Transport in India
A cycle rickshaw on the streets of Delhi; Source [114]
]
The cycle rickshaw will completely vanish, as the people will opt for more luxurious way of
transport,and the presentpeople whopeddle cycle rickshaw will get better income by working at
the VPA, so these people either move to their native villages to work with VPA or will won more
luxurious cars to transport the people.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-14-2048.jpg)
![1.16. F&F – Tram as the mode of transport.
[Transport in India
Tram in Kolkata. Source [114]
]
Tram transportationmaycome up withVPA,itwill become one of the part in CRS – CRTS. They may
work better to transport the people / people on official work to the neighbouring VPA / district
head quarter.
1.17. F&F – Walking is an important mode of transport.
[Transport in India; Walking.
In ancient times, people often covered long distances on foot. For instance, Adi Sankaracharya
travelledall overIndia.Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in urban areas. In
the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai
Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced the construction of more than 50
skywalks, as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project. Source [114]
]
The people will be more comfortable touse the walkingpathandinterbuildingbridgestoreachthe
place theywantwithinthe MV,and thus the usage of vehicles within the will come near zero, and
the walking becomes the main mode of transport for all within the MV.
1.18. F&F - Bullock carts and horse carriages.
[TransportinIndia: Bullock carts and horse carriages: Bullock carts have been traditionally used for
transport,especiallyinrural India.The advent of the British saw drastic improvements in the horse
carriageswhichwere usedfortransportsince earlydays. Today, they are used in smaller towns and
are referredas Tongaor buggies.Victoria’s of Mumbai are still used for tourist purposes, but horse
carriagesare nowrarelyfoundinthe metro cities of India. In recent years some cities have banned
the movement of bullock carts and other slow moving vehicles on the main roads. Source [114]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-15-2048.jpg)
![Bullockcarts can be usedas the mode of transportwithinthe VPA limits, outside the MV proper, to
transport the agriculture product from the land to the processing station. From the processing
station to other places like to the gowdons or to the factory or to the market, the agriculture
productswill be transported in the Lorries. The horses can be used to roam inside the VPA limit by
the people who monitor the entry of animals from the forest and destructing the crop, round the
clock. But the movements of the animals will be avoided inside the MV proper and on the CRS –
CRTS system.
1.19. F&F - Bicycles are the common mode of travel.
[Transportin India: Bicycles: Bicycles are a common mode of travel in much of India. More people
can now afford to own a cycle than ever before. In 2005, more than 40% of Indian households
owned a bicycle, with ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 70% at the state level. Along
withwalking,cyclingaccountsfor50 to 75 % of the commutertrips for those in the informal sector
in urban areas.
Even though India is the second largest producer of bicycles in the world, a significant prejudice
againstbicycle ridingfortransportexistsinsome segments of the population, generally stemming
from the status symbol aspect of the motor vehicle. In India, the word "bike" generally refers to
motorcycle, and "cycle" refers to bicycle.
Pune was the first city in India to have dedicated lanes for cycles. It was built for the 2008
CommonwealthYouthGames.However,recentdevelopmentsin Delhi suggest that bicycle riding is
fast becoming popular in the metro cities of India. The Delhi government has decided to construct
separate bicycle lanes on all major roads to combat pollution and ease traffic congestion. Source
[114]
]
Bicycleswill continue to run on the road, but the people may be using the bicycle for the purposes
like exercise / recreation / to have a change / sports / so on.
1.20. F&F – Hand pulledrickshaw.
[Transport in India: Hand-pulled rickshaw.
Thistype of transportisstill available in Kolkata wherein a person pulls the rickshaw by hand. The
Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005 describing them as
"inhuman". Though a bill aiming to address this issue, termed as 'Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill',
was passed by the West Bengal Assembly in 2006, it has not been implemented yet. The
Governmentof WestBengal isworkingonan amendmentof thisbill toavoidthe loopholesthatgot
exposedwhenthe Hand-pulledRickshaw Owner'sAssociationfiledapetitionagainstthe bill. Source
[114]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-16-2048.jpg)
![No ‘Bill’will worktill the people involvedin this job get better income in some other profession to
lead their day to day life. VPA will give solution for this type of issues.
The Hand-pulledrickshaw will completely vanish, as the people will opt for more luxurious way of
transport,and the presentpeople who pullthiscycle rickshaw will get better income by working at
the VPA, so these people either move to their native villages to work with VPA or will won more
luxurious cars to transport the people.
1.21. F&F - Cycle rickshaw.
[Transport in India: Cycle rickshaw.
Cycle rickshaws were introduced into India in the 1940s. They are bigger than a tricycle where two
people sitonan elevatedseatatthe back and a personpedalsfromthe front.In the late 2000s, they
were bannedinseveral citiesfor causing traffic congestion. Cycle rickshaws have been a feature of
Delhi streetssince Indianindependence in1947, providingthe cheapestwayaroundthe capital. The
Delhi Police recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic
congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the Delhi High court. In addition, environmentalists
have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting and inexpensive mode of
transport. Source [114]
]
Whatever may be the issue, it is also important expect, whether these cycle rickshaw people will
continue theirprofessionevenafterthe establishment of VPA, needs to be seen. Because the VPA
will provide apermanentjob,limitedhourof work,income isguaranteedandgood, gives the house
of their own on cooperative basis, it is near the good school and hospital, lots of sports and
recreationfacilitieswillbe available,sothe people whoare strugglingfortheirdaytoday life will get
a better, comfortable and secure life, so these people continuing their profession is doubtful.
1.22. F&F - Public transport system.
[Transport in India: Local transport.
Mumbai bus services
Publictransportisthe predominantmode of motorised local travel in cities. This is predominantly
by road,since commuterrail servicesare available only in the four metropolitan cities of Mumbai,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-17-2048.jpg)
![Delhi, Chennai, and Kolkata, while dedicated city bus services are known to operate in at least 17
citieswithapopulationof overone million. Intermediate public transport modes like tempos and
cycle rickshawsassume importance inmediumsize cities.However,the share of buses is negligible
inmost Indiancitiesascomparedtopersonalized vehicles, and two-wheelers and cars account for
more than 80 percent of the vehicle population in most large cities.
Trafficin Indiancitiesgenerally moves slowly, where traffic jams and accidents are very common.
India has very poor records on road safely—around 90,000 people die from road accidents every
year.A Reader'sDigeststudyof trafficcongestioninAsiancitiesranked several Indian cities within
the Top Ten for worst traffic. Source [114]
]
Publictransportwill remain as the main mode of transport with VPA – MV – MN. With CRS – CRTS,
mostof the accidentswill be prevented.Eventhe public transport system will have a record based
on the PIN,to notthe people travelled in the bus with the place from where they entered the bus
and where they got down, which is very important for the nation’s internal security.
1.23. F&F – Buses as Public transport.
[Transport in India: Public transport – Buses.
Buses on the Delhi BRTS
Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities, and serve as a cheap and convenient
mode of transport for all classes of society. Services are mostly run by state government owned
transport corporations. However, after the economic liberalisation, many state transport
corporations have introduced various facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air-
conditioned buses to attract private car owners to help decongest roads. Bengaluru was the first
city in India to introduce 7Volvo B7RLE intra-city buses in India in January 2006.
Newinitiativeslike BusRapid Transit (BRT) systems and air conditioned buses have been taken by
the various state governments to improve the bus public transport systems in cities. Bus Rapid
Transit systems already exist in Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad with new ones coming up in
1Visakhapatnam and Hyderabad. High Capacity buses can be found in cities like Mumbai,
Bengaluru, Nagpur and Chennai. Bengaluru is the first Indian city to have an air-conditioned bus
stop,locatednearCubbonPark.It was builtby Airtel. The city of Chennai houses Asia's largest bus
terminus, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus. In 2009, the Government of Karnataka and the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-18-2048.jpg)
![Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation flagged off a pro-poor bus service called the Atal
Sarige.The service aimstoprovide low-costconnectivity to the economically backward sections of
the society to the nearest major bus station. Source [114]
]
With VPA – MV – MN, the economy improves and this in turn makes the people to spend more
money on their transport and thus they may go for better travel services.
1.24. F&F - Auto Rickshaws.
[Transport in India: Auto rickshaw.
An autorickshaw in Calangute, Goa.
An autorickshawisa three wheeler vehicleforhire thathas nodoors andis generallycharacterised
by a small cabin for the driver in the front and a seat for passengers in the rear. Generally it is
painted in yellow, green or black colour and has a black, yellow or green canopy on the top, but
designs vary considerably from place to place.
In Mumbai and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'ricks' as they are popularly known have
regulatedmeteredfares.A recentlawprohibitsauto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the
specifiedfare,orchargingnight-fare before midnight,andalsoprohibitsthe driverfrom refusing to
go to a particularlocation. Mumbai isalsothe onlycitywhichprohibitsthese vehiclesfromentering
a certain part of the city, in this case being South Mumbai. In Chennai, it is common to see auto
rickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and refuse to use fare meter.
Airports and railway stations at many cities such as Bengaluru, and Hubballi-Dharwad provide a
facility of prepaid auto booths, where the passenger pays a fixed fare as set by the authorities for
various locations. Source [114]
]
The auto service may be replaced by the taxi service, with improvement in the economy.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-19-2048.jpg)
![1.25. F&F - Taxis in India.
[Transport in India: Taxis in India.
Radio Taxi in Bengaluru
Most of the traditional taxicabsinIndiaare either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassador cars.
In recent years, cars such as Chevrolet Tavera, Maruti Esteem, Maruti Omni, Mahindra Logan, Tata
Indica,ToyotaInnovaand Tata Indigohave become fairly popular among taxi operators. The livery
of the taxisinIndiavariesfromstate-to-state.InDelhi andMaharashtra,mosttaxicabshave yellow-
blackliverywhile inWestBengal,taxishave yellow livery.Privatetaxi operatorsare not required to
have a specificlivery. However, they are required by law to be registered as commercial vehicles.
Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as
Bengaluru, Hyderabad,taxis need to be hired over phone, whereas in cities like Kolkata and
Mumbai, taxis can be hailed on the street. According to government of India regulations, all taxis
are requiredtohave a fare-meterinstalled.There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night
rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since 2006, radio taxis have become
increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.
In citiesandlocalitieswhere taxis are expensive or do not ply as per the government or municipal
regulatedfares,people use share taxis.These are normal taxiswhich carry one or more passengers
travellingtodestinationseitherenroute tothe final destination, or near the final destination. The
passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations. A similar
system exists for auto rickshaws, known as share autos.
The city of Mumbai will soonbe the firstcityin India,to have an "in-taxi"magazine,titled MumBaee,
whichwill be issued totaxiswhichare part of the Mumbai Taxi men’s Union. The magazine is set to
debut on the 13 July 2009. Source [114]
]
With better economy good and luxurious taxis will remain on road. With VPA – MV – MN, the
number of taxis will not go up, but the cost in travelling in the taxi may go up.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-20-2048.jpg)
![1.26. F&F – Rail ways.
[Transport in India: Rail.
The Delhi Metro,operational since 2002, has inspiredthe constructionof more metrosin India. It is
one of the few metros in the world to run at a profit.
The present suburban railway services in India are extremely limited and are operational only in
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi. The Mumbai Suburban Railway which began services in
Mumbai in 1867, transports 6.3 million passengers daily and has the highest passenger density in
the world.
The firstrapid transitsystem in India, the Kolkata Suburban Railway, was established in Kolkata in
1854. Itsfirstservice ran betweenHowrahandHooghly covering a distance of 38.6 km (24 mi). The
Delhi Metro followed in 2002 and has carried over a billion commuters in seven years since its
inauguration. Apart from these, Kolkata has a circular rail line and Chennai has an elevated rail
transit called MRTS. Kolkata was the first city in India to possess a subterranean rapid transport
system, the Kolkata Metro, whose operations commenced in 1984. Rapid transit systems are also
under construction in Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Ahmadabad and Mumbai.
Rapid transit systems have been proposed in Thane, Pune, Kanpur, Lucknow, Amritsar and Kochi.
Mumbai will soonbe one of the two cities in India to have a monorail network, which is presently
under construction. There are also monorail systems being planned in Kolkata and in Delhi. The
KonkanRailwayCorporation hadpatentedasuspendedmonorailsystemcalledthe SkybusMetro in
Margao, but thisisyet to be implementedanywhere onacommercial scale followingan accident in
2004. A two-track elevated corridor has been proposed above the existing Western Railway line
between the stations of Churchgate and Virar in Mumbai for air-conditioned EMUs. Source [114]
]
The CRS – CRTS systemwill make the routine railwaytoworkinlessdistance covering more places.
Since lesspeople willbe movingfromplace toplace with infrastructure, place of living, family jobs
place of living modifications, the need for construction of sky bus, monorail will decrease.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-21-2048.jpg)
![1.27. F&F – Two wheelers.
[Transport in India: Two-wheelers.
About 3.1% of Indian households own a motorcycle; annual sales of motorcycles are expected to
reach 10 million by 2010.
Motorisedtwo-wheelerslike scooters,small capacity motorcycles andmopeds are verypopularasa
mode of transport due to their fuel efficiency and ease of use in congested traffic. The number of
two-wheelers sold is several times that of cars. There were 4.75 crore (47.5 million) powered two
wheelers in India in 2003 compared with just 86 lakh (8.6 million) cars. Hero Honda, Honda, TVS
Motors and Bajaj Auto are the largest two-wheeler companies in terms of market-share. Royal
Enfield, an iconic brand name in the country, manufactures different variants of the Bullet
motorcycle which is regarded as a classic motorcycle that is still in production.
Motorcyclesand scooterscan be rentedinmany cities. Wearing protective headgear is mandatory
for both the rider and the pillion-rider in most cities. Source [114]
]
The usage of motor cycle will reachnearzeroinMV, as the people will not get any chance to use it.
The motor cycles may persist in the present urban area, and they may be used for the purposes,
that are used as of today.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-22-2048.jpg)
![daily across one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world. By 1947, the year of India's
independence, there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one
unit, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. Indian Railways is divided into sixteen
zones, which are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional
headquarters.The rail network traverses through the length and breadth of the country, covering
6,909 stations over a total route length of around 63,465 km (39,435 mi). It is the world's largest
commercial orutilityemployer,withmore than 1.4 million employees. As to rolling stock, IR owns
over200,000 (freight) wagons,50,000 coaches and8,000 locomotives.Italso owns locomotive and
coach production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-
gauge networkof broad,metre and narrow gauges,and is inthe processof convertingall the metre
gauge (14,406 km (8,951 mi)) into broad gauge in a project called Project Unigauge.
Kashmir Railway is the second highest in the world and the first phase was completed in 2009.
Proposalshave beenmade tointroduce high-speedrail inIndia.A proposal has been made to build
a Maglev track withinthe cityof Mumbai,connectingitto the National Capital of New Delhi,aswell
as otherparts of Maharashtra inthe form of the Mumbai Maglev.Anotherproposal hasbeen made
to introduce a High-speed rail in India similar to that of the Shinkansen of Japan.
In 1999, the KonkanRailwayCorporation introduced the Roll On Roll Off (RORO) service, a unique
road-rail synergy system, on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa, which
was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004. The RORO service, the first of its kind in India,
allowedtrucks to be transported on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular, carrying about 1,10,000
trucks and bringing in about Rs.74 crore worth of earnings to the corporation till 2007. Source [114]
]
With CRS – CRTS system the total length of the railway track can be brought down. The number of
railwaystationsdecreaseswithVPA – MV – MN. With better economy people may prefer to travel
in better trains with good facilities.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-24-2048.jpg)
![1.29. F&F - Indian Road Network.
[Transport in India: Road: Indian Road Network.
The Network of National Highways in India
Indiahas a networkof National Highways connectingall the majorcitiesand state capitals, forming
the economic backbone of the country. As of 2005, India has a total of 66,590 km (41,377 mi) of
National Highways, of which 200 km (124 mi) are classified as expressways. Under National
Highways Development Project (NHDP), work is under progress to equip some of the important
national highwayswithfour lanes; also there is a plan to convert some stretches of these roads to
six lanes. However congestion and bureaucratic delays enroute ensure that trucking goods from
Gurgaon to the port in Mumbai can take up to 10 days.
As perthe National Highways Authority of India, about 65% of freight and 80% passenger traffic is
carriedby the roads.The National Highwayscarryabout40% of total roadtraffic,thoughonlyabout
2% of the road network is covered by these roads. Average growth of the number of vehicles has
been around 10.16% per annum over recent years. Highways have facilitated development along
the route and many towns have sprung up along major highways.
All national highwaysare metalled,butveryfew are constructedof concrete,the mostnotable being
the Mumbai-Pune Expressway.Inrecentyearsconstructionhascommencedonanationwidesystem
of multi-lane highways,includingthe GoldenQuadrilateral andNorth-SouthandEast-WestCorridors
which link the largest cities in India. In 2000, around 40% of villages in India lacked access to all-
weather roads and remained isolated during the monsoon season. To improve rural connectivity,
PradhanMantri Gram SadakYojana (Prime Minister's Rural Road Program), a project funded by the
Central Government withthe helpof WorldBank,waslaunchedin2000 to buildall-weatherroadsto
connectall habitationswith a population of 500 or above (250 or above for hilly areas). Source [114]
]
CRS – CRTS will bringdown the distance of the road existing, and make the road broad. With VPA –
MV, the people willbe stayingtogetherandeach VPA will be accommodating fifty thousand to one](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-25-2048.jpg)
![lakh population. It is necessary decease the length of the road, and quality roads will not be
possibility and it will not workout economically if we are planning to connect the smaller villages
withroad,and it will consume lotof landinthe name of road. CRS systemwill have twelvelanesand
CRTS will have two lanes as routine.
1.30. F&F - Road lengthin India.
[Transport in India
As per 1999 estimates, the total road length in India is 3,319,644 km (2,062,731 mi); out of which
paved roads cover 1,517,077 km (942,668 mi) and unpaved roads cover 1,802,567 km
(1,120,063 mi). The Indian road network of 3,300,000 km (2,050,000 mi) is second largest in the
world and consists of: Roads:
Type of Road Length
Expressways 200 km (120 mi)
National Highways 66,590 km (41,380 mi)
State Highways 131,899 km (81,958 mi)
Major District Roads 467,763 km (290,654 mi)
Rural and Other
Roads
2,650,000 km
(1,650,000 mi)
Total Length 3,300,000 km
(2,050,000 mi) (Approx)
A section of the Golden Quadrilateral between Bangalore and Chennai; Source [114]
]
WithCRS systemthe lengthof the major district roads and the rural roads will decrease, may be by
30 to 40%.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-26-2048.jpg)
![1.31. F&F - The Karnataka State RoadTransport Corporation - country's
largest state transport.
[Transport in India
The Karnataka State Road TransportCorporation operatesthe country'slargeststate transportfleet
of 7low-floor, air-conditioned buses, built by Volvo.
Busesare an importantmeansof publictransportinIndia,particularlyinthe countryside andremote
areas where the rail networkcannotbe accessedandairline operationsare few ornon-existent.Due
to this social significance, public bus transport is predominantly owned and operated by public
agencies, and most state governments operate bus services through a State Road Transport
Corporation.These corporations,introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, have proven extremely useful
in connecting villages and towns across the country. Source [114]
]
With better economy most of the transport will be taken over by the low-floor, air-conditioned
buses on road. CRS system will make the journey short, safe and convenient.
1.32. F&F -Shipping Corporationof India.
[Transport in India: Water and sea transport.
Shipping Corporation of India.
Maritime transportation in India is managed by the Shipping Corporation of India, a government-
owned company that also manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure in the
country. It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of
shippingbusinessservicingbothnational andinternationaltrades.Ithasa fleetof 79 shipsof 27 lakh
GT (48 lakhDWT) and alsomanages53 research,surveyandsupport vessels of 1.2 Lakh GT (0.6 Lakh
DWT) on behalf of variousgovernmentdepartmentsandotherorganisations. Personnel are trained
at the Maritime TrainingInstituteinMumbai,abranch of the WorldMaritime University, which was
setup in 1987. The Corporationalso operates in Malta and Iran through joint ventures. Source [114]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-27-2048.jpg)
![Withbettereconomyitispossible to have better marine transport infrastructure and more people
can make use of it.
1.33. F&F - Inland Waterways Authority of India.
[Transport in India: Waterways - Inland Waterways Authority of India.
Boats sailingonNational Waterway2at Guwahati,Assam. Indiahasan extensive network of inland
waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is
14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi)
of canalscan be usedbymechanisedcrafts.Freighttransport by waterways is highly underutilised
inIndiacomparedto otherlarge countries.The total cargo movedbyinlandwaterwaysisjust0.15%
of the total inland traffic in India, compared to the corresponding figures of 20% for Germany and
32% forBangladesh.Cargotransportinan organisedmannerisconfinedtoa few waterwaysin Goa,
West Bengal, Assam and Kerala. The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory
authority in charge of the waterways in India. It does the function of building the necessary
infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also
administration and regulation. The following waterways have been declared as National
Waterways:
National Waterway 1 - Allahabad - Haldia stretch of the Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river
system with a total length of 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) in October 1986.
National Waterway 2 - Saidiya - Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra river system with a total
length of 891 kilometres (554 mi) in 1988.
National Waterway 3 - Kollam - Kottapuram stretch of the West Coast Canal along with
Champakara and Udyogmandal canals, with a total length of 205 kilometres (127 mi) in 1993.
National Waterway4 - Bhadrachalam - Rajahmundry and Wazirabad - Vijaywada stretch of the
Krishna - Godavari river system along with the Kakinada - Puducherry canal network, with a total
length of 1,095 km (680 mi) in 2007.
National Waterway 5 - Mangalgadi - Paradeep and Talcher - Dhamara stretch of the Mahanadi -
Brahmani river system along with the East Coast Canal, with a total length of 623 km (387 mi) in
2007. Source [114]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-28-2048.jpg)
![The market share of different airlines in India
Main article: List of airlines of India
But rapid economic growth in India has made air travel more affordable. Air India, India's flag
carrier,presentlyoperatesafleetof 147 aircraftand playsa major role inconnecting India with the
restof the world.Several otherforeign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across
the globe.
Kingfisher Airlines, Air India and Jet Airways are the most popular brands in domestic air travel in
orderof theirmarketshare.These airlinesconnectmore than80 citiesacrossIndiaandalsooperate
overseasroutesafterthe liberalisationof Indian aviation. However, a large section of country's air
transportsystemremains untapped,eventhoughthe Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked 6th by
the Official Airline Guide in 2007 among the world's busiest routes.
India's vast unutilised air transport network has attracted several investments in the Indian air
industryinthe past fewyears.More than half a dozen low-costcarriers enteredthe Indianmarketin
2004-05. Major new entrants include Air Deccan, Kingfisher Airlines, SpiceJet, GoAir, Paramount
Airways and IndiGo Airlines. Source [114]
]
Withbettereconomythe airtransport maybecome one of the importantmodesof transpiration for
the people to move from one place to other.
1.35. F&F - Pipelines for crude oil.
[Transport in India: Pipelines.
Length of pipelines for crude oil is 20,000 km (12,427 mi).
Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 268 km (167 mi).
Length of Natural gas pipelines is 1,700 km (1,056 mi).
The above information was calculated in 2008. Source [114]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-30-2048.jpg)
![The pipelines for the petroleum products, natural gas can be created as per our requirement. The
total requirement of the petroleum products will come down with establishment of VPA – MV –
MN.
1.36. F&F - Total numbers of registeredvehicles inIndia.
[Registered vehicles:
Total numbers of registered vehicles in India. 1951-
2004 (In thousands)
Year (ason
31st
march)
[All vehicles][Twowheelers][Cars,jeeps
and taxis][Buses][Goods
vehicle][Others]
1 [2][3][4][5][6][7]
1951 [306][27][159][34][82][4]
1956 [426][41][203][47][119][16]
1961 [665][88][310][57][168][42]
1966 [1099][226][456][73][259][85]
1971 [1865][576][682][94][343][170]
1976 [2700][1057][779][115][351][398]
1981 [5391][2618][1160][162][554][897]
1986 [10577][6245][1780][227][863][1462]
1991 [21374][14200][2954][331][1356][2533]
1996 [33786][23252][4204][449][2031][3850]
1997 [37332][25729][4672][484][2343][4104]
1998 [41368][28642][5138][538][2536][4514]
1999 [44875][31328][5556][540][2554][4897]
2000 [48857][34118][6143][562][2715][5319]
2001 [54991][38556][7058][634][2948][5795]
2002 [58924][41581][7613][635][2974][6121]
2003 [67007][47519][8599][721][3492][6676]
2004 [72718][51922][9451][768][3749][6828]
Others include tractors, trailers’, three wheelers (
passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous
Source [115]
]
If we lookat thistable the total numbersof registeredvehiclesare increasingyearbyyear.WithVPA
– MV – MN, it is possible to decrease the usage of vehicles like two wheelers, Cars, jeeps, three
wheelers and taxis. The usage of buses, Goods vehicle, tractors, and trailers may go up marginally.
The companieswhichproduce lessemission,more fuelefficient,efficientinperformance will remain
in the market.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-31-2048.jpg)
![1.37. F&F –Road traffic injuries.
[Regional Health Forum: Road Safety - Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi:
Result of a Survey.
Among30 554 population,therewere 680trafficinjurieswith(IR) 22.3 per1 000 population.Of the
total injuries, 69% occurred in the age group of 15 to 35 and males were four times more affected
than females.The businessgrouphada higherincidence (IR44.0) followed by the service group (IR
40.1) and the labourgroup(IR 28.9). The annual incidence was highest among people with sixth to
eighth class education level (5.3), followed by graduates (3.6).
Limbs(62.2%) were the mostaffectedpartfollowedbyheadinjury(11.2%).Superficial injurieswere
mostcommon (47.4%),followedbyfractures(20.7%),crushinjuries(14.1%) and concealed injuries
(12.4%).19.3% injuriesoccurredduringrecreational activity.Majorityof the injuredvictims (92.4%)
were administered treatment within six hours while 70.0% availed treatment within one hour of
injury.Majorityof injuredvictimstooktreatment from a nearby private clinic (44.4%), followed by
treatmentfromgovernmenthospitals(26.8%) andprivate hospitals (16.0%). Outpatient treatment
was required by 47.1%; 5.9% were hospitalized; 9% of patients were critically ill due to injuries,
1.8% had to be operatedupon, and 1.3% had to be admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU). Most of
the victims resumed work within 2-4 days of injury (19.3%), followed by 5-7 days absence from
work(14.7%), while 13.4%couldnot resume normal workfor1-2 months.Injurywasmore common
among two-wheelers used by the victims (46.3%), and among pedestrians (24.85%). Source [116]
]
Road trafficaccidentsare havingmanyimpactson the individual, family and the nation. Individual
may have lossinincome,more expense,sufferings,morbidity, and mortality. Family may have loss
as the victimisthe income generatingperson,lossdue tohospital expense,lessincome generation,
more expense for routine maintenance, expenses towards the care taker, loss of income for the
care taker as she / he may not be able to involve in income generating work. For the nation, RTA
will drainthe economythroughhealthsector,police,court,infrastructureloss,lossof tax supposed
to be generated by the victim.
If we lookinto the above informationit is the productive age, that is between the ages of 15 to 35
years are the more people becomes the victims of the RTA. At present male are more involved in
productive activity at present and they are becoming the common victims for RTA.
Any part of the body may be involved in the act of accident and thus there is a possibility of
morbidity and mortality. People seek treatment from the hospital, either private or government,
thus it is the drain on economy through the health sector. It is worthy to note that walking is also
becoming one of the risk factor for getting the accident is the worst indicator for the poor
infrastructure development.
1.38. F&F - Fast pace of modernization - the requirement of a vehicle for
transportation.
[Regional Health Forum. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia. Road Safety.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-32-2048.jpg)
![Introduction
Due to the fast pace of modernization, basic needs including the requirement of a vehicle for
transportation are expanding rapidly and resulting in an epidemic situation of injury everywhere
including developing countries. The risk factors are increasing in some developing countries; for
example, motor vehicle ownership may double within five years causing streets and highways to
become chokedbyinadequatelymaintained vehicles. According to the World Health Report 2002,
of the global burdenof injury,30.3%morbidityand28.7% mortalityoccurredin the South-East Asia
Region. According to a report of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, one accident
occurs every two minutes and one suicide every five minutes in India, with the accident rate
correspondingto45 per100 000 population.Delhiranksfifthamongotherstates/Union Territories
of India in respect of accidents. In 1999, India had 40 939 000 vehicles and 306 400 road traffic
accidents, which correspond to a rate of 7.5 accidents/ 1 000 vehicles. Of the total 340 454
accidental injuries and 244 412 accidental deaths, 95.3% injuries (324 520) and 33.2% deaths
(81 036) were due to road traffic, which correspond to rates of 7.9 and 2.0 per 1 000 vehicles
respectively. The sex ratio of road traffic injury in India was 4.5 males: 1 female. The Registrar
General of India’s report on the survey of causes of death (rural), 1993 shows that 8.7% mortality
was due to accidental injuries.Accordingtothe National Road Transport Council and Trauma Cases
Association,atleast25 000 livesare losteveryyeardue toroad accidentsinIndia.Indiahasonly 1%
of vehiclesinthe worldbut accounts for nearly 6% of the total cases of unintentional injuries. The
unintentional injury rate in India is 34.6/10 000 vehicles, while the accident rates in USA and
Swedenare only14 and 4.8 respectively. The costof injuryestimatedforbothdeveloped(USA) and
developing(India) countriesisequallyhighascomparedtothe countries’percapita income i.e. the
ratios of cost per fatality: per capita income are 20:1 and 17:1 respectively. Source [116]
]
Even with the fast pace of modernization with VPA – MV - MN, the need for a vehicle for
transportationisgoingtodecrease.All the vehicleswill be well maintainedwell by the VPA garage.
CRS CRTS will make the travelling an enjoyable event. It is possible to decrease the morbidity and
mortalityrelatedtoRTA withCRS – CRTS. The numberof vehicleswill alsobe decreasedasthe need
for the usage of the vehicle will not arise for the general public to reach their place of work or for
the children to reach the school. Most of the times the people will be walking over inter building
bridges, so the chances of walking people coming in contact with vehicles will decrease. Traffic
signal circles need not maintain the signals for the walking people as of today in the MV. With
betterincome the people will be able togetbettertreatmentforthe injuries.Accidentswillbe well
managed by the VPH and the VPA, at which the accident has happened.
1.39. F&F - Environmental Factors and accidents.
[Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety.
Environmental Factors.
Months of the year: The maximumnumberof injuriesoccurredin July, August and September (387
cases), which is the hot-wet season in this part of India.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-33-2048.jpg)
![Time of occurrence of injury: As observed from the study data, most injuries occurred between
Indian Standard Time (IST) 15-18 hours (146), followed by: between IST 12-15 hours (123), and
between IST 18-21 hours (117).
Local environmental condition of the place of injury: Out of 680 injured victims; it was observed
that 30.3% injuriesoccurred in congested areas, 7.2% occurred due to faulty designing, 26.8% due
to poor visibility and 27.6% due to un favorable weather conditions.
Local environmental condition of the place of road traffic injury, Delhi, 2002
Condition of
environment
[Congested area][Faulty
design]
[Visibility] [Un favour-able
weather]
Yes [206 (30.3%)] [49 (7.2%)]
[182 (26.8%)] [188 (27.6%)]
No [444 (65.3%)] [590 (86.8%)]
[457 (67.2%)] [443 (65.1%)]
Unknown [30 (4.4%)] [41 (6.0%)]
[41 (6.0%)] [49 (7.2%)]
Total [680 (100%)] [680 (100%)]
[680 (100%)] [680 (100%)]
Source [116]
]
Some of the preventable causesforaccidentslikecongestion,faultydesign,andpoorvisibilitydue to
trees or obstacles can be corrected with CRS – CRTS system.
1.40. F&F - Type of vehicle (including pedestrians) andaccident.
[Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia
Road Safety.
Distribution of the 680 road traffic injury cases according to the type of vehicle (including
pedestrians) involved during the accident, Delhi, 2002
Type of vehicle
(includingpedestrians)
[Victim vehicle][%]
[Hitting vehicle][%]
Bicycle [96][14.1] [35][5.2]
Two wheeler [315][46.3]
[167][24.6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-34-2048.jpg)
![Three wheeler [35][5.2] [94][13.8]
Car [25][3.7]
[102][15.0]
Bus [12][1.8] [45][6.6]
Truck/ tempo [5][0.7] [49][7.2]
Rail [0][0.0] [6][0.9]
Pedestrians [169][24.9] [0][0.0]
Other [23][3.4]
[182][26.8]
Source [116]
]
Majorityof the accidentsoccurswiththe twowheelers either as the victim vehicle or as the hitting
vehicle.Usage of motorcycles(two-wheeler) will come tonearzerowith the establishmentof VPA –
MV – MN, in the VPA limits.
1.41. F&F - Agents/FactorsCausing Traffic Injury.
[Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia
Road Safety.
Agents/Factors Causing Traffic Injury.
Type of vehicle involved: The injury data regarding the type of vehicle involved in traffic accidents
show that injury was more common among occupants of two-wheelers (46.3%) and pedestrians
(24.9%).More often,the hittingvehicles were two-wheelers (24.56%), followed by cars (15%) and
three-wheelers (13.82%) (See Table 3).
Cause of event: High speed (31.03%) and congested roads with high vehicular density (20.44%)
were the leading factors for occurrence of traffic injury. The other major factor was badly-
maintained slippery roads (16.47%).
Distribution of road traffic injured victims according to the cause of event, Delhi, 2002
Cause of event
No. of
cases
%
Mechanical fault of
vehicle
43 6.32
High speed 211 31.03
Congested road 139 20.44
Poor light 19 2.79
Slippery/ill-maintained 112 16.47](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-35-2048.jpg)
![road
Obstacle 31 4.56
Fault of pedestrian 24 3.53
Other 101 14.85
Total 680 100
Source [116]
]
CRS will have adequate laneswithdesignatedspeed;thislimitsthe possibilityof accident. The roads
can be well maintainedbythe VPA,whichcomesunderthatVPA limit.Pedestrianwill notbe walking
on the road in MV and the CRS system. Congestion and high vehicular density can be avoided with
CRS.
1.42. F&F - Post-Injury Care and Disability Factors.
[Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia.
Road Safety.
Post-Injury Care and Disability Factors.
Transportation used for reaching Medical Centre: As shown in Table 5, autos/taxis (35.7%) were
observed to be the most commonly used mode of transport to reach the health set-up for
treatment in majority of cases, followed by bicycles (9.4%); ambulances (4.9%); public transport
(4.1%), and two-wheelers (2.1%). Ambulance was not a frequently used transport. Police Control
Room (PCR) vans were more commonly used vehicles. The use of these vehicles was largely
dependent on their easy availability nearby at the time of injury.
Time lapse between injury and treatment: In the study conducted, the majority of injured victims
(92.4%) availedtreatmentwithinsixhours,while 70.0% availedtreatmentwithinone hourof injury.
Transportation facility and availability of health facilities did not appear to be a problem in this
study area.
Post-injury care of 680 road traffic injuries, Delhi, 2002
Vehicle used
for
transportation
[Time interval]
[Nature of treatment]
[Agency of treatment]
Nothing 171
(25.1%)
[1 hour 475 (70.0%)]
[First-aid only 176 (25.9%)]
[Govt. dispensary 21 (3.1%)]
Bicycle 64 [1-6 hours 152 (22.4%)]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-36-2048.jpg)
![(9.4%) [Out patient 320 (47.1%)]
[Govt. hospital 182 (26.8%)]
2-wheeler 14
(2.1%)
[6-12 hours 24 (3.5%)]
[Emergency care 123
(18.1%)]
[Private clinic 302 (44.4%)]
Auto./taxi 243
(35.7%)
[12-24 hours 10 (1.5%)]
[Hospitalized 40 (5.9%)]
[Private hospital 109
(16.0%)]
Bus/Public 28
(4.1%)
[>24 hours 19 (2.8%)]
[Intensive care 9 (1.3%)]
[Self 66 (9.7%)]
Ambulance 33
(4.9%)
[−]
[Major operation 12 (1.8%)]
[−]
Healthfacilityprovidingtreatment: The majorityof the injured victims had taken treatment from a
nearby private clinic (44.4%), followed by government hospitals (26.8%) and private hospitals
(16.0%). Government dispensaries were utilized only in 3.1% cases, which were open only during
specific hours of the day.
Nature of treatmentreceived: It was observed from the study that in majority of cases, the victims
took outdoor (OPD) level treatment (47.1%) and first-aid treatment only (25.9%). Out of a total of
680 cases of road traffic injuries, 9.0% victims were in critical condition; 5.9% were hospitalized,
1.8% was operated upon, and 1.3% was admitted to ICU. Source [116]
]
VPA – VPH will take care of the accidentsif itiswithin its VPA limit. Dedicated ambulance will work
round the clock to maintain such an event.
1.43. F&F - Number of days of hospitalization.
[Regional Health Forum.
Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia
Road Safety.
Number of days of hospitalization: 56.5% of the victims were discharged within 1 to 4 days.
Post-injury disability of 680 road traffic injuries, Delhi, 2002.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-37-2048.jpg)
![No. of
days
Work affected Hospitalized
<1 16 (2.3%) 27 (4.0%)
2-4 145 (21.3%) 36 (5.3%)
5-7 105 (15.4%) 24 (3.5%)
8-10 39 (5.7%) 12 (1.8%)
11-14 5 (0.7%) 1 (0.1%)
15-21 58 (8.5%) 9 (1.3%)
22-28 12 (1.8%) 3 (0.4%)
29-60 82 (12.1%) 4 (0.5%)
61-90 14 (2.1%) 3 (0.4%)
>90 12 (1.8%) 1 (0.1%)
Other 192 (28.2%) 560 (82.4%)
Total 680 (100%) 680 (100%)
Work lossdue to injury: Mostvictimsresumedworkwithin2-4daysof injury(19.3%),followed by 5-
7 daysof workloss(14.7%),while 13.4% couldnotresume normal work for 1-2 months. Source [116]
]
WithCRS – CRTS systemitispossible preventmostof the accidents,and thus the work affected and
the hospitalisation can be decreased. Thus, the people of productive age group can resume their
productive work early and can involve in the process of increasing the personnel and the national
economy.
1.44. F&F - Preventionand care of injury.
[Regional Health Forum.
Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia
Road Safety.
Discussion
Preventionandcare of injuryisa multidisciplinaryareaandrequires inter-sect oral coordination for
planning.Presently,mostdevelopingcountriesdo not have any surveillance system or planning for
injury prevention. Lack of efficient surveillance system results in biased reporting of injury by
different agencies, for example, traffic injuries constitute 95.7% of all injuries according to police
department, however, only 31% were found to be due to traffic injuries in the present study. This
may be because mosttrafficinjuriesare medico-legal and are reported to the government through
the police department. Other types of injuries not having medico-legal implications might get
treatedeitheratgovernmentorprivate healthset-upsandtherefore, remains under-reported. The](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-38-2048.jpg)
![currentstudyshows that 45.4% of injured victims had taken treatment at a private clinic. In fact, as
perreportsof Halseyprivate practitionerstreatedone thirdof all injuries, this accounted for under-
reportingof injuries.Hospital recordsare basedonthe International Classificationof Diseases (ICD)-
10 coding.Underthissystem,itis difficulttocategorize injuriesasper the dual system of coding i.e.
whetheritshouldbe includedinanatomical type of injury(openwound, fracture,dislocationetc.) or
inthe cause of injury (traffic, fall, burn etc.) category. Of the injuries reported at two major and six
colonyhospitalsof MCD,only24% were traffic injuries. It was difficult to trace other traffic injuries
recorded among other anatomical groups i.e. fractures, wounds etc. This may be the reason for
under-reporting of traffic injuries by the health sector. So the need was felt to modify the ICD-10
reportingsystem.Of the twoparametersi.e.type of injuryandcause of injury, one may be used for
ascertainingthe magnitude andthe otherforresearchandplanningpurposes.Inorder to assess the
severity of the injury, the report must have a separate category of injury like outdoor/ indoor,
primary/ secondary/ tertiary-level in-juries or type of treatment (ward/ operation/ intensive care).
The annual incidence rates for major injuries: 73.1 (31% traffic) and for all injuries: 116.7 (25%
traffic) per1 000 populationrespectively,asfoundinthisstudy,are consistentwith findingsof other
community-basedstudies,such as 93 (29% traffic) by Pramod; 115 (5.7% traffic) by Gordon, and 311
by Rahman. This difference in incidence may well be due to the use of author’s own definition of
injury based on criteria of inclusion and exclusion of different types of severity. It was found that
injurieswere more commonamongthose inthe youngandproductive age group;other studies also
showed the same pattern. As more traffic injuries were reported during the evening time, legal
measurescouldbe strengthenedduringthose hours.Eventhough roadside fatality is the highest in
Indiaas comparedto othercountries,there isnoplanning for road safety. As mentioned in various
ad hoc studies and some of the WHO technical reports along with present study data, there is an
urgent need of planning for injury prevention in developing countries. Source [116]
]
Prevention and care of injury can be well done with CRS – CRTS – VPA – VPH – MV – MN and with
this,there will be bettercoordination amongthe people andthe hospital,accessibility to the health
care systemwill be better,lessconfusioninselecting the better health care facility, less chances of
goingfromhospital tohospital andthuswastingthe precioustime before initiatingthe treatment. It
ispossible tohave a better surveillance system or planning for injury prevention with CRS – CRTS –
VPA – VPH – MV – MN, thus we can getthe accurate resultsformanagementplanning. All the cases
of injuries,the treatmentreceived,andthe service providerwill be well documented under the PIN
basedrecordingsystemandthusitis possible to get the most recent data on injuries at any time of
the day. This will also help the administrators to formulate the strategies.
1.45. F&F - Taxes and bribes are common betweenstate borders.
[IndianRoadNetwork isdeveloping.Truckinggoodsfrom Gorgon to the port in Mumbai can take up
to 10 days. Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International
estimates that truckers pay annually $5 billion in bribes. India has the world's second largest road
network. Although India has only 1% of the world's vehicles, India has 8 per cent of the world's
vehicle fatalities.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-39-2048.jpg)
![Container traffic is growing at 15% a year. Some 60% of India’s container traffic is handled by the
Jawaharlal NehruPortTrust in Mumbai.It has just9 berthscomparedto40 in Singapore'smainport.
It takesan average of 21 days to clear import cargo in India compared to just 3 in Singapore. Source
[117]
]
CRS – CRTS system will make the road and the railway transport system in India, the best in the
world. It is also becomes the necessity to such CRS – CRTS, as we start exporting more products
generatedfromthe industriesdeveloped with the agriculture products in the VPF and the its allied
industries.Withbettereconomywe cancreate betterports and thus we can improve our efficiency
in handling container traffic.
1.46. F&F - Global warming in India.
[Global warming in India:
Indian cities are polluted by vehicles and industry emissions. Road dust due to vehicles also
contributing up to 33% of air pollution; In cities like Bangalore, around 50% of children suffer from
asthma.Indiahas emission standard of Bharat Stage II (Euro II) for vehicles since 2005. Source [118]
]
Airpollutioncan be well controlled with the creation of VPA – CRS – CRTS – MV – MN, thus most of
the diseases related to air pollution can be prevented.
1.47. F&F - Respirable suspendedparticulatematter RSPM.
Source [119]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-40-2048.jpg)
![Respirable suspended particulate matter RSPM: This is increasing day by day in our atmosphere,
which is going to cause a great damage to all the living animals especially for the humans.
Measure like decrease inthe utilisationof the vehicles,decreasedtransit time in the traffic signals,
decrease inthe rate of emission from the factories with better technology and adoption of better
pollution control methods, increase in the forest area will lead to better atmosphere with less
pollutants.
Creationof RCS andVPA will leadtoincrease inthe forestareaas there isbetterinvolvementof the
people (VPWT) in the programmes of increasing the forest area.
The RSPM inthe atmosphere will decrease as the emission from the automobiles and the industry
decreases.The automobile emissiondecreasesbecause noone neednotuse anyvehicle inside their
VPvillage properbecause all will be inawalkable distance,the interbuilding bridges facilitates the
people to reach their place of work in a short distance. All the standard methods are used to
decrease the emission from the factory. Thus we can have a better atmosphere for us and for our
future generation.
1.48. F&F - Delay ininitiationof treatment due tobad roads can kill the
people.
Source [120]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-41-2048.jpg)
![Delayininitiationof treatmentcankill the people.There are manyreasonsforitbad road is alsoone
of the cause.
1.49. F&F – Money on roads.
Source [121]
]
We can see that the government is spending so much money on roads and it is possible to create
only few thousand kilometres of national highways in the period of one government. The money
involved in constructing the same is also more. And it may be dangerous to enumerate all the
reasonsfor the cost being more and it is not my intension. My intension is to create the CRS-CRTS
system with very minimal cost involved in it and the quality and the width road is better than
whatever we have today by following certain principles and procedures.
The principle and procedures are:
(1) The satellite based survey is done after identification of the place of the model village.
(2) The future highway goes near the MV but not inside.
(3) There isno necessitytoacquire the landandgive compensationitisbecause the highwaycango
on anyland andno one is goingto have lossor gainbecause the income generated will remain the
same because the income isdividedonthe basisof the property documentation done as on today.
(4) Onlythe technical assistance,supervisionof the workbythe skilledandqualifiedpersonandthe
supply of materials directly from the factory to the VPA, (the maintenance of the stock and its
release on daily basis is done by the army) will be done by the government.
(5) Aerial surveyandthe landsurveytomark the land marks are done by the trained staff from the
government.
(6) When once the land marking is done the process of formatting the land, road side drains for
various channels, road side RCS channels are done by the VPWT, no extra salary is paid for it and
they will get their regular share from the VPA.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-42-2048.jpg)
![(7) Construction of the barrier walls, side walls for the various channels, mateling work are done
under the guidance of the technical and skilled people appointed from the government by the
skilled people in the VPWT who does all these works. This information’s are collected when the
people are becoming the working members of the VPA (See the section Job creation). No ex tra
salary for this.
(8) Asphalting is done by the government trained people with the help of the VPWT.
With this type of work, we can create the national highways of the entire India within one to two
years or ever shorter with better quality.
1.50. F&F – Statistics onglaciers /global warming.
[India statistics, facts and figures
Figures on glaciers / global warming
Average yearly retreat (vanishing) of Himalayan glaciers: 2006: 30 metres -1935-1999: 18 metres --
1842-1935: 7 metres [DNA Jan 07]
Average decrease of glacier thickness (of 30 glaciers monitored by WGMS) in 2005: 66 cm (WGMS:
Swiss based World Glacier Monitoring Service) [DNA Jan 07]
Himalayan glaciers and years in which they are to vanish due to global warming: Gangotri, Miyer,
Mlion, Janapa to vanish by 2030-2050 [TNJ Jan 07]
Number of people directly affected if above glaciers were to melt: 1.5 billion [TNJ Jan 07]
Length of India's largest glacier, Gangotri: 2006: less than 20km -- 1930: 25km [DNA Jan 07]
Rate in which India's largest glacier, Gangotri, melts: 28.1 metres per year [TNJ Jan 07]
Year inwhichHimalayanglacierGangotri will disappear: 2050, if glacier melt continues at same rate
[TNJ Jan 07]
Distance that Siachen glacier retreated between 1990 and 2001: 578 metres [TNJ Jan 07]
Average yearly melt of Siachen glacier between 1990 and 2001: 52 metres [TNJ Jan 07]. Source [69]
]
The processof global warmingcanbe preventedwith VPA – MV – MN, as the people will involve in
the process of increasing the forest area, as they use less vehicles, better pollution control, and
usage of less pollution better vehicle at the needy time will be done with better economy.
1.51. F&F - World records relatedtotransportationandtransportation
relateddisaster.
[India statistics, facts and figures
Various world records
Worst train disaster in the world: in Samastipur, Bihar, India, on 6 June 1981; more than 800
passengers died [GBoWR]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-43-2048.jpg)
![Highestmotorable road inthe world: KhardungLa, Ladakh,Jammu& Kashmir,withanaltitude upto
5,682 m (18,640 ft) [GBoWR]. Source [69]
]
CRTS systemwill decreasethe incidence of accidentsif itismaintainedwell.WithCRTS,itis possible
to have safe and short railway track systems.
1.52. F&F – Cars everywhere by 2050.
[India to top in car volumes by 2050:
India is projected to have the largest number of cars in the world -- 611 million to be precise -- by
2050. Accordingto the thirdBric (Brazil, Russia, India, China) report from investment banking firm
Goldman Sachs, this means every sixth car produced in the world will be sold in India.
The third Bric report says passenger car density in India will continue to be a third of China's until
2025. Indiawill overtake itsneighborsomewhereinthe vicinityof 2050, whenthe countrywill have
382 cars per thousand people compared with China's 363 in that year.
The report also projected that there will be 14.35 million cars in India by 2010, in line with the
industry's projection of adding a million cars a year from next year. It presumes a base of 9.03
million cars in 2005. Source [122]
]
VPA – MV – MN will make the need for the car to go down in the routine use, thus we can prevent
the rise in car volume.
1.53. F&F – News on accidents are common.
Source [123]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-44-2048.jpg)
![With CRS – CRTS system the incidence of the accidents will come down.
1.54. F&F - Poor infrastructure - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS –DRAIN ON
HEALTH SECTOR.
[Poor infrastructure - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS – DRAIN ON HEALTH SECTOR;
Photography by Dr. Shivu.]
Here is the buswhichstopsexactlyat the gate of the hospital andfew more vehicleswaitingbehind
the bus for the bus to move.
Bus stops anywhere and everywhere, poor traffic sense, high way in the centre of the villages,
overcrowding, narrow roads and so on will make the incidence of the accident more. This can be
prevented with CRS – CRTS system.
Most deathsoccur at home orat site,before reachinghealthfacilities.VPH– MV – MN, will be able
manage such issues in a better way.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-45-2048.jpg)
![1.55. F&F – Poor infrastructure–walking requires ‘lot of concentrationon
walk’.
Source: News paper.]
Walkingneedslotof concentrationevenforyoungpeople.Minoralterationinthe concentrationwill
make the people to fall and to have injury.
1.56. F&F - India's road accident record 1998.
[India's road accident record 1998: 6 % of the world's road accident deaths happen in India (while
India has only 1 % of the world's road vehicles) [GBoWR]
Deathand injurycausedbyaccidentsonIndia'sroads: 1 person diesevery6minutes;10 are injured
in the same time frame [BBC; Sep 2005]
India's percentage of global car population: 1% [Daily Telegraph Sep 06]
India's share of global car accidents: 10% [Daily Telegraph Sep 06]
Financial losses due to road traffic injuries 2005: 550 bn Rs = 3% of GDP [BBC; Sep 2005]
Number of vehicles per km in Mumbai: 591 [BBC; Sep 2005]
Number of road accidents in Mumbai: up to 35 per day (with up to 15 deaths per day) [BBC; Sep
2005]
Number of cars in Bangalore (Karnataka): 1.95 million cars (Bangalore's population is 6.5 million
people) [BBC Sep 04]
Increase of alcohol consumption in past two decades in India: by 106 % [HT Jul 04]. Source [69]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-46-2048.jpg)
![The incidence of RTA,deathand injuriesdue toRTA can be decreased with CRS – CRTS – VPA – VPH
- MV – MN.
The number of cars on the road and the car accidents can be decreased with VPA – MV – MN.
Withthe fourto five yearsof financial losses that occurs due to RTA, it is possible to complete the
work of CRS – CRTS.
With VPA – MV – MN, the number of vehicle on road in urban areas will decrease, due to less
people movingfromrural areato the urbanarea for theirroutine work,andmore people going and
settling at the MV due to better life style and income.
People may leave the habits, which all the people are not accepting in the working group. For
example if a VPWM, is in the stage of hangover, following excess alcohol consumption in the
previousnight –the other people whoworkwithhimwillobject,because he isalsogetting the same
share of income in the name of working or a person cannot simply stand somewhere and start
smokingbecause the otherworkingmemberswill tell,he iswastingthe time inwhichhe issupposed
to work.
1.57. F&F –Road blocks due tofalling trees are common.
Photo by Dr. Shivu.]
Here the fallen tree following heavy rain with wind is partially axed to make the road clear. These
were some of the trees which are implanted on either the sides of the road by the forest
department.
CRS – CRTS will have broad roads, thus the block by the fallen trees will decrease to the maximum
extent.
1.58. F&F – Buses going out the road withpartially blockedroad and ending](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-47-2048.jpg)
![in accident are alsocommon.
Photo by Dr. Shivu.]
The bus goes out of the road to bypass the fallen tree and thus half of the bus may go out of the
road over the loose soil and can lead to accident.
Welcomingsuchtype of accidentcan be preventedtothe maximumextentwith CRS – CRTS system.
1.59. F&F –Bus stopping anywhere and rare vehicle hitting the front vehicle
are also common.
Photo by DR. Shivu.]
Most of the buses stop at the hospital entrance gate and here one lorry (shown with Red arrow) is
waiting behind the bus to get its way, thus it is blocking the road, thus it may delay the journey or
abrupt stop this bus can lead to accident from the rare moving vehicle to come and his this bus
which is giving stop abruptly.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-48-2048.jpg)
![WithCRS – CRTS, nobuseswill be stoppedatvariousplaceslike this,because all the main roads will
be away from the MV, and all the buses will give stop only in the designated CRS stand at the
designated place, thus we can minimise the accident to the maximum accident.
1.60. F&F –Economy make us not tounderstandthe causes for accidents.
Photo by Dr. Shivu.]
Buses falling in the lakes and tanks are the common type of accidents we read in the news paper
regularly, which costs many lives.
In CRS – CRTS system,the roadswill be createdat the safer place by analysing the geography of the
entire area in which the road comes. No roads or tracks are created on the banks of the river or
lakes.If suchthingsneedtobe crossedthenthe narrowestpartof the water path will be taken with
suitable heighttobypassthe waterpath perpendiculartothe flow pathof the water, thus the water
enteringthe roador damagingthe road duringrainy season or vehicle falling in to the water can be
prevented to the maximum extent.
Sources:
[109] Transportation downloads Business world - The Smog Will Get Worse.mht and
Transportation downloads Automobile industry in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht.
[110] Transportation downloadsBusiness world - The Smog Will Get Worse.mht.
[111] Transportation downloadsEnvironmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.mht.
[112] Transportation downloads India Current Affairs » Blog Archive » PRICES OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS.mht, Posted on: 22-04-2010 | By: | In: Industry.
[113] Transportation downloadsIndia to top in car volumes by 2050 Rediff_com Business.mht. S
Kalyana Ramanathan in New Delhi. October 23, 2004 10:23 IST.
[114] Transportation downloadsTransport in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht.
[115] Transportation downloadstable1.htm.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-49-2048.jpg)
![[116] RHF 8-1 Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi.mht. Regional Health Forum WHO
South-East Asia Region Volume 8 Number 1, 2004. By Pramod Kumar Verma, K.N. Tewari.
[117] Economyof India.From Wikipedia,the free encyclopaedia; this page was last modified on 22
February 2009, at 23:16.
[118] Internet: Environmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia.
[119] CPCB, news paper.
[120] Times of India News paper, Page number 1 dated 28.06.09.
[121] Department of road transport and Highways. Ministry of state road transport and highways,
GOI. News paper;
[69] Internet: India statistics facts and figures neoncarrot travelogue.
[122] internet: India to top in car volumes by 2050 Rediff_com Business.
[123] Times of India news paper, Mysore, Page number 1, dated 26.5.09.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/s12c1-chapter1-factsandfiguresontransportation-160221120817/75/S12c1-chapter-1-facts-and-figures-on-transportation-50-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byShivu P
S12c1 chapter 1-facts and figures on transportation.
The document discusses the various aspects of transportation in India, including the relationship between vehicle proliferation, environmental concerns, and economic factors. It highlights the anticipated rise in vehicle numbers by 2050, emphasizes the necessity for better infrastructure, and suggests that controlling vehicle usage can alleviate pollution and degradation. Additionally, it addresses the need for better public transport systems and the role of large-scale transportation vehicles in the market.
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S12c1 chapter 1-facts and figures on transportation.
- 1. Contentsof section12: Convenientroadandrailwaytracksystem. Chapter1-Facts and figuresonTransportation. 1.1-F&F – Cars fortransportationmaydecrease,bettercarswill sustaininthe market. 1.2-F&F – Large scale transportationvehicleswillgetbetterplace inthe market. 1.3-F&F - Nonpollutingvehiclewill remainonthe road. 1.4-F&F – Decreasingthe numberof the vehicleisthe needof the life. 1.5-F&F –The keyto preventthe environmental degradationistocontrol the population. 1.6-F&F – Retardationof natural resourcesandill sustainable developmentare due touprising population. 1.7-F&F - One of the biggestcausesof airpollutioninIndiaisfromthe transportsystem. 1.8-F&F - Noise pollution. 1.9-F&F - The crude oil priceshave beensteadilyincreasing. 1.10-F&F - Indiaisprojectedtohave the largestnumberof cars inthe worldby 2050. 1.11-F&F - India'sfirstexpressway - The Mumbai-Pune Expressway. 1.12-F&F - Transport isan importantpart of the nation's economy. 1.13-F&F – Effectsof outdatedinfrastructure,lackof investment,corruptionandaburgeoning populationontransportation. 1.14-F&F -Bullockcart as the mode of transport. 1.15-F&F - Cycle rickshaw. 1.16-F&F – Tram as the mode of transport. 1.17-F&F – Walkingisan importantmode of transport. 1.18-F&F - Bullockcarts and horse carriages. 1.19-F&F - Bicycles are the commonmode of travel. 1.20-F&F – Hand pulledrickshaw. 1.21-F&F - Cycle rickshaw. 1.22-F&F - Publictransportsystem. 1.23-F&F – Busesas Publictransport. 1.24-F&F - AutoRickshaws. 1.25-F&F - TaxisinIndia. 1.26-F&F – Rail ways. 1.27-F&F – Two wheelers. 1.28-F&F – Railwayasthe long distance transport. 1.29-F&F - IndianRoadNetwork. 1.30-F&F - Road lengthinIndia. 1.31-F&F - The KarnatakaState Road Transport Corporation - country'slargeststate transport. 1.32-F&F -ShippingCorporationof India. 1.33-F&F - InlandWaterwaysAuthorityof India. 1.34-F&F – AviationinIndia. 1.35-F&F - Pipelines forcrude oil. 1.36-F&F - Total numbersof registeredvehiclesinIndia. 1.37-F&F –Road trafficinjuries. 1.38-F&F - Fast pace of modernization - the requirementof avehicle fortransportation. 1.39-F&F - Environmental Factorsand accidents. 1.40-F&F - Type of vehicle (includingpedestrians) andaccident. 1.41-F&F - Agents/FactorsCausingTrafficInjury. 1.42-F&F - Post-InjuryCare andDisabilityFactors. 1.43-F&F - Numberof daysof hospitalization. 1.44-F&F - Preventionandcare of injury. 1.45-F&F - Taxesand bribesare commonbetweenstate borders. 1.46-F&F - Global warminginIndia. 1.47-F&F - Respirable suspendedparticulate matterRSPM.
- 2. 1.48-F&F - Delayininitiationoftreatmentdue tobadroadscan kill the people. 1.49-F&F – Moneyon roads. 1.50-F&F – Statisticsonglaciers/global warming. 1.51-F&F - Worldrecords relatedtotransportationandtransportationrelateddisaster. 1.52-F&F – Cars everywhere by2050. 1.53-F&F – Newsonaccidentsare common. 1.54-F&F - Poor infrastructure - ROADTRAFFICACCIDENTS – DRAIN ON HEALTH SECTOR. 1.55-F&F – Poorinfrastructure – walkingrequires‘lotof concentrationonwalk’. 1.56-F&F - India'sroad accidentrecord1998. 1.57-F&F –Road blocksdue to fallingtreesare common. 1.58-F&F – Busesgoingoutthe road withpartiallyblockedandendinginaccidentare alsocommon. 1.59-F&F –Bus stoppinganywhere andrare vehicle hittingthe frontvehicle are alsocommon. 1.60-F&F –Economy make us notto understandthe causesforaccidents. Views to make this ‘World’ developed and this ‘Earth’ as the lovely place for every ‘Human’. SECTION 12 CONVINIENT ROAD AND RAILWAY TRACK SYSTEM Let us become closer and enjoy the journey of closeness With CRS – CRTS system.
- 3. Chapter 1: Factsand figures on Transportation. 1.1. F&F – Cars for transportationmay decrease, better cars will sustainin the market. [Automobile industry in India: The automobile industry in India is the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of over 2.6 million units in 2009. In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of automobiles,behind Japan, South Korea and Thailand. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation's roads. Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstratedsustainedgrowthas a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra,expandedtheirdomestic and international operations. India's robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which attracted significant India- specificinvestmentbymultinationalautomobilemanufacturers.InFebruary 2009, monthly sales of passengercarsin Indiaexceeded100,000 units.Embryonicautomotiveindustryemergedin India in the 1940s. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian marketultimatelyleadingtothe establishmentof Maruti Udyog.A numberof foreignfirmsinitiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a numberof Japanese manufacturerslaunched joint-venturesforbuildingmotorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the gradual weakeningof the license raj,anumberof Indianandmulti-nationalcarcompanieslaunched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. Source [109] ] The large population with the people moving for various works like going to offices / markets/ temple / school / business, and so on, which are not closer to their residence made to use the vehicle, which in turn made the automobile industry in India is the seventh largest in the world. It isbetter,if the nationexportsmore vehicleswhichgiveeconomicstrengthtothe nation and thus all the people in the nation get the benefit, directly or indirectly. By looking at the present ‘overcrowding and traffic’ in the present road and expected rise in the numberof vehiclesonthe road, it is necessary to do the CRS with twelve lanes and CRTS with two lanes.The CRS – CRTS systemmaycater the transportation in a better way with rise in the number of vehicleswithbetter economy. But, only CRS – CRTS, without VPA – MV – MN, will lead to traffic
- 4. problemevenwithCRS – CRTS,asthe economygrowsand as the number of vehicles increases. So, it is very much necessary to control the transportation to decrease the unnecessary expenditure that we do inthe name of transportation.Itis necessary to keep the projected number of vehicles on the road by 2050, which is 611 millions in India. VPA will convert, ‘200 people travelling in four buses with their agriculture product’ in to ‘two people (driverandthe manager) drivingone lorry’tothe destinyof the agriculture product.Thiswill alsoindirectlydecreasesthe burdeninbusstand,hotels,pollution,waste generation,time in doing the work,lossin business,sellingforlowprice,mediatorsasking for low price as the farmer cannot take back the product to their village and so on. Withbettereconomyall the familiesmayownthe car, and the intelligentfamiliesmaygoforrented vehiclesif theyare notusingthe vehicle in a regular basis. VPA with MV will make the situation in such a way that, walking becomes the more comfortable, less time consuming and hassle free journey,thanusingthe vehicle inside the MV with inter building bridges. So, no one may be using the vehicle inside the MV, except for the purpose of going out of the MV for some reason. The degree holdersworkinginthe MV,will be goingto the district centre for taking classes in their respective subjects,the electedmembersandthe governmentofficials may be going to the district centresforattendingthe meetings,the people fromthe districtmaybe comingtothe MV for giving trainingtothe groupsinthe MV will be done asperthe schedule,andall these groupswill leave the MV / Districtcentre at the specifiedtime inthe designatedbuswithlunchbox,andwill be returning to their native by evening, in the same designated bus. With this we can save the movement of interlinkingvehicleliketaxi / auto, and every one can carry out their work peace fully without the fear of missing the bus if they are few minutes late. Withbettereconomyeveryonewillgoforluxurious,fuel efficient,maintenance free,pollution free vehicles. So, those companies which are not competitive in these aspects may not survive in the market.People may be investing more money on their house rather than vehicles as they may be rarelygettingthe chance to use the vehicle,forthemhiringthe luxuriousspaciouscar will work out better than owning a car. Thus the monthly sale of the car will come down with VPA – MV – MN. Those car industries which have better international reputation may sustain due to more export. 1.2. F&F – Large scale transportationvehicles will get better place inthe market. [Automobile industry in India: Exports. Indiahas emergedasone of the world'slargestmanufacturersof small cars. According to New York Times,India'sstrongengineeringbase andexpertise inthe manufacturingof low-cost,fuel-efficient cars has resultedinthe expansionof manufacturingfacilitiesof several automobile companies like Hyundai Motors, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Suzuki. In 2008, Hyundai Motors alone exported240,000 cars made in India.Nissan Motors plans to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011. Similarly, General Motors announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011. In September 2009, Ford Motors announced its plans to setup a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars for US$500
- 5. million.The carswill bemanufacturedbothforthe Indianmarketandforexport. The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business. Fiat Motors also announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India. Accordingto BloombergL.P.,in 2009 India surpassed China as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars. Source [109] ] Even the sale of small cars may also come down as there is less chances for using the same. The car manufacturing companies may survive better if they are in better export market. With VPA – MV – MN, the large scale transportation vehicle will get better place in the market, as there is broad roads and the VPA transporting its products in large scale. 1.3. F&F - Nonpolluting vehicle will remainonthe road. [AUTO: The Smog Will Get Worse... Cheapercars maybe lightonthe wallet,butthe damage theywill cause tothe environment will be very heavy. As Tata Motors begins the countdown to launch its much-awaited Rs 1 lakh car, a different kind of rumble isgettinglouder.“The authoritiesare allowingpollutingvehiclestoenterIndianroadsbefore stringent norms set in,” says Anumita Roychowdhary, associate director of the Centre for Science and Environment,aDelhi-basedpublicinterestNGO. “No one will be able to launch Rs 1 lakh cars if manufacturers are asked to stick to better quality norms.” These norms (read Euro IV) will not be enforcedinthe countrybefore 2010. Meanwhile,here isaninklingof the damage ‘polluting’vehicles are capable of inflicting. Source [110] ] WithbettereconomywithVPA,all the peoplewill preferlesspollutingvehicles,andthe cheaperand polluting vehicle will lose their place in the market. 1.4. F&F – Decreasing the number of the vehicle is the needof the life. [AUTO: The Smog Will Get Worse... According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the number of cars in India will triple to eight million by 2015, spewing out 319 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. That is 88 per cent more than current levels.
- 6. While price-conscious consumerswill welcome the arrival of cheaper cars, their cozy drive could actuallyput public health and safety at risk. “The situation is terrifying,” says Roychowdhary. “We are in for trouble even without cheaper cars coming into the market.” Here’s what a large number of cheap cars hitting India’s roads could do. Studies by one of India’s largest vehicle manufacturers report that, in India, a car travels 12,000 km a year on average. The Euro-III norms dictate that a petrol car exhales 27 kg of carbon monoxide on the road every year. This means that if Tata Motors manages to sell all the 250,000 cars it says it will manufacture in the first year, these will generate around 6,600 additional tonnes of carbon monoxide that will be pumped into the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide, of course, causes visual impairment, breathing disorders,andevendeathinhumans.Nearly2.5 million Indians die every year due to air pollution, according to a 1998 study by The Energy Resources Institute. Source [110] ] With the above fact it is necessary to decrease the usage of vehicles with infrastructure modification, otherwise environment make us morbid and the day may come we may have to purchase and carry the oxygen cylinders to breath to save the life routinely. Varieties of car with oxygenated air conditioning and the oxygen filling stations may generate if the same situation continues. We cannot rule out the possibilities like people quarrelling for oxygen, stealing the oxygen cylinders, strong people grabbing the oxygen cylinders from the weaker people, oxygen cylinderscarcityleadingtopeopledyingonthe roadsandso on. If the people move to the village in searchof oxygen,theymayget somewhat better air to breath, but will not get food to eat, as most of the landswill be seendrywithoutanygrowthplantsinit,due to no rain / no water in the canals / no underground water. It is a serious issue, and it is the national emergency, VPA – MV – MN will give the solution to save the mankind. 1.5. F&F –The key to prevent the environmental degradationis tocontrol the population. [Environmental issues in India: The rapid growing population and economic development are leading to the environmental degradation in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization, expansion and massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests. Major environmental issues are Forest and Agricultural land degradation, Resource depletion (water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.,), Environmental degradation, Public Health, Loss of Biodiversity,Lossof resilience in ecosystems, Livelihood Security for the Poor. It is estimated that the country’s population will increase to about 1.26 billion by the year 2016. The projected populationindicatesthatIndiawill be the firstmostpopulouscountryinthe worldandChinawill be rankingsecondinthe year 2050. Indiahaving18% of the world'spopulationon2.4% of world'stotal area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas. India's water supply and sanitation issues are related to many environmental issues. Source [111] ]
- 7. Environmental degradation canbe prevented by population control and the population control measure can be well administered with VPA – NES – NHS – MV – MN with sustainable and good economic growth. Problems related to urbanisation can be well managed as VPA brings reverse migration. With better economy and creation of need based industries, it is possible to have the industries where all the measures to prevent the pollution can be taken. In the field of agriculture, we can grow the necessary cereals and legumes in the lesser area than whateverwe are growingatpresent,thatis withRCS and inculcating the science in agriculture will make more productivity per unit area of land. The VPA, working team will concentrate more on useful tree plantation, which will be helpful in long run to the environment. The land degradationcanbe well controlledwithtree plantationinthe border areas, grass growing at appropriate areas and creation of bun dings at needed areas, and these things will be done by the VPA and the guidance will be given by the expert from the government side. With this we can preventthe resource depletionlikewater,mineral,forest,sand,rockect.Thus the VPA will involve in maintaining the environmental degradation, public health, maintaining the biodiversity and ecosystem, and it will also provide the secure life for the all the people of this nation. Bettercontrol overthe populationwill decrease the pressure onthe natural resourcesandprevents water shortage, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution. Water supply system becomes better with RCS – MV, sanitation becomes better with MV. 1.6. F&F – Retardationof natural resources andill sustainable development are due to uprising population. [Environmental issues in India: Major issues. The uprising population and the environmental deterioration face the challenge of sustainable development.The existenceorthe absence of favourable natural resources can facilitate or retard the process of socio-economic development. The three basic demographic factors of births (natality),deaths(mortality)andhumanmigration(migration) andimmigration(population moving into a country produces higher population) produce changes in population size, composition, distribution and these changes raise a number of important questions of cause and effect. Population growth and economic development are contributing to many serious environmental calamities in India. These include heavy pressure on land, land degradation, forests, habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. Changing consumption pattern has led to rising demand for energy.The final outcomesof thisare airpollution,global warming, climate change, water scarcity and water pollution. Environmental issues in India include various natural hazards, particularly cyclones and annual monsoon floods, population growth, increasing individual consumption, industrialization, infrastructural development,pooragricultural practices, and resource mal distribution have led to substantial humantransformation of India’s natural environment. An estimated 60% of cultivated landsuffersfromsoil erosion,waterlogging,andsalinity. It is also estimated that between 4.7 and 12 billiontonsof topsoil are lostannuallyfromsoil erosion. From 1947 to 2002, average annual per
- 8. capita water availabilitydeclined by almost 70% to 1,822 cubic meters, and overexploitation of groundwaterisproblematicinthe statesof Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Forest area covers 18.34% of India’sgeographicarea(637000 km²).Nearlyhalf of the country’sforestcoverisfound in the state of Madhya Pradesh (20.7%) and the seven states of the northeast (25.7%); the latter is experiencingnetforestloss.Forest cover is declining because of harvesting for fuel wood and the expansionof agricultural land.These trends,combinedwithincreasingindustrial and motor vehicle pollution output, have led to atmospheric temperature increases, shifting precipitation patterns, and declining intervals of drought recurrence in many areas. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute of Parvati has estimated that a 3 °C rise in temperature will result in a 15 to 20% loss in annual wheat yields. These are substantial problems for a nation with such a large population depending on the productivity of primary resources and whose economic growth relies heavily on industrial growth. Civil conflicts involving natural resources— most notably forests and arable land—have occurred in eastern and north eastern states. Afterall these majorchallengesthe Indiangovernment is not implementing the strict laws against increasing population and protecting the environment. Source [111] ] Population can be well controlled with VPA to have sustainable socioeconomic development. VPA can very well control the natality, mortality, and migration, thus it can maintain the desired compositionof populationwiththe helpof NES,togive betterservicestoitspopulationfromall the angles. With better population control, preventing heavy pressure on the land, preventing land degradation,preventingforestandhabitatdestruction,andpreventing the loss of biodiversity, we can prevent many environmental calamities like air pollution, global warming, climate change, water scarcity, water pollution, and so on. This can also prevent the environmental issues and natural hazards like cyclones, annual monsoon floods, and frequent recurrence of drought. Top soil conservation can be effectively done through VPA. The declining ‘average annual per capita water availability’ and the ‘ground water level’ can be brought back to the normal/natural/ adequate levels with RCS. VPA can actively involve in the process of increasing the forest cover, unlike the present system, where the voluntary agencies with school children with the forest department involve in the process of implanting the plants only in the sides of the road or in the space available around the office andthe school forone day, take the photoand publish in the media and then forget about it till next ‘forest day’ come. But VPA will cover all the possible area to convert the land in to forest area or thin forest in to thick with useful trees to save the environment and the humanity. Increase inthe forestarea,withlessusage of vehicles,withbetterindustrieswithlesspollution will preventglobal warmingandpreventsthe droughtlike situation.Betterenvironmentaltemperature will have positive effects on the growth of the plants and thus the yield will rise. Family tree based PIN system will decrease the disputes related to lands. Law alone will not give answers to all the problems of the nation. The individual and the family needstobe understood,theirprofession and income generated with their profession, the natures helpforthe sustainabilityof the profession,all needtobe understoodandhasto be solvedwith this
- 9. increasedpopulation,otherwise the lawwill be misusedbythe peoplewhoknow the law in a better and it becomes the income only for those who practise the law and the rest will be gradually will become poor. 1.7. F&F - One of the biggest causes of air pollutionin India is from the transport system. [Environmental issues in India: Air pollution. Indian cities are polluted by vehicles and industry emissions. Road dust due to vehicles, also contributingupto33% of airpollution. IncitieslikeBangalore, around 50% of children suffer from asthma. India has emission standard of Bharat Stage II (Euro II) for vehicles since 2005. One of the biggestcausesof airpollutioninIndiaisfromthe transportsystem.Hundredsof millions of old diesel engines continuously burning away diesel which has anything between 150 to 190 timesthe amountsof sulphuroutEuropeandiesel has.Of course the biggestproblemsare inthe big citieswhere there are huge concentrationsof these vehicles.Onthe positive side, the government appearsto have noticedthis massive problem and the associated health risks for its people and is slowly but surely taking steps. The first of which was in 2001 when it ruled that its entire public transportsystem,excludingthe trains,be converted from diesel to compressed gas (CPG). Electric rickshawsare being designed and will be subsidised by the government but the supposed ban on the cycle rickshaws in Delhi will require a huge increase on the reliance of other methods of transport, mainly those with engines. Source [111] ] Road dustwill decrease todrasticlevel withVPA –CRS – CRTS – MV – MN. VPA – MV will effectively control the air pollutioninthe urbanareaalso.The people moving from the rural area to the urban area fortheirroutine workslike sellingtheiragricultureproducts,foroffice works,forshopping,for education,andsoon will decrease,thisin turn decrease the burden on city buses, auto rickshaws, taxis and so on. With pollution free environment, it is possible to have good health and we can prevent diseases like Asthma. With better economy in Rural area, in turn leads to the economic growth in the urban area. The shoppingcomplexesinthe rural areamay be buying the materials from the factories / urban areas inbulkand it will be transportedinthe biggervehicles.Thusthe urbaneconomy improves with the betterpurchasingpower of the people of the rural area, even though they are not directly buying the materialsfromthe urbanshops.In thiswaywiththe better economy of the people of both the urban andrural area,the people will goforluxurious,pollutionfree vehiclesevenif itistaxi,instead of lesscomfortable,more pollutingautorickshaws.So,all the driverswho owns the auto rickshaws may owngoodcars whenonce the VPA – MV – MN establishes. Thus all the engines that emit lots of emission will vanish. With the decreased movement of people from rural to urban area for their routine work, the concentration of the vehicles in the urban area will also decreases.
- 10. Modificationof publictransportsysteminthe urbanareasisnotgoingto decrease the movementof the people from the rural to urban area for their day to day work. It is the VPA – MV – MN, which is going to give solution for all the problems related to transport and brings down the pollution. 1.8. F&F - Noise pollution. [Environmental issues in India: Noise pollution. The Supreme Court of India gave a significant verdict on noise pollution in 2005. Unnecessary honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities. The use of loudspeakers for political purposes and by temples and mosques make for noise pollution in residential areas. RecentlyGovernmentof Indiahassetup normsof permissiblenoise levels in urban and rural areas. How they will be monitored and implemented is still not sure. Source [111] ] Noise pollutioncanbe effectivelycontrolledwithVPA.CRSwill make the vehiclesto use less horn as there will be decrease in the traffic. 1.9. F&F - The crude oil prices have beensteadily increasing. [PRICES OF PETROLEUMPRODUCTS The Minister of State for Petroleum & Natural Gas Shri Jitin Prasada informed. the Rajya Sabha thatthe pricesof crude oil in the internationalmarketfluctuate on daily basis. The crude oil prices have been steadily increasing since December 2008, largely due to the global economicrecoveryandincrease indemandforoil fromthe emergingeconomies. The average price of the Indian Basket of crude oil which was 50.14 dollar per barrel in the month of April 2009 increasedto78.02 dollarperbarrel inthe month of March 2010. The average price of Indian Basket of crude oil during the year 2009-10 was 69.76 dollar per barrel. The average price of the Indian Basket of crude oil in the month of April 2010 (up to 12th April 2010) is 83.37 dollar per barrel. Source [112] ] India is a nation which is not having large reserve of oil, so need to depend on other nation for import. VPA – MV – MN will decrease the demand for crude oil to the maximum extent. It is necessary to take all the measures to decrease the use of petroleum products and thus decrease the dependencyonthe same.VPA –MV – MN, will make the usage petroleumproductsto go down,withvarious modification in the nation, like, the people inside the MV will not be using any vehicleswhichrunson the petroleum products, CRS – CRTS system will cut short the length as well as,the inclinationanddeclinationsinthe paths,thusthere will be less usage of the petroleum products and it will also add better mileage for the vehicle, the total number of vehicles moving fromthe rural to urban and vice versawill decreaseasall the neededactivityforthe people will be done in the MV itself, and so on.
- 11. 1.10. F&F -India is projected tohave the largest number of cars in the world by 2050. [India to top in car volumes by 2050. India is projected to have the largest number of cars in the world -- 611 million to be precise -- by 2050. Accordingto the thirdBric (Brazil, Russia, India, China) report from investment banking firm Goldman Sachs, this means every sixth car produced in the world will be sold in India. The third Bric report says passenger car density in India will continue to be a third of China's until 2025. India will overtake its neighbour somewhere in the vicinity of 2050, when the country will have 382 cars per thousand people compared with China's 363 in that year. The report also projected that there will be 14.35 million cars in India by 2010, in line with the industry's projection of adding a million cars a year from next year. It presumes a base of 9.03 million cars in 2005. Source [113] ] People buythe car to maintaintheirdaytoday activityina comfortable way.Buton the other hand, it isalsonecessary toconsiderthe money that we lose in the process of importing the car, its spare parts,the fuel thatwe import,the emission,the effectof emissiononthe health,workandeconomy of the people. The more commonly affected people by the environmental issues caused by the emissionare the commonpeople, rather than people who travel in the vehicle and these common people depend on the government health services for treatment for the illness caused by the inhalationof polluted air, thus the government need to spend on such issues. So, it is necessary to make the people to reach their place of work comfortably, that is possible only by the planned construction of the entire village and that is possible by the MV with inter building bridges.
- 12. 1.11. F&F -India's first expressway - The Mumbai-Pune Expressway. [Transport in India The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first expressway. Source [114] ] WithCRS – CRTS, satellitebasedsurveyitispossible to identify, short, wide, safe paths for creating road and railway tracks. 1.12. F&F - Transport is an important part of the nation's economy. [Transport in India: Transport inthe Republicof Indiaisan important part of the nation's economy. Since the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapidpace,and today there isa wide varietyof modesof transportby land, water and air. However, the relatively low GDP of India has meant that access to these modes of transport has not been uniform. Motor vehicle penetration is low with only 13 million cars on the nation's roads. In addition, only around 10% of Indian households own a motorcycle. At the same time, the AutomobileindustryinIndia israpidlygrowingwithanannual productionof over2.6 millionvehicles and vehicle volume isexpectedtorise greatlyinthe future.Inthe interimhowever, public transport still remainsthe primarymode of transport for most of the population, and India's public transport systems are among the most heavily utilised in the world. India's rail network is the longest and fourth most heavily used system in the world transporting over 6 9billion passengers and over 350 million tons of freight annually. Source [114] ] WithVPA – MV – MN, usage of small cars will come down, large vehicle like bus and Lorries will be used in large scale for transportation of people and the materials.
- 13. 1.13. F&F –Effects of outdatedinfrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and a burgeoning populationon transportation. [Transport in India: Despite ongoingimprovementsinthe sector,several aspectsof the transportsectorare still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and a burgeoning population.The demand for transport infrastructure and services has been rising by around 10% a year, with the current infrastructure being unable to meet these demands. According to recent estimates by Goldman Sachs, India will need to spend $1.7 Trillion USD on infrastructure projects overthe nextdecade toboost economic growth of which $500 Billion USD is budgeted to be spent during the eleventh Five-year plan. Source [114] ] Investing only the huge money on infrastructure will make few people rich and shift of the governmentmoneytothe othernationsincludingthe bankslikeSwissbank.Itisnecessary to make drastic changes while creating the infrastructure like involving the people in the process of construction to cut short the expenses incurring the labour charges. Documenting the properties accurately with PIN and family tree and distributing the income based on the property documentation, with this we can avoid the money need to be spend on land acquisition and rehabilitation. With present system of calling tender and giving contract will not work out in completing the work of creating the RCS – CRS – CRTS – MV – MN, the people involved in it will, shift the money away from this nation in the name constructing these structures, if the same procedure of giving contract is followed. 1.14. F&F -Bullock cart as the mode of transport. [Transport in India:
- 14. A bullock cartbeing used to transport sugarcane in rural Maharashtra. Source [114] ] More number of bullock carks will come up for usage with VPA, as it is more nature friendly, and naturesrecyclingprocessisgoodwithbullockcark. VPA will be generating more husks with better growthof crops like paddy,wheat,ragi,andsoon,thus itwill be producing more husk and that can be usedto feedthe cowsand bullocks.There will be more generationof coconutandother oil seed cakes, after the extraction of the oil; this can also be used to feed the cows and bullocks. In MV, the cow keepingareabuildingwill be constructedatthe borderof the MV proper, so that the large number of cows and bullocks will not come in the way of traffic, in the middle of the village. 1.15. F&F - Cycle rickshaw. [Transport in India A cycle rickshaw on the streets of Delhi; Source [114] ] The cycle rickshaw will completely vanish, as the people will opt for more luxurious way of transport,and the presentpeople whopeddle cycle rickshaw will get better income by working at the VPA, so these people either move to their native villages to work with VPA or will won more luxurious cars to transport the people.
- 15. 1.16. F&F –Tram as the mode of transport. [Transport in India Tram in Kolkata. Source [114] ] Tram transportationmaycome up withVPA,itwill become one of the part in CRS – CRTS. They may work better to transport the people / people on official work to the neighbouring VPA / district head quarter. 1.17. F&F – Walking is an important mode of transport. [Transport in India; Walking. In ancient times, people often covered long distances on foot. For instance, Adi Sankaracharya travelledall overIndia.Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in urban areas. In the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced the construction of more than 50 skywalks, as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project. Source [114] ] The people will be more comfortable touse the walkingpathandinterbuildingbridgestoreachthe place theywantwithinthe MV,and thus the usage of vehicles within the will come near zero, and the walking becomes the main mode of transport for all within the MV. 1.18. F&F - Bullock carts and horse carriages. [TransportinIndia: Bullock carts and horse carriages: Bullock carts have been traditionally used for transport,especiallyinrural India.The advent of the British saw drastic improvements in the horse carriageswhichwere usedfortransportsince earlydays. Today, they are used in smaller towns and are referredas Tongaor buggies.Victoria’s of Mumbai are still used for tourist purposes, but horse carriagesare nowrarelyfoundinthe metro cities of India. In recent years some cities have banned the movement of bullock carts and other slow moving vehicles on the main roads. Source [114] ]
- 16. Bullockcarts can beusedas the mode of transportwithinthe VPA limits, outside the MV proper, to transport the agriculture product from the land to the processing station. From the processing station to other places like to the gowdons or to the factory or to the market, the agriculture productswill be transported in the Lorries. The horses can be used to roam inside the VPA limit by the people who monitor the entry of animals from the forest and destructing the crop, round the clock. But the movements of the animals will be avoided inside the MV proper and on the CRS – CRTS system. 1.19. F&F - Bicycles are the common mode of travel. [Transportin India: Bicycles: Bicycles are a common mode of travel in much of India. More people can now afford to own a cycle than ever before. In 2005, more than 40% of Indian households owned a bicycle, with ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 70% at the state level. Along withwalking,cyclingaccountsfor50 to 75 % of the commutertrips for those in the informal sector in urban areas. Even though India is the second largest producer of bicycles in the world, a significant prejudice againstbicycle ridingfortransportexistsinsome segments of the population, generally stemming from the status symbol aspect of the motor vehicle. In India, the word "bike" generally refers to motorcycle, and "cycle" refers to bicycle. Pune was the first city in India to have dedicated lanes for cycles. It was built for the 2008 CommonwealthYouthGames.However,recentdevelopmentsin Delhi suggest that bicycle riding is fast becoming popular in the metro cities of India. The Delhi government has decided to construct separate bicycle lanes on all major roads to combat pollution and ease traffic congestion. Source [114] ] Bicycleswill continue to run on the road, but the people may be using the bicycle for the purposes like exercise / recreation / to have a change / sports / so on. 1.20. F&F – Hand pulledrickshaw. [Transport in India: Hand-pulled rickshaw. Thistype of transportisstill available in Kolkata wherein a person pulls the rickshaw by hand. The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005 describing them as "inhuman". Though a bill aiming to address this issue, termed as 'Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill', was passed by the West Bengal Assembly in 2006, it has not been implemented yet. The Governmentof WestBengal isworkingonan amendmentof thisbill toavoidthe loopholesthatgot exposedwhenthe Hand-pulledRickshaw Owner'sAssociationfiledapetitionagainstthe bill. Source [114] ]
- 17. No ‘Bill’will worktillthe people involvedin this job get better income in some other profession to lead their day to day life. VPA will give solution for this type of issues. The Hand-pulledrickshaw will completely vanish, as the people will opt for more luxurious way of transport,and the presentpeople who pullthiscycle rickshaw will get better income by working at the VPA, so these people either move to their native villages to work with VPA or will won more luxurious cars to transport the people. 1.21. F&F - Cycle rickshaw. [Transport in India: Cycle rickshaw. Cycle rickshaws were introduced into India in the 1940s. They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sitonan elevatedseatatthe back and a personpedalsfromthe front.In the late 2000s, they were bannedinseveral citiesfor causing traffic congestion. Cycle rickshaws have been a feature of Delhi streetssince Indianindependence in1947, providingthe cheapestwayaroundthe capital. The Delhi Police recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the Delhi High court. In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting and inexpensive mode of transport. Source [114] ] Whatever may be the issue, it is also important expect, whether these cycle rickshaw people will continue theirprofessionevenafterthe establishment of VPA, needs to be seen. Because the VPA will provide apermanentjob,limitedhourof work,income isguaranteedandgood, gives the house of their own on cooperative basis, it is near the good school and hospital, lots of sports and recreationfacilitieswillbe available,sothe people whoare strugglingfortheirdaytoday life will get a better, comfortable and secure life, so these people continuing their profession is doubtful. 1.22. F&F - Public transport system. [Transport in India: Local transport. Mumbai bus services Publictransportisthe predominantmode of motorised local travel in cities. This is predominantly by road,since commuterrail servicesare available only in the four metropolitan cities of Mumbai,
- 18. Delhi, Chennai, andKolkata, while dedicated city bus services are known to operate in at least 17 citieswithapopulationof overone million. Intermediate public transport modes like tempos and cycle rickshawsassume importance inmediumsize cities.However,the share of buses is negligible inmost Indiancitiesascomparedtopersonalized vehicles, and two-wheelers and cars account for more than 80 percent of the vehicle population in most large cities. Trafficin Indiancitiesgenerally moves slowly, where traffic jams and accidents are very common. India has very poor records on road safely—around 90,000 people die from road accidents every year.A Reader'sDigeststudyof trafficcongestioninAsiancitiesranked several Indian cities within the Top Ten for worst traffic. Source [114] ] Publictransportwill remain as the main mode of transport with VPA – MV – MN. With CRS – CRTS, mostof the accidentswill be prevented.Eventhe public transport system will have a record based on the PIN,to notthe people travelled in the bus with the place from where they entered the bus and where they got down, which is very important for the nation’s internal security. 1.23. F&F – Buses as Public transport. [Transport in India: Public transport – Buses. Buses on the Delhi BRTS Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities, and serve as a cheap and convenient mode of transport for all classes of society. Services are mostly run by state government owned transport corporations. However, after the economic liberalisation, many state transport corporations have introduced various facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air- conditioned buses to attract private car owners to help decongest roads. Bengaluru was the first city in India to introduce 7Volvo B7RLE intra-city buses in India in January 2006. Newinitiativeslike BusRapid Transit (BRT) systems and air conditioned buses have been taken by the various state governments to improve the bus public transport systems in cities. Bus Rapid Transit systems already exist in Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad with new ones coming up in 1Visakhapatnam and Hyderabad. High Capacity buses can be found in cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Nagpur and Chennai. Bengaluru is the first Indian city to have an air-conditioned bus stop,locatednearCubbonPark.It was builtby Airtel. The city of Chennai houses Asia's largest bus terminus, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus. In 2009, the Government of Karnataka and the
- 19. Bangalore Metropolitan TransportCorporation flagged off a pro-poor bus service called the Atal Sarige.The service aimstoprovide low-costconnectivity to the economically backward sections of the society to the nearest major bus station. Source [114] ] With VPA – MV – MN, the economy improves and this in turn makes the people to spend more money on their transport and thus they may go for better travel services. 1.24. F&F - Auto Rickshaws. [Transport in India: Auto rickshaw. An autorickshaw in Calangute, Goa. An autorickshawisa three wheeler vehicleforhire thathas nodoors andis generallycharacterised by a small cabin for the driver in the front and a seat for passengers in the rear. Generally it is painted in yellow, green or black colour and has a black, yellow or green canopy on the top, but designs vary considerably from place to place. In Mumbai and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'ricks' as they are popularly known have regulatedmeteredfares.A recentlawprohibitsauto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the specifiedfare,orchargingnight-fare before midnight,andalsoprohibitsthe driverfrom refusing to go to a particularlocation. Mumbai isalsothe onlycitywhichprohibitsthese vehiclesfromentering a certain part of the city, in this case being South Mumbai. In Chennai, it is common to see auto rickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and refuse to use fare meter. Airports and railway stations at many cities such as Bengaluru, and Hubballi-Dharwad provide a facility of prepaid auto booths, where the passenger pays a fixed fare as set by the authorities for various locations. Source [114] ] The auto service may be replaced by the taxi service, with improvement in the economy.
- 20. 1.25. F&F -Taxis in India. [Transport in India: Taxis in India. Radio Taxi in Bengaluru Most of the traditional taxicabsinIndiaare either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassador cars. In recent years, cars such as Chevrolet Tavera, Maruti Esteem, Maruti Omni, Mahindra Logan, Tata Indica,ToyotaInnovaand Tata Indigohave become fairly popular among taxi operators. The livery of the taxisinIndiavariesfromstate-to-state.InDelhi andMaharashtra,mosttaxicabshave yellow- blackliverywhile inWestBengal,taxishave yellow livery.Privatetaxi operatorsare not required to have a specificlivery. However, they are required by law to be registered as commercial vehicles. Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as Bengaluru, Hyderabad,taxis need to be hired over phone, whereas in cities like Kolkata and Mumbai, taxis can be hailed on the street. According to government of India regulations, all taxis are requiredtohave a fare-meterinstalled.There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience. In citiesandlocalitieswhere taxis are expensive or do not ply as per the government or municipal regulatedfares,people use share taxis.These are normal taxiswhich carry one or more passengers travellingtodestinationseitherenroute tothe final destination, or near the final destination. The passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations. A similar system exists for auto rickshaws, known as share autos. The city of Mumbai will soonbe the firstcityin India,to have an "in-taxi"magazine,titled MumBaee, whichwill be issued totaxiswhichare part of the Mumbai Taxi men’s Union. The magazine is set to debut on the 13 July 2009. Source [114] ] With better economy good and luxurious taxis will remain on road. With VPA – MV – MN, the number of taxis will not go up, but the cost in travelling in the taxi may go up.
- 21. 1.26. F&F –Rail ways. [Transport in India: Rail. The Delhi Metro,operational since 2002, has inspiredthe constructionof more metrosin India. It is one of the few metros in the world to run at a profit. The present suburban railway services in India are extremely limited and are operational only in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi. The Mumbai Suburban Railway which began services in Mumbai in 1867, transports 6.3 million passengers daily and has the highest passenger density in the world. The firstrapid transitsystem in India, the Kolkata Suburban Railway, was established in Kolkata in 1854. Itsfirstservice ran betweenHowrahandHooghly covering a distance of 38.6 km (24 mi). The Delhi Metro followed in 2002 and has carried over a billion commuters in seven years since its inauguration. Apart from these, Kolkata has a circular rail line and Chennai has an elevated rail transit called MRTS. Kolkata was the first city in India to possess a subterranean rapid transport system, the Kolkata Metro, whose operations commenced in 1984. Rapid transit systems are also under construction in Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Ahmadabad and Mumbai. Rapid transit systems have been proposed in Thane, Pune, Kanpur, Lucknow, Amritsar and Kochi. Mumbai will soonbe one of the two cities in India to have a monorail network, which is presently under construction. There are also monorail systems being planned in Kolkata and in Delhi. The KonkanRailwayCorporation hadpatentedasuspendedmonorailsystemcalledthe SkybusMetro in Margao, but thisisyet to be implementedanywhere onacommercial scale followingan accident in 2004. A two-track elevated corridor has been proposed above the existing Western Railway line between the stations of Churchgate and Virar in Mumbai for air-conditioned EMUs. Source [114] ] The CRS – CRTS systemwill make the routine railwaytoworkinlessdistance covering more places. Since lesspeople willbe movingfromplace toplace with infrastructure, place of living, family jobs place of living modifications, the need for construction of sky bus, monorail will decrease.
- 22. 1.27. F&F –Two wheelers. [Transport in India: Two-wheelers. About 3.1% of Indian households own a motorcycle; annual sales of motorcycles are expected to reach 10 million by 2010. Motorisedtwo-wheelerslike scooters,small capacity motorcycles andmopeds are verypopularasa mode of transport due to their fuel efficiency and ease of use in congested traffic. The number of two-wheelers sold is several times that of cars. There were 4.75 crore (47.5 million) powered two wheelers in India in 2003 compared with just 86 lakh (8.6 million) cars. Hero Honda, Honda, TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto are the largest two-wheeler companies in terms of market-share. Royal Enfield, an iconic brand name in the country, manufactures different variants of the Bullet motorcycle which is regarded as a classic motorcycle that is still in production. Motorcyclesand scooterscan be rentedinmany cities. Wearing protective headgear is mandatory for both the rider and the pillion-rider in most cities. Source [114] ] The usage of motor cycle will reachnearzeroinMV, as the people will not get any chance to use it. The motor cycles may persist in the present urban area, and they may be used for the purposes, that are used as of today.
- 23. 1.28. F&F –Railway as the long distance transport. [Transport in India: Long distance transport – Railway - Rail transport in India and Indian Railways. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a World Heritage Site, and one of the few steam engines in operation in India. Budgam railway station on the Kashmir Railway, the second highest in the world. Trucks on the Konkan Railway Rolling Highway Rail servicesinIndia,firstintroducedin1853, are provided by the state-run Indian Railways, under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. Indian Railways provides an important mode of transportin India,transportingover18 millionpassengersandmore than2 milliontonnesof freight
- 24. daily across oneof the largest and busiest rail networks in the world. By 1947, the year of India's independence, there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. Indian Railways is divided into sixteen zones, which are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional headquarters.The rail network traverses through the length and breadth of the country, covering 6,909 stations over a total route length of around 63,465 km (39,435 mi). It is the world's largest commercial orutilityemployer,withmore than 1.4 million employees. As to rolling stock, IR owns over200,000 (freight) wagons,50,000 coaches and8,000 locomotives.Italso owns locomotive and coach production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi- gauge networkof broad,metre and narrow gauges,and is inthe processof convertingall the metre gauge (14,406 km (8,951 mi)) into broad gauge in a project called Project Unigauge. Kashmir Railway is the second highest in the world and the first phase was completed in 2009. Proposalshave beenmade tointroduce high-speedrail inIndia.A proposal has been made to build a Maglev track withinthe cityof Mumbai,connectingitto the National Capital of New Delhi,aswell as otherparts of Maharashtra inthe form of the Mumbai Maglev.Anotherproposal hasbeen made to introduce a High-speed rail in India similar to that of the Shinkansen of Japan. In 1999, the KonkanRailwayCorporation introduced the Roll On Roll Off (RORO) service, a unique road-rail synergy system, on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa, which was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004. The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowedtrucks to be transported on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular, carrying about 1,10,000 trucks and bringing in about Rs.74 crore worth of earnings to the corporation till 2007. Source [114] ] With CRS – CRTS system the total length of the railway track can be brought down. The number of railwaystationsdecreaseswithVPA – MV – MN. With better economy people may prefer to travel in better trains with good facilities.
- 25. 1.29. F&F -Indian Road Network. [Transport in India: Road: Indian Road Network. The Network of National Highways in India Indiahas a networkof National Highways connectingall the majorcitiesand state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2005, India has a total of 66,590 km (41,377 mi) of National Highways, of which 200 km (124 mi) are classified as expressways. Under National Highways Development Project (NHDP), work is under progress to equip some of the important national highwayswithfour lanes; also there is a plan to convert some stretches of these roads to six lanes. However congestion and bureaucratic delays enroute ensure that trucking goods from Gurgaon to the port in Mumbai can take up to 10 days. As perthe National Highways Authority of India, about 65% of freight and 80% passenger traffic is carriedby the roads.The National Highwayscarryabout40% of total roadtraffic,thoughonlyabout 2% of the road network is covered by these roads. Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around 10.16% per annum over recent years. Highways have facilitated development along the route and many towns have sprung up along major highways. All national highwaysare metalled,butveryfew are constructedof concrete,the mostnotable being the Mumbai-Pune Expressway.Inrecentyearsconstructionhascommencedonanationwidesystem of multi-lane highways,includingthe GoldenQuadrilateral andNorth-SouthandEast-WestCorridors which link the largest cities in India. In 2000, around 40% of villages in India lacked access to all- weather roads and remained isolated during the monsoon season. To improve rural connectivity, PradhanMantri Gram SadakYojana (Prime Minister's Rural Road Program), a project funded by the Central Government withthe helpof WorldBank,waslaunchedin2000 to buildall-weatherroadsto connectall habitationswith a population of 500 or above (250 or above for hilly areas). Source [114] ] CRS – CRTS will bringdown the distance of the road existing, and make the road broad. With VPA – MV, the people willbe stayingtogetherandeach VPA will be accommodating fifty thousand to one
- 26. lakh population. Itis necessary decease the length of the road, and quality roads will not be possibility and it will not workout economically if we are planning to connect the smaller villages withroad,and it will consume lotof landinthe name of road. CRS systemwill have twelvelanesand CRTS will have two lanes as routine. 1.30. F&F - Road lengthin India. [Transport in India As per 1999 estimates, the total road length in India is 3,319,644 km (2,062,731 mi); out of which paved roads cover 1,517,077 km (942,668 mi) and unpaved roads cover 1,802,567 km (1,120,063 mi). The Indian road network of 3,300,000 km (2,050,000 mi) is second largest in the world and consists of: Roads: Type of Road Length Expressways 200 km (120 mi) National Highways 66,590 km (41,380 mi) State Highways 131,899 km (81,958 mi) Major District Roads 467,763 km (290,654 mi) Rural and Other Roads 2,650,000 km (1,650,000 mi) Total Length 3,300,000 km (2,050,000 mi) (Approx) A section of the Golden Quadrilateral between Bangalore and Chennai; Source [114] ] WithCRS systemthe lengthof the major district roads and the rural roads will decrease, may be by 30 to 40%.
- 27. 1.31. F&F -The Karnataka State RoadTransport Corporation - country's largest state transport. [Transport in India The Karnataka State Road TransportCorporation operatesthe country'slargeststate transportfleet of 7low-floor, air-conditioned buses, built by Volvo. Busesare an importantmeansof publictransportinIndia,particularlyinthe countryside andremote areas where the rail networkcannotbe accessedandairline operationsare few ornon-existent.Due to this social significance, public bus transport is predominantly owned and operated by public agencies, and most state governments operate bus services through a State Road Transport Corporation.These corporations,introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, have proven extremely useful in connecting villages and towns across the country. Source [114] ] With better economy most of the transport will be taken over by the low-floor, air-conditioned buses on road. CRS system will make the journey short, safe and convenient. 1.32. F&F -Shipping Corporationof India. [Transport in India: Water and sea transport. Shipping Corporation of India. Maritime transportation in India is managed by the Shipping Corporation of India, a government- owned company that also manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure in the country. It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of shippingbusinessservicingbothnational andinternationaltrades.Ithasa fleetof 79 shipsof 27 lakh GT (48 lakhDWT) and alsomanages53 research,surveyandsupport vessels of 1.2 Lakh GT (0.6 Lakh DWT) on behalf of variousgovernmentdepartmentsandotherorganisations. Personnel are trained at the Maritime TrainingInstituteinMumbai,abranch of the WorldMaritime University, which was setup in 1987. The Corporationalso operates in Malta and Iran through joint ventures. Source [114] ]
- 28. Withbettereconomyitispossible to havebetter marine transport infrastructure and more people can make use of it. 1.33. F&F - Inland Waterways Authority of India. [Transport in India: Waterways - Inland Waterways Authority of India. Boats sailingonNational Waterway2at Guwahati,Assam. Indiahasan extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canalscan be usedbymechanisedcrafts.Freighttransport by waterways is highly underutilised inIndiacomparedto otherlarge countries.The total cargo movedbyinlandwaterwaysisjust0.15% of the total inland traffic in India, compared to the corresponding figures of 20% for Germany and 32% forBangladesh.Cargotransportinan organisedmannerisconfinedtoa few waterwaysin Goa, West Bengal, Assam and Kerala. The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration and regulation. The following waterways have been declared as National Waterways: National Waterway 1 - Allahabad - Haldia stretch of the Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system with a total length of 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) in October 1986. National Waterway 2 - Saidiya - Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra river system with a total length of 891 kilometres (554 mi) in 1988. National Waterway 3 - Kollam - Kottapuram stretch of the West Coast Canal along with Champakara and Udyogmandal canals, with a total length of 205 kilometres (127 mi) in 1993. National Waterway4 - Bhadrachalam - Rajahmundry and Wazirabad - Vijaywada stretch of the Krishna - Godavari river system along with the Kakinada - Puducherry canal network, with a total length of 1,095 km (680 mi) in 2007. National Waterway 5 - Mangalgadi - Paradeep and Talcher - Dhamara stretch of the Mahanadi - Brahmani river system along with the East Coast Canal, with a total length of 623 km (387 mi) in 2007. Source [114] ]
- 29. RCS will addextensive network of inland waterways in India, and it becomes one of the cheapest mode of transport forthe passengersandforthe transportation of materials. RCS may add another fifty to sixty thousand kilometres of water ways to the existing 14500 kilometres of navigable pathways. With RCS, the people may use the motorised boats extensively for the transport, and it will connect most of the parts of the nation from Rajasthan in north to Gujarath in west to Tamilnaduinsouthto Westbengal ineast.WithRCS mostof the cargo’s can be transported through this water pathway thus decreasing the burden on the road and railways. The FCS will use very minimal fuel in transport as the boats need not travel against the water current both in to and fro movements. RCSteamand the IWAI can workjointlyinmanagingthe transportationoverthe water pathwaysinside the nation, work for building up of necessary infrastructures in these water ways, formulate the strategies for administration and regulation. 1.34. F&F – AviationinIndia. [Transport in India: Aviation. Airports and seaports of India
- 30. The market shareof different airlines in India Main article: List of airlines of India But rapid economic growth in India has made air travel more affordable. Air India, India's flag carrier,presentlyoperatesafleetof 147 aircraftand playsa major role inconnecting India with the restof the world.Several otherforeign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across the globe. Kingfisher Airlines, Air India and Jet Airways are the most popular brands in domestic air travel in orderof theirmarketshare.These airlinesconnectmore than80 citiesacrossIndiaandalsooperate overseasroutesafterthe liberalisationof Indian aviation. However, a large section of country's air transportsystemremains untapped,eventhoughthe Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked 6th by the Official Airline Guide in 2007 among the world's busiest routes. India's vast unutilised air transport network has attracted several investments in the Indian air industryinthe past fewyears.More than half a dozen low-costcarriers enteredthe Indianmarketin 2004-05. Major new entrants include Air Deccan, Kingfisher Airlines, SpiceJet, GoAir, Paramount Airways and IndiGo Airlines. Source [114] ] Withbettereconomythe airtransport maybecome one of the importantmodesof transpiration for the people to move from one place to other. 1.35. F&F - Pipelines for crude oil. [Transport in India: Pipelines. Length of pipelines for crude oil is 20,000 km (12,427 mi). Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 268 km (167 mi). Length of Natural gas pipelines is 1,700 km (1,056 mi). The above information was calculated in 2008. Source [114] ]
- 31. The pipelines forthe petroleum products, natural gas can be created as per our requirement. The total requirement of the petroleum products will come down with establishment of VPA – MV – MN. 1.36. F&F - Total numbers of registeredvehicles inIndia. [Registered vehicles: Total numbers of registered vehicles in India. 1951- 2004 (In thousands) Year (ason 31st march) [All vehicles][Twowheelers][Cars,jeeps and taxis][Buses][Goods vehicle][Others] 1 [2][3][4][5][6][7] 1951 [306][27][159][34][82][4] 1956 [426][41][203][47][119][16] 1961 [665][88][310][57][168][42] 1966 [1099][226][456][73][259][85] 1971 [1865][576][682][94][343][170] 1976 [2700][1057][779][115][351][398] 1981 [5391][2618][1160][162][554][897] 1986 [10577][6245][1780][227][863][1462] 1991 [21374][14200][2954][331][1356][2533] 1996 [33786][23252][4204][449][2031][3850] 1997 [37332][25729][4672][484][2343][4104] 1998 [41368][28642][5138][538][2536][4514] 1999 [44875][31328][5556][540][2554][4897] 2000 [48857][34118][6143][562][2715][5319] 2001 [54991][38556][7058][634][2948][5795] 2002 [58924][41581][7613][635][2974][6121] 2003 [67007][47519][8599][721][3492][6676] 2004 [72718][51922][9451][768][3749][6828] Others include tractors, trailers’, three wheelers ( passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous Source [115] ] If we lookat thistable the total numbersof registeredvehiclesare increasingyearbyyear.WithVPA – MV – MN, it is possible to decrease the usage of vehicles like two wheelers, Cars, jeeps, three wheelers and taxis. The usage of buses, Goods vehicle, tractors, and trailers may go up marginally. The companieswhichproduce lessemission,more fuelefficient,efficientinperformance will remain in the market.
- 32. 1.37. F&F –Roadtraffic injuries. [Regional Health Forum: Road Safety - Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi: Result of a Survey. Among30 554 population,therewere 680trafficinjurieswith(IR) 22.3 per1 000 population.Of the total injuries, 69% occurred in the age group of 15 to 35 and males were four times more affected than females.The businessgrouphada higherincidence (IR44.0) followed by the service group (IR 40.1) and the labourgroup(IR 28.9). The annual incidence was highest among people with sixth to eighth class education level (5.3), followed by graduates (3.6). Limbs(62.2%) were the mostaffectedpartfollowedbyheadinjury(11.2%).Superficial injurieswere mostcommon (47.4%),followedbyfractures(20.7%),crushinjuries(14.1%) and concealed injuries (12.4%).19.3% injuriesoccurredduringrecreational activity.Majorityof the injuredvictims (92.4%) were administered treatment within six hours while 70.0% availed treatment within one hour of injury.Majorityof injuredvictimstooktreatment from a nearby private clinic (44.4%), followed by treatmentfromgovernmenthospitals(26.8%) andprivate hospitals (16.0%). Outpatient treatment was required by 47.1%; 5.9% were hospitalized; 9% of patients were critically ill due to injuries, 1.8% had to be operatedupon, and 1.3% had to be admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU). Most of the victims resumed work within 2-4 days of injury (19.3%), followed by 5-7 days absence from work(14.7%), while 13.4%couldnot resume normal workfor1-2 months.Injurywasmore common among two-wheelers used by the victims (46.3%), and among pedestrians (24.85%). Source [116] ] Road trafficaccidentsare havingmanyimpactson the individual, family and the nation. Individual may have lossinincome,more expense,sufferings,morbidity, and mortality. Family may have loss as the victimisthe income generatingperson,lossdue tohospital expense,lessincome generation, more expense for routine maintenance, expenses towards the care taker, loss of income for the care taker as she / he may not be able to involve in income generating work. For the nation, RTA will drainthe economythroughhealthsector,police,court,infrastructureloss,lossof tax supposed to be generated by the victim. If we lookinto the above informationit is the productive age, that is between the ages of 15 to 35 years are the more people becomes the victims of the RTA. At present male are more involved in productive activity at present and they are becoming the common victims for RTA. Any part of the body may be involved in the act of accident and thus there is a possibility of morbidity and mortality. People seek treatment from the hospital, either private or government, thus it is the drain on economy through the health sector. It is worthy to note that walking is also becoming one of the risk factor for getting the accident is the worst indicator for the poor infrastructure development. 1.38. F&F - Fast pace of modernization - the requirement of a vehicle for transportation. [Regional Health Forum. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia. Road Safety.
- 33. Introduction Due to thefast pace of modernization, basic needs including the requirement of a vehicle for transportation are expanding rapidly and resulting in an epidemic situation of injury everywhere including developing countries. The risk factors are increasing in some developing countries; for example, motor vehicle ownership may double within five years causing streets and highways to become chokedbyinadequatelymaintained vehicles. According to the World Health Report 2002, of the global burdenof injury,30.3%morbidityand28.7% mortalityoccurredin the South-East Asia Region. According to a report of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, one accident occurs every two minutes and one suicide every five minutes in India, with the accident rate correspondingto45 per100 000 population.Delhiranksfifthamongotherstates/Union Territories of India in respect of accidents. In 1999, India had 40 939 000 vehicles and 306 400 road traffic accidents, which correspond to a rate of 7.5 accidents/ 1 000 vehicles. Of the total 340 454 accidental injuries and 244 412 accidental deaths, 95.3% injuries (324 520) and 33.2% deaths (81 036) were due to road traffic, which correspond to rates of 7.9 and 2.0 per 1 000 vehicles respectively. The sex ratio of road traffic injury in India was 4.5 males: 1 female. The Registrar General of India’s report on the survey of causes of death (rural), 1993 shows that 8.7% mortality was due to accidental injuries.Accordingtothe National Road Transport Council and Trauma Cases Association,atleast25 000 livesare losteveryyeardue toroad accidentsinIndia.Indiahasonly 1% of vehiclesinthe worldbut accounts for nearly 6% of the total cases of unintentional injuries. The unintentional injury rate in India is 34.6/10 000 vehicles, while the accident rates in USA and Swedenare only14 and 4.8 respectively. The costof injuryestimatedforbothdeveloped(USA) and developing(India) countriesisequallyhighascomparedtothe countries’percapita income i.e. the ratios of cost per fatality: per capita income are 20:1 and 17:1 respectively. Source [116] ] Even with the fast pace of modernization with VPA – MV - MN, the need for a vehicle for transportationisgoingtodecrease.All the vehicleswill be well maintainedwell by the VPA garage. CRS CRTS will make the travelling an enjoyable event. It is possible to decrease the morbidity and mortalityrelatedtoRTA withCRS – CRTS. The numberof vehicleswill alsobe decreasedasthe need for the usage of the vehicle will not arise for the general public to reach their place of work or for the children to reach the school. Most of the times the people will be walking over inter building bridges, so the chances of walking people coming in contact with vehicles will decrease. Traffic signal circles need not maintain the signals for the walking people as of today in the MV. With betterincome the people will be able togetbettertreatmentforthe injuries.Accidentswillbe well managed by the VPH and the VPA, at which the accident has happened. 1.39. F&F - Environmental Factors and accidents. [Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety. Environmental Factors. Months of the year: The maximumnumberof injuriesoccurredin July, August and September (387 cases), which is the hot-wet season in this part of India.
- 34. Time of occurrenceof injury: As observed from the study data, most injuries occurred between Indian Standard Time (IST) 15-18 hours (146), followed by: between IST 12-15 hours (123), and between IST 18-21 hours (117). Local environmental condition of the place of injury: Out of 680 injured victims; it was observed that 30.3% injuriesoccurred in congested areas, 7.2% occurred due to faulty designing, 26.8% due to poor visibility and 27.6% due to un favorable weather conditions. Local environmental condition of the place of road traffic injury, Delhi, 2002 Condition of environment [Congested area][Faulty design] [Visibility] [Un favour-able weather] Yes [206 (30.3%)] [49 (7.2%)] [182 (26.8%)] [188 (27.6%)] No [444 (65.3%)] [590 (86.8%)] [457 (67.2%)] [443 (65.1%)] Unknown [30 (4.4%)] [41 (6.0%)] [41 (6.0%)] [49 (7.2%)] Total [680 (100%)] [680 (100%)] [680 (100%)] [680 (100%)] Source [116] ] Some of the preventable causesforaccidentslikecongestion,faultydesign,andpoorvisibilitydue to trees or obstacles can be corrected with CRS – CRTS system. 1.40. F&F - Type of vehicle (including pedestrians) andaccident. [Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety. Distribution of the 680 road traffic injury cases according to the type of vehicle (including pedestrians) involved during the accident, Delhi, 2002 Type of vehicle (includingpedestrians) [Victim vehicle][%] [Hitting vehicle][%] Bicycle [96][14.1] [35][5.2] Two wheeler [315][46.3] [167][24.6]
- 35. Three wheeler [35][5.2][94][13.8] Car [25][3.7] [102][15.0] Bus [12][1.8] [45][6.6] Truck/ tempo [5][0.7] [49][7.2] Rail [0][0.0] [6][0.9] Pedestrians [169][24.9] [0][0.0] Other [23][3.4] [182][26.8] Source [116] ] Majorityof the accidentsoccurswiththe twowheelers either as the victim vehicle or as the hitting vehicle.Usage of motorcycles(two-wheeler) will come tonearzerowith the establishmentof VPA – MV – MN, in the VPA limits. 1.41. F&F - Agents/FactorsCausing Traffic Injury. [Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety. Agents/Factors Causing Traffic Injury. Type of vehicle involved: The injury data regarding the type of vehicle involved in traffic accidents show that injury was more common among occupants of two-wheelers (46.3%) and pedestrians (24.9%).More often,the hittingvehicles were two-wheelers (24.56%), followed by cars (15%) and three-wheelers (13.82%) (See Table 3). Cause of event: High speed (31.03%) and congested roads with high vehicular density (20.44%) were the leading factors for occurrence of traffic injury. The other major factor was badly- maintained slippery roads (16.47%). Distribution of road traffic injured victims according to the cause of event, Delhi, 2002 Cause of event No. of cases % Mechanical fault of vehicle 43 6.32 High speed 211 31.03 Congested road 139 20.44 Poor light 19 2.79 Slippery/ill-maintained 112 16.47
- 36. road Obstacle 31 4.56 Faultof pedestrian 24 3.53 Other 101 14.85 Total 680 100 Source [116] ] CRS will have adequate laneswithdesignatedspeed;thislimitsthe possibilityof accident. The roads can be well maintainedbythe VPA,whichcomesunderthatVPA limit.Pedestrianwill notbe walking on the road in MV and the CRS system. Congestion and high vehicular density can be avoided with CRS. 1.42. F&F - Post-Injury Care and Disability Factors. [Regional Health Forum: Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia. Road Safety. Post-Injury Care and Disability Factors. Transportation used for reaching Medical Centre: As shown in Table 5, autos/taxis (35.7%) were observed to be the most commonly used mode of transport to reach the health set-up for treatment in majority of cases, followed by bicycles (9.4%); ambulances (4.9%); public transport (4.1%), and two-wheelers (2.1%). Ambulance was not a frequently used transport. Police Control Room (PCR) vans were more commonly used vehicles. The use of these vehicles was largely dependent on their easy availability nearby at the time of injury. Time lapse between injury and treatment: In the study conducted, the majority of injured victims (92.4%) availedtreatmentwithinsixhours,while 70.0% availedtreatmentwithinone hourof injury. Transportation facility and availability of health facilities did not appear to be a problem in this study area. Post-injury care of 680 road traffic injuries, Delhi, 2002 Vehicle used for transportation [Time interval] [Nature of treatment] [Agency of treatment] Nothing 171 (25.1%) [1 hour 475 (70.0%)] [First-aid only 176 (25.9%)] [Govt. dispensary 21 (3.1%)] Bicycle 64 [1-6 hours 152 (22.4%)]
- 37. (9.4%) [Out patient320 (47.1%)] [Govt. hospital 182 (26.8%)] 2-wheeler 14 (2.1%) [6-12 hours 24 (3.5%)] [Emergency care 123 (18.1%)] [Private clinic 302 (44.4%)] Auto./taxi 243 (35.7%) [12-24 hours 10 (1.5%)] [Hospitalized 40 (5.9%)] [Private hospital 109 (16.0%)] Bus/Public 28 (4.1%) [>24 hours 19 (2.8%)] [Intensive care 9 (1.3%)] [Self 66 (9.7%)] Ambulance 33 (4.9%) [−] [Major operation 12 (1.8%)] [−] Healthfacilityprovidingtreatment: The majorityof the injured victims had taken treatment from a nearby private clinic (44.4%), followed by government hospitals (26.8%) and private hospitals (16.0%). Government dispensaries were utilized only in 3.1% cases, which were open only during specific hours of the day. Nature of treatmentreceived: It was observed from the study that in majority of cases, the victims took outdoor (OPD) level treatment (47.1%) and first-aid treatment only (25.9%). Out of a total of 680 cases of road traffic injuries, 9.0% victims were in critical condition; 5.9% were hospitalized, 1.8% was operated upon, and 1.3% was admitted to ICU. Source [116] ] VPA – VPH will take care of the accidentsif itiswithin its VPA limit. Dedicated ambulance will work round the clock to maintain such an event. 1.43. F&F - Number of days of hospitalization. [Regional Health Forum. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety. Number of days of hospitalization: 56.5% of the victims were discharged within 1 to 4 days. Post-injury disability of 680 road traffic injuries, Delhi, 2002.
- 38. No. of days Work affectedHospitalized <1 16 (2.3%) 27 (4.0%) 2-4 145 (21.3%) 36 (5.3%) 5-7 105 (15.4%) 24 (3.5%) 8-10 39 (5.7%) 12 (1.8%) 11-14 5 (0.7%) 1 (0.1%) 15-21 58 (8.5%) 9 (1.3%) 22-28 12 (1.8%) 3 (0.4%) 29-60 82 (12.1%) 4 (0.5%) 61-90 14 (2.1%) 3 (0.4%) >90 12 (1.8%) 1 (0.1%) Other 192 (28.2%) 560 (82.4%) Total 680 (100%) 680 (100%) Work lossdue to injury: Mostvictimsresumedworkwithin2-4daysof injury(19.3%),followed by 5- 7 daysof workloss(14.7%),while 13.4% couldnotresume normal work for 1-2 months. Source [116] ] WithCRS – CRTS systemitispossible preventmostof the accidents,and thus the work affected and the hospitalisation can be decreased. Thus, the people of productive age group can resume their productive work early and can involve in the process of increasing the personnel and the national economy. 1.44. F&F - Preventionand care of injury. [Regional Health Forum. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Road Safety. Discussion Preventionandcare of injuryisa multidisciplinaryareaandrequires inter-sect oral coordination for planning.Presently,mostdevelopingcountriesdo not have any surveillance system or planning for injury prevention. Lack of efficient surveillance system results in biased reporting of injury by different agencies, for example, traffic injuries constitute 95.7% of all injuries according to police department, however, only 31% were found to be due to traffic injuries in the present study. This may be because mosttrafficinjuriesare medico-legal and are reported to the government through the police department. Other types of injuries not having medico-legal implications might get treatedeitheratgovernmentorprivate healthset-upsandtherefore, remains under-reported. The
- 39. currentstudyshows that 45.4%of injured victims had taken treatment at a private clinic. In fact, as perreportsof Halseyprivate practitionerstreatedone thirdof all injuries, this accounted for under- reportingof injuries.Hospital recordsare basedonthe International Classificationof Diseases (ICD)- 10 coding.Underthissystem,itis difficulttocategorize injuriesasper the dual system of coding i.e. whetheritshouldbe includedinanatomical type of injury(openwound, fracture,dislocationetc.) or inthe cause of injury (traffic, fall, burn etc.) category. Of the injuries reported at two major and six colonyhospitalsof MCD,only24% were traffic injuries. It was difficult to trace other traffic injuries recorded among other anatomical groups i.e. fractures, wounds etc. This may be the reason for under-reporting of traffic injuries by the health sector. So the need was felt to modify the ICD-10 reportingsystem.Of the twoparametersi.e.type of injuryandcause of injury, one may be used for ascertainingthe magnitude andthe otherforresearchandplanningpurposes.Inorder to assess the severity of the injury, the report must have a separate category of injury like outdoor/ indoor, primary/ secondary/ tertiary-level in-juries or type of treatment (ward/ operation/ intensive care). The annual incidence rates for major injuries: 73.1 (31% traffic) and for all injuries: 116.7 (25% traffic) per1 000 populationrespectively,asfoundinthisstudy,are consistentwith findingsof other community-basedstudies,such as 93 (29% traffic) by Pramod; 115 (5.7% traffic) by Gordon, and 311 by Rahman. This difference in incidence may well be due to the use of author’s own definition of injury based on criteria of inclusion and exclusion of different types of severity. It was found that injurieswere more commonamongthose inthe youngandproductive age group;other studies also showed the same pattern. As more traffic injuries were reported during the evening time, legal measurescouldbe strengthenedduringthose hours.Eventhough roadside fatality is the highest in Indiaas comparedto othercountries,there isnoplanning for road safety. As mentioned in various ad hoc studies and some of the WHO technical reports along with present study data, there is an urgent need of planning for injury prevention in developing countries. Source [116] ] Prevention and care of injury can be well done with CRS – CRTS – VPA – VPH – MV – MN and with this,there will be bettercoordination amongthe people andthe hospital,accessibility to the health care systemwill be better,lessconfusioninselecting the better health care facility, less chances of goingfromhospital tohospital andthuswastingthe precioustime before initiatingthe treatment. It ispossible tohave a better surveillance system or planning for injury prevention with CRS – CRTS – VPA – VPH – MV – MN, thus we can getthe accurate resultsformanagementplanning. All the cases of injuries,the treatmentreceived,andthe service providerwill be well documented under the PIN basedrecordingsystemandthusitis possible to get the most recent data on injuries at any time of the day. This will also help the administrators to formulate the strategies. 1.45. F&F - Taxes and bribes are common betweenstate borders. [IndianRoadNetwork isdeveloping.Truckinggoodsfrom Gorgon to the port in Mumbai can take up to 10 days. Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually $5 billion in bribes. India has the world's second largest road network. Although India has only 1% of the world's vehicles, India has 8 per cent of the world's vehicle fatalities.
- 40. Container traffic isgrowing at 15% a year. Some 60% of India’s container traffic is handled by the Jawaharlal NehruPortTrust in Mumbai.It has just9 berthscomparedto40 in Singapore'smainport. It takesan average of 21 days to clear import cargo in India compared to just 3 in Singapore. Source [117] ] CRS – CRTS system will make the road and the railway transport system in India, the best in the world. It is also becomes the necessity to such CRS – CRTS, as we start exporting more products generatedfromthe industriesdeveloped with the agriculture products in the VPF and the its allied industries.Withbettereconomywe cancreate betterports and thus we can improve our efficiency in handling container traffic. 1.46. F&F - Global warming in India. [Global warming in India: Indian cities are polluted by vehicles and industry emissions. Road dust due to vehicles also contributing up to 33% of air pollution; In cities like Bangalore, around 50% of children suffer from asthma.Indiahas emission standard of Bharat Stage II (Euro II) for vehicles since 2005. Source [118] ] Airpollutioncan be well controlled with the creation of VPA – CRS – CRTS – MV – MN, thus most of the diseases related to air pollution can be prevented. 1.47. F&F - Respirable suspendedparticulatematter RSPM. Source [119] ]
- 41. Respirable suspended particulatematter RSPM: This is increasing day by day in our atmosphere, which is going to cause a great damage to all the living animals especially for the humans. Measure like decrease inthe utilisationof the vehicles,decreasedtransit time in the traffic signals, decrease inthe rate of emission from the factories with better technology and adoption of better pollution control methods, increase in the forest area will lead to better atmosphere with less pollutants. Creationof RCS andVPA will leadtoincrease inthe forestareaas there isbetterinvolvementof the people (VPWT) in the programmes of increasing the forest area. The RSPM inthe atmosphere will decrease as the emission from the automobiles and the industry decreases.The automobile emissiondecreasesbecause noone neednotuse anyvehicle inside their VPvillage properbecause all will be inawalkable distance,the interbuilding bridges facilitates the people to reach their place of work in a short distance. All the standard methods are used to decrease the emission from the factory. Thus we can have a better atmosphere for us and for our future generation. 1.48. F&F - Delay ininitiationof treatment due tobad roads can kill the people. Source [120] ]
- 42. Delayininitiationof treatmentcankill thepeople.There are manyreasonsforitbad road is alsoone of the cause. 1.49. F&F – Money on roads. Source [121] ] We can see that the government is spending so much money on roads and it is possible to create only few thousand kilometres of national highways in the period of one government. The money involved in constructing the same is also more. And it may be dangerous to enumerate all the reasonsfor the cost being more and it is not my intension. My intension is to create the CRS-CRTS system with very minimal cost involved in it and the quality and the width road is better than whatever we have today by following certain principles and procedures. The principle and procedures are: (1) The satellite based survey is done after identification of the place of the model village. (2) The future highway goes near the MV but not inside. (3) There isno necessitytoacquire the landandgive compensationitisbecause the highwaycango on anyland andno one is goingto have lossor gainbecause the income generated will remain the same because the income isdividedonthe basisof the property documentation done as on today. (4) Onlythe technical assistance,supervisionof the workbythe skilledandqualifiedpersonandthe supply of materials directly from the factory to the VPA, (the maintenance of the stock and its release on daily basis is done by the army) will be done by the government. (5) Aerial surveyandthe landsurveytomark the land marks are done by the trained staff from the government. (6) When once the land marking is done the process of formatting the land, road side drains for various channels, road side RCS channels are done by the VPWT, no extra salary is paid for it and they will get their regular share from the VPA.
- 43. (7) Construction ofthe barrier walls, side walls for the various channels, mateling work are done under the guidance of the technical and skilled people appointed from the government by the skilled people in the VPWT who does all these works. This information’s are collected when the people are becoming the working members of the VPA (See the section Job creation). No ex tra salary for this. (8) Asphalting is done by the government trained people with the help of the VPWT. With this type of work, we can create the national highways of the entire India within one to two years or ever shorter with better quality. 1.50. F&F – Statistics onglaciers /global warming. [India statistics, facts and figures Figures on glaciers / global warming Average yearly retreat (vanishing) of Himalayan glaciers: 2006: 30 metres -1935-1999: 18 metres -- 1842-1935: 7 metres [DNA Jan 07] Average decrease of glacier thickness (of 30 glaciers monitored by WGMS) in 2005: 66 cm (WGMS: Swiss based World Glacier Monitoring Service) [DNA Jan 07] Himalayan glaciers and years in which they are to vanish due to global warming: Gangotri, Miyer, Mlion, Janapa to vanish by 2030-2050 [TNJ Jan 07] Number of people directly affected if above glaciers were to melt: 1.5 billion [TNJ Jan 07] Length of India's largest glacier, Gangotri: 2006: less than 20km -- 1930: 25km [DNA Jan 07] Rate in which India's largest glacier, Gangotri, melts: 28.1 metres per year [TNJ Jan 07] Year inwhichHimalayanglacierGangotri will disappear: 2050, if glacier melt continues at same rate [TNJ Jan 07] Distance that Siachen glacier retreated between 1990 and 2001: 578 metres [TNJ Jan 07] Average yearly melt of Siachen glacier between 1990 and 2001: 52 metres [TNJ Jan 07]. Source [69] ] The processof global warmingcanbe preventedwith VPA – MV – MN, as the people will involve in the process of increasing the forest area, as they use less vehicles, better pollution control, and usage of less pollution better vehicle at the needy time will be done with better economy. 1.51. F&F - World records relatedtotransportationandtransportation relateddisaster. [India statistics, facts and figures Various world records Worst train disaster in the world: in Samastipur, Bihar, India, on 6 June 1981; more than 800 passengers died [GBoWR]
- 44. Highestmotorable road intheworld: KhardungLa, Ladakh,Jammu& Kashmir,withanaltitude upto 5,682 m (18,640 ft) [GBoWR]. Source [69] ] CRTS systemwill decreasethe incidence of accidentsif itismaintainedwell.WithCRTS,itis possible to have safe and short railway track systems. 1.52. F&F – Cars everywhere by 2050. [India to top in car volumes by 2050: India is projected to have the largest number of cars in the world -- 611 million to be precise -- by 2050. Accordingto the thirdBric (Brazil, Russia, India, China) report from investment banking firm Goldman Sachs, this means every sixth car produced in the world will be sold in India. The third Bric report says passenger car density in India will continue to be a third of China's until 2025. Indiawill overtake itsneighborsomewhereinthe vicinityof 2050, whenthe countrywill have 382 cars per thousand people compared with China's 363 in that year. The report also projected that there will be 14.35 million cars in India by 2010, in line with the industry's projection of adding a million cars a year from next year. It presumes a base of 9.03 million cars in 2005. Source [122] ] VPA – MV – MN will make the need for the car to go down in the routine use, thus we can prevent the rise in car volume. 1.53. F&F – News on accidents are common. Source [123] ]
- 45. With CRS –CRTS system the incidence of the accidents will come down. 1.54. F&F - Poor infrastructure - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS –DRAIN ON HEALTH SECTOR. [Poor infrastructure - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS – DRAIN ON HEALTH SECTOR; Photography by Dr. Shivu.] Here is the buswhichstopsexactlyat the gate of the hospital andfew more vehicleswaitingbehind the bus for the bus to move. Bus stops anywhere and everywhere, poor traffic sense, high way in the centre of the villages, overcrowding, narrow roads and so on will make the incidence of the accident more. This can be prevented with CRS – CRTS system. Most deathsoccur at home orat site,before reachinghealthfacilities.VPH– MV – MN, will be able manage such issues in a better way.
- 46. 1.55. F&F –Poor infrastructure–walking requires ‘lot of concentrationon walk’. Source: News paper.] Walkingneedslotof concentrationevenforyoungpeople.Minoralterationinthe concentrationwill make the people to fall and to have injury. 1.56. F&F - India's road accident record 1998. [India's road accident record 1998: 6 % of the world's road accident deaths happen in India (while India has only 1 % of the world's road vehicles) [GBoWR] Deathand injurycausedbyaccidentsonIndia'sroads: 1 person diesevery6minutes;10 are injured in the same time frame [BBC; Sep 2005] India's percentage of global car population: 1% [Daily Telegraph Sep 06] India's share of global car accidents: 10% [Daily Telegraph Sep 06] Financial losses due to road traffic injuries 2005: 550 bn Rs = 3% of GDP [BBC; Sep 2005] Number of vehicles per km in Mumbai: 591 [BBC; Sep 2005] Number of road accidents in Mumbai: up to 35 per day (with up to 15 deaths per day) [BBC; Sep 2005] Number of cars in Bangalore (Karnataka): 1.95 million cars (Bangalore's population is 6.5 million people) [BBC Sep 04] Increase of alcohol consumption in past two decades in India: by 106 % [HT Jul 04]. Source [69] ]
- 47. The incidence ofRTA,deathand injuriesdue toRTA can be decreased with CRS – CRTS – VPA – VPH - MV – MN. The number of cars on the road and the car accidents can be decreased with VPA – MV – MN. Withthe fourto five yearsof financial losses that occurs due to RTA, it is possible to complete the work of CRS – CRTS. With VPA – MV – MN, the number of vehicle on road in urban areas will decrease, due to less people movingfromrural areato the urbanarea for theirroutine work,andmore people going and settling at the MV due to better life style and income. People may leave the habits, which all the people are not accepting in the working group. For example if a VPWM, is in the stage of hangover, following excess alcohol consumption in the previousnight –the other people whoworkwithhimwillobject,because he isalsogetting the same share of income in the name of working or a person cannot simply stand somewhere and start smokingbecause the otherworkingmemberswill tell,he iswastingthe time inwhichhe issupposed to work. 1.57. F&F –Road blocks due tofalling trees are common. Photo by Dr. Shivu.] Here the fallen tree following heavy rain with wind is partially axed to make the road clear. These were some of the trees which are implanted on either the sides of the road by the forest department. CRS – CRTS will have broad roads, thus the block by the fallen trees will decrease to the maximum extent. 1.58. F&F – Buses going out the road withpartially blockedroad and ending
- 48. in accident arealsocommon. Photo by Dr. Shivu.] The bus goes out of the road to bypass the fallen tree and thus half of the bus may go out of the road over the loose soil and can lead to accident. Welcomingsuchtype of accidentcan be preventedtothe maximumextentwith CRS – CRTS system. 1.59. F&F –Bus stopping anywhere and rare vehicle hitting the front vehicle are also common. Photo by DR. Shivu.] Most of the buses stop at the hospital entrance gate and here one lorry (shown with Red arrow) is waiting behind the bus to get its way, thus it is blocking the road, thus it may delay the journey or abrupt stop this bus can lead to accident from the rare moving vehicle to come and his this bus which is giving stop abruptly.
- 49. WithCRS – CRTS,nobuseswill be stoppedatvariousplaceslike this,because all the main roads will be away from the MV, and all the buses will give stop only in the designated CRS stand at the designated place, thus we can minimise the accident to the maximum accident. 1.60. F&F –Economy make us not tounderstandthe causes for accidents. Photo by Dr. Shivu.] Buses falling in the lakes and tanks are the common type of accidents we read in the news paper regularly, which costs many lives. In CRS – CRTS system,the roadswill be createdat the safer place by analysing the geography of the entire area in which the road comes. No roads or tracks are created on the banks of the river or lakes.If suchthingsneedtobe crossedthenthe narrowestpartof the water path will be taken with suitable heighttobypassthe waterpath perpendiculartothe flow pathof the water, thus the water enteringthe roador damagingthe road duringrainy season or vehicle falling in to the water can be prevented to the maximum extent. Sources: [109] Transportation downloads Business world - The Smog Will Get Worse.mht and Transportation downloads Automobile industry in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht. [110] Transportation downloadsBusiness world - The Smog Will Get Worse.mht. [111] Transportation downloadsEnvironmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht. [112] Transportation downloads India Current Affairs » Blog Archive » PRICES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.mht, Posted on: 22-04-2010 | By: | In: Industry. [113] Transportation downloadsIndia to top in car volumes by 2050 Rediff_com Business.mht. S Kalyana Ramanathan in New Delhi. October 23, 2004 10:23 IST. [114] Transportation downloadsTransport in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht. [115] Transportation downloadstable1.htm.
- 50. [116] RHF 8-1Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi.mht. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Region Volume 8 Number 1, 2004. By Pramod Kumar Verma, K.N. Tewari. [117] Economyof India.From Wikipedia,the free encyclopaedia; this page was last modified on 22 February 2009, at 23:16. [118] Internet: Environmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. [119] CPCB, news paper. [120] Times of India News paper, Page number 1 dated 28.06.09. [121] Department of road transport and Highways. Ministry of state road transport and highways, GOI. News paper; [69] Internet: India statistics facts and figures neoncarrot travelogue. [122] internet: India to top in car volumes by 2050 Rediff_com Business. [123] Times of India news paper, Mysore, Page number 1, dated 26.5.09.