The document discusses several key factors that influence community social systems, including ecology, demography, culture, personality, and time. It provides definitions and explanations of these setting factors. Specifically, it defines ecology as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It discusses important demographic aspects like population size, density, and growth. It also defines culture and discusses different types of cultural traits, patterns, and universals.
talk about the background of culture, co culture, the characteristics of culture, the differences eastern culture and western culture, assimilation of culture and the development of culture.
talk about the background of culture, co culture, the characteristics of culture, the differences eastern culture and western culture, assimilation of culture and the development of culture.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. EnP. Aris DC Galicio
MSA AGEXT
II. THE SETTING FACTORS OF THE
COMMUNITY SOCIAL SYSTEM
2. 1. Ecology
2. Demography
3. Culture
4. Personality
5. Time
THE SETTING FACTORS OF THE
COMMUNITY SOCIAL SYSTEM
3. Ecology
• is a study of spatial functional area patterns that arise and change
thru processes of ecological interaction. It is also the study of the
relation between organisms and their habitat, specifically in
anthropology of the adaption of human cultures to their
geographic environments.
• - is the study of the vital and spatial relations existing between
organism of the same, similar and divergent species and their
environment
4. Ecology analyzes not only how these organism make their
living and the influences this process has on their mode of
life, but also the effects the organism has on the
environment and the environment on the organism.
Ecology
5. Human Ecology Human Geography
Concerned with the influence deals with men’s
of the environment upon man’s relation to his environment
relation to his fellowmen
unit of study is the community,
which is not a mere population
aggregate but a population structure
following a well-defined pattern a
constellation composed of
interdependent individual units
which are distributed spatially
and stand in certain relationship
to one another
The human ecologist seeks to
understand the factors involved
in the structural pattern of the
community and the forces behind
its constant change.
6. The ecologically oriented sociologist conceives of the community,
city, town or barrio as sociological rather than as a legal or
administrative unit. Its limits do not correspond to those set by law
but usually extend beyond them.
A community from the ecological point of view includes a local
area plus a surrounding territory. Its size is determined by the extent
of its economic and social influence.
7. Ecological Process
Ecological processes such as primary production,
respiration, energy, carbon and nutrient flow through food
webs, reproduction, and decomposition are represented as
rates of change, which requires repeated measurement over
time.
8. Community:
Product of Five Interacting Factors
The human community maybe considered to be ecologically
the product of 5 interacting factors:
1. A population living in an area
2. Possessing artifacts (technological culture) and
3.Customs and beliefs (non-material culture) which determines
4. The use of the natural resources and
5. The functions performed in the social division of labor
9. In the human community, these factors operate to produce its
1.spatial distribution
2. functional organization
3. position in a constellation of communities, and
4. changes within the community, both ecological and social
10. Ecological Processes
These are 5 major ecological processes involved in
the spatial distribution of groups and institutions in a
community
11. 1. Concentration
The tendency of individuals to settle in increasing members in a
certain area because of its favorable location and other conditions
2. Centralization
The tendency, once concentration has taken place for individual,
business industry and services is to become centralized in a certain
area within the territory. The local point becomes the shopping
center the “main street” of the little town and the “down town”
of the metropolitan community.
12. Decentralization – the tendency toward dispersion or movement
away from the center
3. Segregation
The tendency of group of people and type of business and
industrial establishment become concentrated in certain parts of
the city. Thus, some areas are taken over by the retail shops, others
by wholesale business, and still others by industry. Segregation is
due primarily to competition for position.
13. 4. Invasion
The tendency of a socio- economic group usually of a lower status,
to move into the territory occupied by another, usually of higher
status, and of business and industry to encroach upon a residential
area
14. 5. Succession
It completes the process of invasion, as the original inhabitants of an
area are completely displaced by another type as in a residential
section being entirely taken over by business or industry.
15. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
• Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative
distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation
• Rural- urban continuum is the merging of town and village. The concept is a
term used in recognition of the fact that there is rarely, either physically or
socially, a sharp division, a clearly marked boundary between the two, with
one part of the population wholly urban, the other wholly rural.
16. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
1. The village form of settlement
In this type of settlement, the homes are grouped
together to form a village, leaving the cultivated fields, pastures, and
woodlands in the surrounding area quite devoid of dwellings.
17. Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
2. Scattered or isolated farm homes
In this pattern each farm home is located among the fields
worked by the family. Whereas the village settlement is characterized
by close and intimate relations between the homes of the farmers, in
the scattered or isolated farm homes mode of settlement, the homes
of the farmers are widely separated from one another.
18. 3. Line Village
Such a settlement has the appearance of a long, one-street
village winding its way across the landscape. In the Philippines such
settlements are found along highways or roads, rivers, and streams, and
shorelines.
Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
19. 4. Nucleated
Commonly, a number of barrios as well as still smaller residential units- the
sitios- will be found scattered around a larger town or poblacion which is the
economic, political and social center of that region.
Spatial Patterns of Rural Communities
20. Demography
• Demography Aspects of Population
• Demographics can include any statistical factors that influence
population growth or decline, but several parameters are
particularly important: population size, density, age structure,
fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio
(Dodge 2006).
21. Population Change and Growth
• Population growth refers to the change in the number of
inhabitants of a country and territory during a specific
period of time like the last ten years, last 15 years and so
on. Population change refers to the change in the number
of people during a specific period of time.
22. Life expectancy
• The term “life expectancy” refers to the number of years
a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy
is based on an estimate of the average age that members
of a particular population group will be when they die.
24. Sex Composition
• Sex Composition is one of the most basic demographic
characteristics of the human population, which is critical for any
meaningful demographic analysis.
• Changes in sex composition reflect the underlying socioeconomic
and cultural pattern of society in different ways. It is a crucial
social indicator for determining the level of equity between males
and females at any given time.
25. What is culture
• Culture can be defined as all the ways of life
including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation
to generation.
26. Classes of Culture
• The two basic types of culture are
• material culture, physical things produced by a society,
and
• nonmaterial culture, intangible things produced by a
society
27. Ethnocentrism
• Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world
primarily from the perspective of one’s own culture. Part
of ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own race, ethnic
or cultural group is the most important or that some or
all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other
groups. Some people will simply call it cultural ignorance.
28. Culture Traits
Culture Complex and Culture Patterns
• A culture trait is an individual tool, act, or belief that is
related to a particular situation or need. Culture
complexes are clusters/groups of interrelated culture
traits. Culture patterns are a combination of a number of
culture complexes into an interrelated whole
29. Universal or Basic Cultural Patterns
• Other examples of cultural universals include the family
unit, eating, clothing, shelter, language, learning, names,
and many more.
• There are some elements of behaviour and values that are
found across time and culture and these are considered
cultural universals.
30. Universality of Culture
• Cultural Universal - There are many examples of
cultural universals.
• These include language, humor, religion, burial
rituals, family structures, dancing, music, and more.
31. Universality of Culture
• Cultural Variations - differences among individuals that
exist because they have acquired different behavior as a
result of some form of social learning
• Cultural relativism - is the ability to understand a culture
on its own terms and not to make judgments using the
standards of one's own culture.
32. The Growth and Spreading of Culture
• Cultural diffusion is the spreading out and merging
of pieces from different cultures. These different
cultures all have many diverse types of food,
clothing and even languages that people love and
enjoy every day
33. Values
• Examples of cultural values include respect for elders,
family values, individualism, and egalitarianism. Cultural
values are passed on from one generation to another,
which ensures continuity of traditions within a group of
people. They may also be passed on through media.