Running head: Multi-actor modelling system 1
Multi-actor modelling system3
Multi-actor modelling system
Yogesh Dagwale
University of the Cumberland’s
Ligtenberg, A., Wachowicz, M., Bregt, A. K., Beulens, A., & Kettenis, D. L. (2004). A design and application of a multi-agent system for simulation of multi-actor spatial planning. Journal of environmental management, 72(1-2), 43-55.
They talk about the potential and restrictions of the MAS to manufacture models that empower spatial organizers to incorporate the 'actor factor' in their examination. Their structure system contemplates actors who assume a functioning job in the spatial planning. They included actors who can watch and see a spatial domain. Using these perceptions and discernment they produce an inclination for a preferred spatial situation. Actors at that point present and discuss their inclinations amid their exchanges with different actors.
The inclinations of the actor fill in as inputs for an official choice making. Finally, ultimate conclusions are actualized in the spatial framework. They found that MAS can produce space utilization designs in light of a portrayal of a multi-actor planning process. It additionally can clear up the impacts of actors under the administration of various planning styles on the space utilization and prove how the relations between actors change amid a planning process and under different orders of coming up with decisions. Unlike the work by Parker, Manson, Janssen, Hoffman & Deadman,2003, cited below, this paper did not include the various challenges associated with the use of MAS.
Parker, D. C., Manson, S. M., Janssen, M. A., Hoffmann, M. J., & Deadman, P. (2003). Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: a review. Annals of the association of American Geographers, 93(2), 314-337.
In this paper, they studied different models. These models, however, were not thorough enough and therefore they took into account the multi-actor system, dynamic spatial Simulation, which has two components, that is, a cellular model that speaks to biogeophysical and biological parts of a demonstrated framework and an actor-based model to speak to human conclusion making. Because of its nature and ability to model complex situations, they highlighted some of the areas that MAS can be applied where other models cannot be able to deliver. Such areas are modeling of emergent phenomena whereby MAS can model landscape plans, due to its flexibility, MAS can represent complex land use/ cover systems, and they can be used to model dynamic paths. They also outlined the various challenges to Multi-actor systems. Such challenges include an understanding of complexity, individual decision making, empirical parameterization and model validation, and communication.
Faber, N. R., & Jorna, R. J. (2011, June). The use of multi-actor systems for studying social sustainability: Theoretical backgrounds and pseudo-specifications. In Com.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An ontology for semantic modelling of virtual worldijaia
This article presents a new representation of semantic virtual environments. We propose to use the ontology as a tool for implementation. Our model, called SVHsIEVs1 provides a consistent representation of the following aspects: the simulated environment, its structure, and the knowledge items using ontology, interactions and tasks that virtual humans can perform in the environment. In SVHsIEVs, we find two type of ontology: the global ontology and the local ontology for Virtual Human. Our architecture has been successfully tested in 3D dynamic environments.
Multi agent paradigm for cognitive parameter based feature similarity for soc...eSAT Journals
Abstract The ABM methodology is a favorable approach to model and analyze complex social phenomena that may involve non-linear feedback loops. It has been applied successfully to model a number of social phenomena involving different social processes and organizational structures. Availability of cheap computing power and rich software resources has made ABM a widely used and hence more popular methodology. A modeler using ABM however have be careful about choosing the right amount of detail (less and more both can be problematic) and validating (internal and external) the model. Interpreting and analyzing results is also an involved task. In this paper, we have demonstrated how ABM can be applied to model and analyze the voting preference formation and resultant voting decisions of individuals in a population. The model assumes a two party system. We designed three versions of the simulation and observed the results for a large number of runs with different parameter variations. The results obtained present interesting picture and resultant inferences.
Multi agent paradigm for cognitive parameter based feature similarity for soc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Social Networks has become one of the most popular platforms to allow users to communicate, and share their interests without being at the same geographical location. With the great and rapid growth of Social Media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter…etc. causes huge amount of user-generated content. Thus, the improvement in the information quality and integrity becomes a great challenge to all social media sites, which allows users to get the desired content or be linked to the best link relation using improved search / link technique. So introducing semantics to social networks will widen up the representation of the social networks. In this paper, a new model of social networks based on semantic tag ranking is introduced. This model is based on the concept of multi-agent systems. In this proposed model the representation of social links will be extended by the semantic relationships found in the vocabularies which are known as (tags) in most of social networks.The proposed model for the social media engine is based on enhanced Latent Dirichlet Allocation(E-LDA) as a semantic indexing algorithm, combined with Tag Rank as social network ranking algorithm. The improvements on (E-LDA) phase is done by optimizing (LDA) algorithm using the optimal parameters. Then a filter is introduced to enhance the final indexing output. In ranking phase, using Tag Rank based on the indexing phase has improved the output of the ranking. Simulation results of the proposed model have shown improvements in indexing and ranking output.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An ontology for semantic modelling of virtual worldijaia
This article presents a new representation of semantic virtual environments. We propose to use the ontology as a tool for implementation. Our model, called SVHsIEVs1 provides a consistent representation of the following aspects: the simulated environment, its structure, and the knowledge items using ontology, interactions and tasks that virtual humans can perform in the environment. In SVHsIEVs, we find two type of ontology: the global ontology and the local ontology for Virtual Human. Our architecture has been successfully tested in 3D dynamic environments.
Multi agent paradigm for cognitive parameter based feature similarity for soc...eSAT Journals
Abstract The ABM methodology is a favorable approach to model and analyze complex social phenomena that may involve non-linear feedback loops. It has been applied successfully to model a number of social phenomena involving different social processes and organizational structures. Availability of cheap computing power and rich software resources has made ABM a widely used and hence more popular methodology. A modeler using ABM however have be careful about choosing the right amount of detail (less and more both can be problematic) and validating (internal and external) the model. Interpreting and analyzing results is also an involved task. In this paper, we have demonstrated how ABM can be applied to model and analyze the voting preference formation and resultant voting decisions of individuals in a population. The model assumes a two party system. We designed three versions of the simulation and observed the results for a large number of runs with different parameter variations. The results obtained present interesting picture and resultant inferences.
Multi agent paradigm for cognitive parameter based feature similarity for soc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
INTELLIGENT SOCIAL NETWORKS MODEL BASED ON SEMANTIC TAG RANKINGdannyijwest
Social Networks has become one of the most popular platforms to allow users to communicate, and share their interests without being at the same geographical location. With the great and rapid growth of Social Media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter…etc. causes huge amount of user-generated content. Thus, the improvement in the information quality and integrity becomes a great challenge to all social media sites, which allows users to get the desired content or be linked to the best link relation using improved search / link technique. So introducing semantics to social networks will widen up the representation of the social networks. In this paper, a new model of social networks based on semantic tag ranking is introduced. This model is based on the concept of multi-agent systems. In this proposed model the representation of social links will be extended by the semantic relationships found in the vocabularies which are known as (tags) in most of social networks.The proposed model for the social media engine is based on enhanced Latent Dirichlet Allocation(E-LDA) as a semantic indexing algorithm, combined with Tag Rank as social network ranking algorithm. The improvements on (E-LDA) phase is done by optimizing (LDA) algorithm using the optimal parameters. Then a filter is introduced to enhance the final indexing output. In ranking phase, using Tag Rank based on the indexing phase has improved the output of the ranking. Simulation results of the proposed model have shown improvements in indexing and ranking output.
INTELLIGENT SOCIAL NETWORKS MODEL BASED ON SEMANTIC TAG RANKINGIJwest
Social Networks has become one of the most popular platforms to allow users to communicate, and share their interests without being at the same geographical location. With the great and rapid growth of Social Media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter…etc. causes huge amount of user-generated content. Thus, the improvement in the information quality and integrity becomes a great challenge to all social media sites, which allows users to get the desired content or be linked to the best link relation using improved search / link technique. So introducing semantics to social networks will widen up the representation of the social networks. In this paper, a new model of social networks based on semantic tag ranking is introduced. This model is based on the concept of multi-agent systems. In this proposed model the representation of social links will be extended by the semantic relationships found in the vocabularies which are known as (tags) in most of social networks.The proposed model for the social media engine is based on enhanced Latent Dirichlet Allocation(E-LDA) as a semantic indexing algorithm, combined with Tag Rank as social network ranking algorithm. The improvements on (E-LDA) phase is done by optimizing (LDA) algorithm using the optimal parameters. Then a filter is introduced to enhance the final indexing output. In ranking phase, using Tag Rank based on the indexing phase has improved the output of the ranking. Simulation results of the proposed model have shown improvements in indexing and ranking output.
INTELLIGENT SOCIAL NETWORKS MODEL BASED ON SEMANTIC TAG RANKINGdannyijwest
Social Networks has become one of the most popular platforms to allow users to communicate, and share
their interests without being at the same geographical location. With the great and rapid growth of Social
Media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter...etc. causes huge amount of user-generated content.
Thus, the improvement in the information quality and integrity becomes a great challenge to all social
media sites, which allows users to get the desired content or be linked to the best link relation using
improved search / link technique. So introducing semantics to social networks will widen up the
representation of the social networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agentpaperpublications3
Abstract: Computational models have played an important role in the discovery and understanding of the complexities during the learning process. One complexity is the distraction factor on educator-learner interaction affecting the quality of the learning process.
We model an adaptive system model able to dynamically adapt considering user’s performance, simulating the learner as a museum user and the educator as an exhibition module using BDI agents; we adapt the BDI architecture using Type-2 fuzzy inference system to add perceptual human-like capability on agents in order to describe the interaction on user's experience. The resulting model allows content adaptation by creating a personalized interaction environment.Keywords:Learning Process, Adaptive System, Interaction, BDI Agents, Type-2 Fuzzy System.
Title:Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agent
Author:Ricardo Rosales, Dora-Luz Flores, Luis Palafox, Manuel Castanon-Puga, Donald Rodriguez, Carelia Gaxiola-Pacheco
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology (IJRRMCSIT)
ISSN: 2350-1022
Paper Publications
Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agentpaperpublications3
Abstract: Computational models have played an important role in the discovery and understanding of the complexities during the learning process. One complexity is the distraction factor on educator-learner interaction affecting the quality of the learning process.
We model an adaptive system model able to dynamically adapt considering user’s performance, simulating the learner as a museum user and the educator as an exhibition module using BDI agents; we adapt the BDI architecture using Type-2 fuzzy inference system to add perceptual human-like capability on agents in order to describe the interaction on user's experience. The resulting model allows content adaptation by creating a personalized interaction environment.
T OWARDS A S YSTEM D YNAMICS M ODELING M E- THOD B ASED ON DEMATELijcsit
If System Dynamics (SD) models are constructed based
solely on decision makers' mental models and u
n-
derstanding of the context subject to study, then the resulting systems must necessarily bear some d
e
gree of
deficiency due to the subjective, limited, and internally inconsistent mental models which led to t
he conce
p-
tion of these systems. As such, a systematic method for constructing SD models could be esse
n
tially helpful
in overcoming the biases dictated by the human mind's limited understanding and conceptualization of
complex systems. This paper proposes a
novel combined method to su
p
port SD model construction. The
classical Dec
i
sion Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique is used to define causal
relationships among variables of a system, and to construct the corresponding Impact Relatio
n Maps
(IRMs). The novelty of this paper stems from the use of the resulting total influence m
a
trix to derive the
system dynamic's Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and then define variable weights in the stock
-
flow chart
equations. This new method allows to overc
ome the subjectivity bias of SD
mode
ling while projecting D
E-
MATEL in a more d
y
namic simulation environment, which could significantly improve the strategic choices
made by an
a
lysts and policy makers
The social network analysis (SNA), branch of complex systems can be used in the construction of multiagent
systems. This paper proposes a study of how social network analysis can assist in modeling multiagent
systems, while addressing similarities and differences between the two theories. We built a prototype
of multi-agent systems for resolution of tasks through the formation of teams of agents that are formed on
the basis of the social network established between agents. Agents make use of performance indicators to
assess when should change their social network to maximize the participation in teams.
CITE PhD Student research Seminar Presentation at the University of East London
Speaker: Amin Hosseinian Far
Title: Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Modelling Systems’ Sustainability : A Review
SEMANTIC INTEGRATION FOR AUTOMATIC ONTOLOGY MAPPING cscpconf
In the last decade, ontologies have played a key technology role for information sharing and agents interoperability in different application domains. In semantic web domain, ontologies are efficiently used toface the great challenge of representing the semantics of data, in order to bring the actual web to its full
power and hence, achieve its objective. However, using ontologies as common and shared vocabularies requires a certain degree of interoperability between them. To confront this requirement, mapping ontologies is a solution that is not to be avoided. In deed, ontology mapping build a meta layer that allows different applications and information systems to access and share their informations, of course, after resolving the different forms of syntactic, semantic and lexical mismatches. In the contribution presented in this paper, we have integrated the semantic aspect based on an external lexical resource, wordNet, to design a new algorithm for fully automatic ontology mapping. This fully automatic character features the
main difference of our contribution with regards to the most of the existing semi-automatic algorithms of ontology mapping, such as Chimaera, Prompt, Onion, Glue, etc. To better enhance the performances of our algorithm, the mapping discovery stage is based on the combination of two sub-modules. The former
analysis the concept’s names and the later analysis their properties. Each one of these two sub-modules is
it self based on the combination of lexical and semantic similarity measures.
Towards to an Agent-Oriented Modeling and Evaluating Approach for Vehicular S...Zac Darcy
Agent technology is a software paradigm that permits to implement large and complex distributed
applications. In order to assist the development of multi-agent systems, agent-oriented methodologies
(AOM) have been created in the last years to support modeling more and more complex applications in
many different domains. By defining in a non-ambiguous way concepts used in a specific domain, Meta
modeling may represent a step towards such interoperability. In the Transport domain, this paper propose
an agent-oriented meta-model that provides rigorous concepts for conducting transportation system
problem modeling. The aim is to allow analysts to produce a transportation system model that precisely
captures the knowledge of an organization so that an agent-oriented requirements specification of the
system-to-be and its operational corporate environment can be derived from it. To this end, we extend and
adapt an existing meta-model, Extended Gaia, to build a meta-model and an adequate model for
transportation problems
Towards to an agent oriented modeling and evaluating approach for vehicular s...Zac Darcy
Agent technology is a software paradigm that permits to implement large and complex distributed
applications. In order to assist the development of multi-agent systems, agent-oriented methodologies
(AOM) have been created in the last years to support modeling more and more complex applications in
many different domains. By defining in a non-ambiguous way concepts used in a specific domain, Meta
modeling may represent a step towards such interoperability. In the Transport domain, this paper propose
an agent-oriented meta-model that provides rigorous concepts for conducting transportation system
problem modeling. The aim is to allow analysts to produce a transportation system model that precisely
captures the knowledge of an organization so that an agent-oriented requirements specification of the
system-to-be and its operational corporate environment can be derived from it. To this end, we extend and
adapt an existing meta-model, Extended Gaia, to build a meta-model and an adequate model for
transportation problems. Our new agent-oriented meta-model aims to allow the analyst to model and
specify any transportation system as a multi-agent system. Based on the proposed meta-model, we proposes
an approach for modeling and evaluating the Transportation System based on Stochastic Activity Network
(SAN) components. The proposed process is based on seven steps from “Recognition” phase to
“Quantitative Analysis” phase. These analyzes are based on the Dependability models which are built
using the formalism Stochastic Activity Network. A real case study of Urban Public Transportation System
has been conducted to show the benefits of the approach.
Running head: MY MOTHER MY HERO 1
MY MOTHER MY HERO 4
My Mother My hero
Institution Affiliation
Students’ Name
Date of Submission
My Mother My hero
Once I think of a hero, there are specific qualities that surround my imagination, being courageous, hardworking, truthful, strong, resilient, and generous have been the qualities I taught about. I also think a hero is someone protective, caring, and so concerned to change the life of the others and make them happy in their life. My Mother has all these qualities and recognizes her as my hero. Otherwise, she grew up on the support of two great parents who had a good life where she grew up and become a teacher in her life. Almost every individual has had some achievements in their life, and there must be a factor behind those achievements, especially someone who had a significant impact on their life. My mother appears to be my hero, who had a substantial impact on my life.
She is currently 54 years old. She was a teacher by profession, and she did her best as a teacher, where she influenced the lives of many students positively; up to now, some still call her and pass their appreciation to her. She was blessed and gave birth to seven kids; the first three are daughters, then a boy and a girl, and then the last two are boys. All of them have been significantly raised, everyone has something to do for a living, my big brother is a doctor, and three of my sisters are teachers, (like Mother like daughters). Our last born is an engineer interior designer and all of us are married with happy family. All these were not for granted but because of the love of God and the efforts, commitment, and great concern of our beloved parents, especially our Mother.
Even though she did not make a complete journey in her teaching profession, but up to where she stopped, she did a lot. They have been in a relationship with my father for thirty-six years of marriage, and when they had their third kid, my dad suggested that she stop teaching and remain at home to take care of the children. Throughout my entire life, my Mother had been supportive of me, a center of inspiration, and she has always been telling me to have self-confidence and believe in myself that I can make it. In case I face a problem, and I have to make a concrete decision towards it, my Mother always had behind me because I seek for her consultation before I move on to the next step.
It feels so great knowing that there is someone who will support you despite the intensity of the problem you face. It relieves much of the stress that comes along with making decisions. My Mother is beautiful inside and out, but most importantly, she has the biggest heart. She's a hard-working person and can play both parent roles. Everyon.
Running head PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN1PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN.docxglendar3
Running head: PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 10
Program Evaluation Plan
Name:
Tanisha Hannah
Institution:
Strayer University
Professor:
Dr. Jacob
Course:
Edu 571
Date:
March 2, 2020
Program Evaluation Plan (Part 3)
Goals of Evaluation
Evaluation refers to the act of checking various things thoroughly in order to characterize their worth or value, with reference to a certain context. In the field of education, the amount of success in a person’s aims can only be determined through evaluation. Therefore, there is a very close relationship between various aims and evaluation. The main goals of evaluation in schools are as discussed below. The first goal of evaluation in the field of education is to create an educational program ("Evaluation in Teaching and Learning Process | Education", 2020). Through evaluation, evaluators and the school management can build a given program of learning among the students. This is after gathering and checking various factors in order to find what program will fit and make a positive impact in the school. This involves consulting all the stakeholders of the program and developing strategies that will ensure the development of a good program.
The second goal of evaluation is assessing the effectiveness of the program. Evaluation ensures that the developed program is up to standards and serves the purpose that it was intended to. It helps the evaluators to check if the teaching strategies and techniques are being applied properly. The third goal of evaluation is to ensure improvement of the program. Through evaluation, evaluators can gauge the impact of the program on the school and learners. They can also identify various things that can make the program more effective. It acts as an in-built monitor in the program in order to review the progress of the program from time to time. It also gives feedback regarding the design and the implementation of a given program. Through such assessments, the school management can know where to work on, and what they need in order to enhance effective programs in teaching and learning.
For instance, in our case, evaluators can comfortably tell whether or not the program is helping girls become more superior in math. If not they can suggest better or other strategies that will make positive impact.
Cultural Issues Affecting the Program
Culture can influence how different people view things. An individual’s culture and upbringing can affect their way of processing information. Among the cultural issues that might be faced in the evaluation plan include cultural stereotypes. Some students believe that they cannot perform as expected in school or in a particular subject due to lack of preparation from their home environment. This makes them believe they do not have enough potential to do well in a given subject when they get to school. For instance, some students may not have calculat.
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Social Networks has become one of the most popular platforms to allow users to communicate, and share
their interests without being at the same geographical location. With the great and rapid growth of Social
Media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter...etc. causes huge amount of user-generated content.
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media sites, which allows users to get the desired content or be linked to the best link relation using
improved search / link technique. So introducing semantics to social networks will widen up the
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agentpaperpublications3
Abstract: Computational models have played an important role in the discovery and understanding of the complexities during the learning process. One complexity is the distraction factor on educator-learner interaction affecting the quality of the learning process.
We model an adaptive system model able to dynamically adapt considering user’s performance, simulating the learner as a museum user and the educator as an exhibition module using BDI agents; we adapt the BDI architecture using Type-2 fuzzy inference system to add perceptual human-like capability on agents in order to describe the interaction on user's experience. The resulting model allows content adaptation by creating a personalized interaction environment.Keywords:Learning Process, Adaptive System, Interaction, BDI Agents, Type-2 Fuzzy System.
Title:Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agent
Author:Ricardo Rosales, Dora-Luz Flores, Luis Palafox, Manuel Castanon-Puga, Donald Rodriguez, Carelia Gaxiola-Pacheco
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology (IJRRMCSIT)
ISSN: 2350-1022
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Learning Process Interaction Aided by an Adapter Agentpaperpublications3
Abstract: Computational models have played an important role in the discovery and understanding of the complexities during the learning process. One complexity is the distraction factor on educator-learner interaction affecting the quality of the learning process.
We model an adaptive system model able to dynamically adapt considering user’s performance, simulating the learner as a museum user and the educator as an exhibition module using BDI agents; we adapt the BDI architecture using Type-2 fuzzy inference system to add perceptual human-like capability on agents in order to describe the interaction on user's experience. The resulting model allows content adaptation by creating a personalized interaction environment.
T OWARDS A S YSTEM D YNAMICS M ODELING M E- THOD B ASED ON DEMATELijcsit
If System Dynamics (SD) models are constructed based
solely on decision makers' mental models and u
n-
derstanding of the context subject to study, then the resulting systems must necessarily bear some d
e
gree of
deficiency due to the subjective, limited, and internally inconsistent mental models which led to t
he conce
p-
tion of these systems. As such, a systematic method for constructing SD models could be esse
n
tially helpful
in overcoming the biases dictated by the human mind's limited understanding and conceptualization of
complex systems. This paper proposes a
novel combined method to su
p
port SD model construction. The
classical Dec
i
sion Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique is used to define causal
relationships among variables of a system, and to construct the corresponding Impact Relatio
n Maps
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a
trix to derive the
system dynamic's Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and then define variable weights in the stock
-
flow chart
equations. This new method allows to overc
ome the subjectivity bias of SD
mode
ling while projecting D
E-
MATEL in a more d
y
namic simulation environment, which could significantly improve the strategic choices
made by an
a
lysts and policy makers
The social network analysis (SNA), branch of complex systems can be used in the construction of multiagent
systems. This paper proposes a study of how social network analysis can assist in modeling multiagent
systems, while addressing similarities and differences between the two theories. We built a prototype
of multi-agent systems for resolution of tasks through the formation of teams of agents that are formed on
the basis of the social network established between agents. Agents make use of performance indicators to
assess when should change their social network to maximize the participation in teams.
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Speaker: Amin Hosseinian Far
Title: Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Modelling Systems’ Sustainability : A Review
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In the last decade, ontologies have played a key technology role for information sharing and agents interoperability in different application domains. In semantic web domain, ontologies are efficiently used toface the great challenge of representing the semantics of data, in order to bring the actual web to its full
power and hence, achieve its objective. However, using ontologies as common and shared vocabularies requires a certain degree of interoperability between them. To confront this requirement, mapping ontologies is a solution that is not to be avoided. In deed, ontology mapping build a meta layer that allows different applications and information systems to access and share their informations, of course, after resolving the different forms of syntactic, semantic and lexical mismatches. In the contribution presented in this paper, we have integrated the semantic aspect based on an external lexical resource, wordNet, to design a new algorithm for fully automatic ontology mapping. This fully automatic character features the
main difference of our contribution with regards to the most of the existing semi-automatic algorithms of ontology mapping, such as Chimaera, Prompt, Onion, Glue, etc. To better enhance the performances of our algorithm, the mapping discovery stage is based on the combination of two sub-modules. The former
analysis the concept’s names and the later analysis their properties. Each one of these two sub-modules is
it self based on the combination of lexical and semantic similarity measures.
Towards to an Agent-Oriented Modeling and Evaluating Approach for Vehicular S...Zac Darcy
Agent technology is a software paradigm that permits to implement large and complex distributed
applications. In order to assist the development of multi-agent systems, agent-oriented methodologies
(AOM) have been created in the last years to support modeling more and more complex applications in
many different domains. By defining in a non-ambiguous way concepts used in a specific domain, Meta
modeling may represent a step towards such interoperability. In the Transport domain, this paper propose
an agent-oriented meta-model that provides rigorous concepts for conducting transportation system
problem modeling. The aim is to allow analysts to produce a transportation system model that precisely
captures the knowledge of an organization so that an agent-oriented requirements specification of the
system-to-be and its operational corporate environment can be derived from it. To this end, we extend and
adapt an existing meta-model, Extended Gaia, to build a meta-model and an adequate model for
transportation problems
Towards to an agent oriented modeling and evaluating approach for vehicular s...Zac Darcy
Agent technology is a software paradigm that permits to implement large and complex distributed
applications. In order to assist the development of multi-agent systems, agent-oriented methodologies
(AOM) have been created in the last years to support modeling more and more complex applications in
many different domains. By defining in a non-ambiguous way concepts used in a specific domain, Meta
modeling may represent a step towards such interoperability. In the Transport domain, this paper propose
an agent-oriented meta-model that provides rigorous concepts for conducting transportation system
problem modeling. The aim is to allow analysts to produce a transportation system model that precisely
captures the knowledge of an organization so that an agent-oriented requirements specification of the
system-to-be and its operational corporate environment can be derived from it. To this end, we extend and
adapt an existing meta-model, Extended Gaia, to build a meta-model and an adequate model for
transportation problems. Our new agent-oriented meta-model aims to allow the analyst to model and
specify any transportation system as a multi-agent system. Based on the proposed meta-model, we proposes
an approach for modeling and evaluating the Transportation System based on Stochastic Activity Network
(SAN) components. The proposed process is based on seven steps from “Recognition” phase to
“Quantitative Analysis” phase. These analyzes are based on the Dependability models which are built
using the formalism Stochastic Activity Network. A real case study of Urban Public Transportation System
has been conducted to show the benefits of the approach.
Similar to Running head Multi-actor modelling system 1Multi-actor mod.docx (20)
Running head: MY MOTHER MY HERO 1
MY MOTHER MY HERO 4
My Mother My hero
Institution Affiliation
Students’ Name
Date of Submission
My Mother My hero
Once I think of a hero, there are specific qualities that surround my imagination, being courageous, hardworking, truthful, strong, resilient, and generous have been the qualities I taught about. I also think a hero is someone protective, caring, and so concerned to change the life of the others and make them happy in their life. My Mother has all these qualities and recognizes her as my hero. Otherwise, she grew up on the support of two great parents who had a good life where she grew up and become a teacher in her life. Almost every individual has had some achievements in their life, and there must be a factor behind those achievements, especially someone who had a significant impact on their life. My mother appears to be my hero, who had a substantial impact on my life.
She is currently 54 years old. She was a teacher by profession, and she did her best as a teacher, where she influenced the lives of many students positively; up to now, some still call her and pass their appreciation to her. She was blessed and gave birth to seven kids; the first three are daughters, then a boy and a girl, and then the last two are boys. All of them have been significantly raised, everyone has something to do for a living, my big brother is a doctor, and three of my sisters are teachers, (like Mother like daughters). Our last born is an engineer interior designer and all of us are married with happy family. All these were not for granted but because of the love of God and the efforts, commitment, and great concern of our beloved parents, especially our Mother.
Even though she did not make a complete journey in her teaching profession, but up to where she stopped, she did a lot. They have been in a relationship with my father for thirty-six years of marriage, and when they had their third kid, my dad suggested that she stop teaching and remain at home to take care of the children. Throughout my entire life, my Mother had been supportive of me, a center of inspiration, and she has always been telling me to have self-confidence and believe in myself that I can make it. In case I face a problem, and I have to make a concrete decision towards it, my Mother always had behind me because I seek for her consultation before I move on to the next step.
It feels so great knowing that there is someone who will support you despite the intensity of the problem you face. It relieves much of the stress that comes along with making decisions. My Mother is beautiful inside and out, but most importantly, she has the biggest heart. She's a hard-working person and can play both parent roles. Everyon.
Running head PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN1PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN.docxglendar3
Running head: PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 10
Program Evaluation Plan
Name:
Tanisha Hannah
Institution:
Strayer University
Professor:
Dr. Jacob
Course:
Edu 571
Date:
March 2, 2020
Program Evaluation Plan (Part 3)
Goals of Evaluation
Evaluation refers to the act of checking various things thoroughly in order to characterize their worth or value, with reference to a certain context. In the field of education, the amount of success in a person’s aims can only be determined through evaluation. Therefore, there is a very close relationship between various aims and evaluation. The main goals of evaluation in schools are as discussed below. The first goal of evaluation in the field of education is to create an educational program ("Evaluation in Teaching and Learning Process | Education", 2020). Through evaluation, evaluators and the school management can build a given program of learning among the students. This is after gathering and checking various factors in order to find what program will fit and make a positive impact in the school. This involves consulting all the stakeholders of the program and developing strategies that will ensure the development of a good program.
The second goal of evaluation is assessing the effectiveness of the program. Evaluation ensures that the developed program is up to standards and serves the purpose that it was intended to. It helps the evaluators to check if the teaching strategies and techniques are being applied properly. The third goal of evaluation is to ensure improvement of the program. Through evaluation, evaluators can gauge the impact of the program on the school and learners. They can also identify various things that can make the program more effective. It acts as an in-built monitor in the program in order to review the progress of the program from time to time. It also gives feedback regarding the design and the implementation of a given program. Through such assessments, the school management can know where to work on, and what they need in order to enhance effective programs in teaching and learning.
For instance, in our case, evaluators can comfortably tell whether or not the program is helping girls become more superior in math. If not they can suggest better or other strategies that will make positive impact.
Cultural Issues Affecting the Program
Culture can influence how different people view things. An individual’s culture and upbringing can affect their way of processing information. Among the cultural issues that might be faced in the evaluation plan include cultural stereotypes. Some students believe that they cannot perform as expected in school or in a particular subject due to lack of preparation from their home environment. This makes them believe they do not have enough potential to do well in a given subject when they get to school. For instance, some students may not have calculat.
Running head Project 21Project 22Projec.docxglendar3
Running head: Project 2 1
Project 2 2
Project 2: Historical Context and Introduction
Your Name
Southern New Hampshire University
Research Plan
Research Question: [Revised research question from Topic Exploration Worksheet.]
Introduction
[Three- to five-sentence discussion of background information about your historical event to capture the interest of your audience.] [Two- to three-sentence thesis statement based on your research question that addresses your historical event and explains how your event has been influenced by historical context.] [Two- to three-sentence explanation of how you will use the primary and secondary sources you listed in the Research Plan in your hypothetical research paper.]
Historical Context: [Three- to five-sentence explanation of your event’s historical context, citing sources one and two.]
Impact of Historical Context: [Three- to five-sentence discussion of how historical context impacted your event, citing sources one and two.]
Resources
HIS 100 Project 2: Historical Context and Introduction Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
“If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday.”
—Pearl Buck
Your second project in this course is to complete a historical context and introduction project. The work you did on the Topic Exploration Worksheet in Theme 1
will directly support your work on this project as well as your third longer term project—the multimedia presentation—due in Theme 4.
One of the prime benefits of studying history is that it allows us to learn about who we are and where we came from. The people and events of the past can
often shed light on the conditions and social norms of the present. Having historical awareness can inform various aspects of your life as well as future
aspirations. Learning from past failures and successes can shape ideals and values for years to come.
This is your second longer-term project designed to help you understand the fundamental processes and value of studying history. In the first project, you
completed the Topic Exploration Worksheet on one of the topics or themes from the library guide. You investigated the types of research you might need to do
to learn more about the topic and developed research questions. In Project 2, you will use your completed Topic Exploration Worksheet to explore the
historical context and develop an introduction. You will choose one of your research questions and do some secondary source research, speculate on primary
source needs, and use the information to write the introduction and thesis statement for a possible research paper. (You will not write the entire paper—
only the introduction.) In the third project, you will create a multimedia presentation that explores both major developments in historical inquiry and the value
of examining history.
This research plan and introduction assignment will assess the following course outcome, which you focused on throughou.
Running head: MILESTONE ONE 2
2
Milestone One Final Project
John Doe
Southern New Hampshire University
I. Executive Summary
In this section, you should accurately highlight the essential elements of the intelligence report for quick reference by the agency receiving the report. You should include the name of referring agent (your name), the name of the agency that you are imagining you work for, the current date, dates of the activities being covered in the intelligence report, and a brief summary (two to three sentences) on the adversary, scope, and nature of the potential threat. Although this is the opening section of the report, you may wish to complete it last in order to accurately capture the analysis of the body of your report. (This section is the summary so be sure this section is brief. Additional relevant details should be written in their respective sections of the report.)
II. Adversary, Motivation, and Jurisdiction
Summary
Accurately summarize the intelligence collected from the SARs to date, focusing on the “who, what, when, where, why, and how” of the threat situation. Information should be annotated with dates and times from relevant SARs, and information from each date should be provided in a separate paragraph, from inception to most recent. Your summary should focus on connecting the dots, with as much detail as needed to present all the relevant intelligence. It should highlight information that would be of particular relevance for the law enforcement agency doing follow-up in understanding the potential threat. (If it makes it easier, you can format your first section as follows:
A. Who
B. What
C. When
D. Where
E. Why
F. How
Adversary
Determine who the adversary is for this potential threat. It may be an individual or a group. You should identify the names of suspects (if known) and also the type of adversary. For example, is the adversary an international terrorist group, a domestic terrorist group, an organized crime, a local or international gang, drug traffickers, an extremist or militia group, a hacker, or a white-collar criminal? Support your answer using relevant information from the SARs.
Range
Analyze the range of the adversary’s operations. Are their activities focused within one city or state or across multiple states? Support your answer with relevant information from the SARs.
Motivation
Analyze what is known about the adversary’s motivation and how that might affect their choice of target (individual or location). Might it affect whether they choose one target or many, the type of target they select, or the location of the attack? Support your answer with relevant information from the SARs.
Jurisdiction
Based on your analyses in Parts A–C above, determine which agency has jurisdiction in following up on the potential threat. For example, should local or state law enforcement follow up? Should federa.
Running Head PROJECT 31DISCUSSION5Project 3.docxglendar3
Running Head: PROJECT 3 1
DISCUSSION 5
Project 3
Problem statement:
The specific problem to be addressed is how McDonald's is going to deal with a decrease in demand in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. The general problem to be addressed is how fast-food chains and food outlets are changing their operations during the pandemic of Corona Virus in the world, especially in the United States (Daniel, 2016).
You must always list your general problem statement first. Provide context for that statement. Then present your specific problem statement and provide context for that statement. Per the assignment instructions you should list your research questions following your problem statements.
The method selected for research:
To conduct research on the above-stated problem stated, the right methodThe research method that will be adopted in conducting the proposed research will be the mixed method approach a combination approach withwhich includes both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A quantitative approach will help understand the insights into what is triggering a certain behavior in participants. While on the other hand, quantitative study is important to figure out the proportion of customers who is are not availing their previous interest in fast food and epically McDonald's (Apuke, 2017). But dueDue to the lockdown and social distancing, going in the market and conducting research is out of option. The suitable technique is to develop a flexible approach where both primary and secondary sources are sued. For secondary resources, the reports by McDonald's' Company and other institutions regarding the change in the food industry will be a suitable option. For primary data collection, developing an online survey is the safest option. For the qualitative study, online interviews can be scheduled. Both structured and unstructured interviews can be planned. Similarly, panel discussion over video calls is also a safe option. Through a mixed approach data for both quantitative and qualitative questions can be gathered (Yoshikawa & Kalil, 2008). Comment by Terrance Woods: What does this mean? Poor word choice. Consider rephrasing Comment by Terrance Woods: Word choice
Per the assignment instructions you were required to “include the justification as to why other methods would not be appropriate”. You failed to do that here.
Research question
Qualitative Research Question:
1. How the fast-food business of McDonald's in the United States is getting affected by the pandemic of COVID-19? Comment by Terrance Woods: I provided you with feedback in your Project 2 submission regarding this research question. My exact feedback was - This questions is not well-articulated. Reword for clarity. You failed to address the feedback received and merely presented the same question in this submission.
Quantitative research question:
2. How many Americans have stopped buying McDonald's because of coronavirus threat in the United States? Comment by.
Running head: PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
Problem statement
Name:
Institution:
Date:
There is a critical need for a good instructional design because it is a multipurpose learning tools that not only serves instructional designers but also learners of all ages. According to Clark (2016), e-learning courses need to be integrated with instructional methods which align with high-quality research.” The implication is that the process of designing instructional designs should involve careful planning, preparing and researching in order to achieve high quality learning outcomes. In this regard, those responsible for designing must identify their strategic purpose as it predetermines the goals, objectives, expected outcomes, and resource allocation of the entire instruction model.
The main approach involves studying the critical elements in the design phases of an instructional model which enhances the learning experience of learners based on evidence-based literature. This is because humans apply appropriate cognitive processes to learn and thus instruction must adopt similar cognitive processing (Clark, 2016).The main purpose is therefore to emphasize the importance of good instructional design in enhancing the quality of education among instructors and learners. The objective involves highlighting the goals of an instructional program, the instructional objectives, relevant instructional materials and design assessment which rationalize the need for a good instructional design with the goal of engaging both learners and instructors. After all, learning is a process that requires the active participation of the learners (Reigeluth, 1987). This research study seeks to identify answers to two questions: a) What are the critical elements that build up a strong foundation for a good instructional design and b) what value do these elements offer to the learners and instructor who are the main consumers of learning instructional designs.
References
Clark, R.C. (2016). E-learning and the science of instruction: proven guideline for consumers and designers of multimedia. Walden University Library.
Regeiluth, C.M. (1987). Instructional Theories in Action: Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models. Walden University Library.
Running head: PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT 6
Need working title
Problem statement
Tangela Jones
Walden University
11/10/18
Need section heading
There is a critical need for a good instructional design because it is a multipurpose learning tools that not only serves instructional designers but also learners of.
Running head MUSIC AND GENDER WOMEN PORTRAYAL IN RAP 1.docxglendar3
Running head: MUSIC AND GENDER: WOMEN PORTRAYAL IN RAP 1
MUSIC AND GENDER: WOMEN PORTRAYAL IN RAP 15
Music and Gender: Women Portrayal in Rap Music
Student’s Name:
Course:
Music and Gender: Women Portrayal in Rap Music
The introduction of rap music in the 1980s was welcomed with a lot positivity. However, this genre of music has on many occasions been considered as being controversial. Rap music has been accused of advancing messages and themes that deal with sexism, violence, gender stereotyping and materialism. Previous studies on rap music have indicated the content found in rap music promotes negative behavior. Moreover, research has shown that rap music videos generally differ in their portrayals of men and women in music videos. Males are often cast in positive light compared to females who are depicted in positions that portray them as a submissive gender to males.
The scope of this research narrows down on rap music produced from the years 2016 to 2018.The songs selected for this research are songs with lyrics that have misogynistic themes on women. Rap songs are observed in normalizing, objectifying, glorifying, victimizing and even exploiting women. Moreover, the rap songs are observed in defaming women through using innuendos and stereotypical language which portray misogynistic and sexist perspectives. The main area of focus for this paper is on the kind of nouns that are used in rap music to refer to the concept of woman and ways in which these nouns depict women. It is critical for this project to investigate the lyrics and its representations, as rap music has in the past years been under criticism for increasingly presenting a negative and controversial image of women in the society. A theological perspective on these issues is undertaken at understanding and criticizing the misogynistic and sexist culture of rap music generally.
Men in rap music have a higher probability of perpetuating violence on women. A review done on the common rap images found out that women were more likely to be dressed in images which portrayed them in provocative ways, especially in videos that had sexual content. Research has suggested that the perpetuation of gender in the media is a theme which has been occurring for eons of time[footnoteRef:1]. Specifically, music and gender and the portrayal of women in rap music has not been extensively studied previously. It is essential to consider the differences of gender in rap music and the portrayal of women in this genre of music. [1: Ronald Weitzer and Charis E Kubrin, “Articles Misogyny in Rap Music A Content Analysis of Prevalence and Meanings,” accessed October 23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X08327696.]
Although scholars have attempted examining the interactions between rap music and religion, there has been a gap in regard to how artists frame religious messages within their lyrics. However, this lack of sufficient research does not reflect on the continued .
Running head Museum Focus1Museum Focus.docxglendar3
Running head: Museum Focus
1
Museum Focus
4
Museum Focus
Linda Dotson
Walden University
Interdisciplinary Experience: Sustaining Quality of Life in the City
Professor Paige Parker
September 15, 2018
Question 1
Brief introduction of Ohio City
Ohio is a great city named after the Ohio River in the 18th century. The area was disputed by the France and Great Britain. After the dispute, it established its own territories. This territory included the land where west of Pennsylvania in United States and the northwest of the Ohio River. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles (Turner, & Bogue 2010).
The History of Ohio City that has led to construction of Museums.
The area remained as a hunting ground by the Iroquois after the dispute. Later, some American groups began to migrate to the area. Later there was a seven years war between the Europeans, British and France. They all wanted to colonize the area. Unfortunately, the British worn and after the win, they ordered French settlers to leave the area. It is evident that the war brought about the breakdown of ethnicities.
How museum focus has been of great importance to the citizens of the city
The area is known for its landscape, mountains, rivers and minerals. This makes Ohio City to be a great city suitable for great museums. It is evident that, Ohio City creates the best environment for a museum with the theme of History and Natural History to be built. For instance, Miami River is known to be a great river. Many people admire visiting the area just to see the river. This creates the best conditions to build a museum. People within the city can also visit the museum and get to enjoy the benefits of the museums.
How people from outside the city benefit from the construction of the museums.
People outside Ohio City can also visit the museums. These museums will offer the history of the river to its visitors. They will also address an increasing array of issues in the dynamic environment (Edson, 2017).
Question 2
Permanent Exhibition.
Modern museum are designed to have a permanent exhibit, in this case the museum must have enough collections and classification of a field of knowledge for research and for display purposes. This will enlighten the visits about the history of Ohio City. The history stored in this museum will also be of great use to students as they will learn a lot in these museums,
References
Edson, G. (2017). Museum management. In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences(pp. 3185-3198). CRC Press.
Turner, F. J., & Bogue, A. G. (2010). The frontier in American history. Courier Corporation.
If you can do it send confirmation at [email protected]
If you can do it send confirmation at [email protected]
Assessment Details and Submission Guidelines
Trimester
T2 2018
Unit Code
MN603
Unit Title
Wireless Networks and Security
Assessment
Individual
Type
Assessment
Design and implementation of secure enterprise wireless network
Tit.
Running head: MODULE 3 - SLP 1
MODULE 3 – SLP 2
Module 3 – SLP
Elizabeth Davis
Trident International University
Dr. Sharlene Gozalians
13 May 2019
Module 3 – SLP
In a bid to control the prevalence of diabetes among the African Americans, it is important to examine a number of attributes of culture that can empower a person towards changing a behavior. The factors may be positive, existential, and negative. Existential factors may be not harmful but need to be acknowledged. The importance of a family cannot be ignored especially because of the support they provide to diabetic patients. Family is therefore a positive cultural value which will assist in managing diabetes disease. This paper therefore seeks to address how each of the PEN-3 model’s three factors within the dimension of cultural empowerment applies to the African American group.
It is important to explore by identifying several cultural beliefs and practices that are positive, existential and negative. Positive factors are likely to lead to an improvement by reducing the prevalence of diabetes among the African Americans. Existential factors are existing cultural values and beliefs that may have no harmful health consequences. Cultural practices that may act as barriers in controlling the prevalence of diabetes among the African Americans are the negative factors. Example of these negative practices includes poor nutrition leading to obesity.
Positive Factors
The positive factors which will influence management and control of diabetes among the African Americans include spirituality and family. For example, talking about a family affair with diabetes will make a great impact in controlling diabetes among the African Americans. This is because it will create awareness of how to handle and deal with diabetes. Spirituality will have a positive impact in controlling the prevalence of diabetes among the African Americans. African Americans who have spiritual faith are likely to engage in activities which will reduce the prevalence of the disease.
Existential Factors
Existential factors include faith healing. A belief in faith healing is a factor which is likely to reduction in prevalence of diabetes among the African Americans. Individuals who are religious are likely to visit religious leaders to seek healing and intervention. Many individuals confess that they got healed after being prayed for by the Pastors and other religious leaders. This is attributed to believing in faith healing.
Negative Factors
Consumption of “comfort foods” is common in the diet of the African Americans. These foods contain high fat, sugar, and calorie contents. Example of negative cultural factors includes unhealthy traditional foods. Poor nutrition among the African Americans is more l.
Running Head PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN1PROGRAM EVALUATION.docxglendar3
Running Head: PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN 2
PROGRAM EVALUATION PLAN
Name:
Tanisha Hannah
Institution:
Strayer University
Class:
EDU 571 Evaluating School Programs
Professor:
Antony Jacob
Date of Submission:
February 19, 2020
Program evaluation plan (part 2)
In order to ensure that the “gender equity for girls in math” education program which applies to master’s level students is efficient in fulfilling the outlaid goals, the goal based approach of evaluation should be applied in evaluating the effectiveness of the program. The major objective of this education program is to empower the girl child and to ensure that there are increase female students taking courses in mathematics at higher education levels (Markovits & Forgasz, 2017). In this case therefore, the evaluators has to establish if the establishment of this program will promote the positivity and capability of girls to take courses in Mathematics and to increasingly love the subject even in the lower classes so as to portray an increased number in the number of girls pursing this course in the masters level.
The goal based approach of evaluation will help the school evaluator to be able to determine how they can ensure that all the institutions are able to empower the girl child and encourage them to increasingly perfect their skills in mathematics in order to see a reflection of changes in the higher education levels (Sarouphim & Chartouny, 2017). This evaluation technique will help the education program creators to determine if the program is efficient in attaining the set objects through checking the outcomes of the implementation of the program over certain period of time.
The gender equality for girls in Math is a program that is anticipated to help the girl children be able to resolve their issues that result from fear and insecurities which cause them to undermine their power and be left behind by the boy child in regard to prosperity in Mathematics (Ganley.et.al, 2018). Therefore, the evaluators will have a role of determining the broader impacts of this approach as well as investigate what greater good is served as a result of this program. This will include identify the consequences that the program will have on other courses which most female students major in and how the male students will be affected by the program. The goals based evaluation method will help establish the objectives which can be added in the program to make it have optimal results to both girls and boys as well as ensure that other courses that are male dominated portray gender equality (Stoehr.et.al, 2017).
The major areas where the evaluators will assess include; the goals of the program, the outcomes of the program as well as the consequences. The main questions concerning these areas will be; what are the objectives of the program? How will the program be able to meet these goals? How do the goals of the program align with the activities involved.
Running head: PROGRAM EVALUATION 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION 5
Program Evaluation
Student’s Name
Institution
Program Evaluation
Application of Social Cognitive Theory in Information Science and Education
Social cognitive theory first started as a social learning theory by Albert Bandura for application in psychology. Jenkins, Hall, and Raeside (2018) asserted that, regarding the deployment of social cognitive theory in understanding information seeking behavior and use, the social cognitive theory had been used to explore significant areas. Such areas like consumption of social media content, information retrieval skills in the academic field, information retrieval skills at the workplace, information literacy in the educational field and day to day life information seeking. For instance, Kim (2010) used the theory to explore expectation differences in students of different genders when using university library website resources. With regards to knowledge sharing, Jenkins et al. (2018) found that social cognitive theory has been used to explore various fields like blogging and knowledge management systems.
In the field of education, Erlich and Russ-Eft (2011) reviewed the application of social cognitive theory to academic advising for assessment of student learning. Specifically, the researchers applied the social cognitive theory concepts of self-regulated learning as well as self-efficacy for the study. This medium is because these concepts have been successfully applied to education. The idea that learners should be able to recognize, create as well as choose their career plans for successful navigation through their college life contains the elements of self-efficacy concept and self-regulated learning. For instance, Erlich and Russ-Eft (2011) indicated that the confidence in achieving academic plans at a given level could be an indication of a student’s ability to perform academic planning activities at a complex level, which is a demonstration of increased efficacy. Learner’s self-regulated learning skills may help in understanding the learning mechanisms by which a learner acquired the strategies and tactics for performing academic planning activities with independence and sophistication.
Program Timeline
Project Goal
Related Objective
Activity
Duration
To promote awareness about breast cancer prevention
By 2020, increase to 75% proportion of African American women who understand the importance of annual clinical breast exams
Identify the population who underutilize clinical breast exams
January 1, 2020-January 31, 2020
Develop a media campaign to educate African American women about the benefits of early breast cancer detection
February 1,2020-March 30, 2020
Train faith-based organization members on how to educate their congregations about the.
Running Head MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROMEMunchausen SyndromeKr.docxglendar3
Running Head: MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME
Munchausen Syndrome
Krystina Joseph
Columbia College
Munchausen Syndrome Article Review
Introduction
The Munchausen Syndrome Article explains about the Munchausen Syndrome, which is a rare fictitious disorder which involves the frequent hospitalization together with an intentional display of signs of sickness and pathological lying. In this regards, the management needs the security history taking with collaboration with the sound clinical processes which entails organicity exclusion in addressing the psychological problems. It is worth noting that a case which is presented having unusual symptoms of same dimensions are as well discussed. The case in this regards brings the finer nuances in the assessment of the entity (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Question
Based on the abstract of the article, it can be denoted that the research question of the article is the need to understand more on the Munchausen Syndrome as well as the symptoms and therefore the need to ensure that such issues are solved by having a sound clinical process to handle the problem. The problem for the case as well was to find out what caused the 19-year-old housewife to vomit pink substance.
Findings
The findings depict that the 19-year-old housewife was suffering from a factitious disorder, also termed as the Munchausen syndrome. The psychometry performed also showed that there is an elevation of scales of anxiety together with hysteria. Consequently, being managed in an empathetic as well as non-confrontational manner, the psychotherapy was intended to improve the positive coping abilities while at the same time improving the interpersonal relationships which had been imparted (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Methods Used
The methods used involved observations and clinical assessments. Observations were done by checking regularly the presence of the bloodstained vomits as well as the asthenia and any forms of skin allergy. This was carried out to ensure that the patient had no issues. The observations, as well as little conversation, showed that there were no cases of psychiatric illnesses for the patient in the past. Further, the assessment entails involves the systematic examinations which were performed within the normal limit. The psychiatric evaluation was performed together with ward observations which were intended at revealing the comfortability of the patient while in the hospital (Prakash., et al 2014).
The credibility of the Source of Information
To know the credibility of sources, the authors are scrutinized where their qualifications and their areas of experience assessed to understand whether the information provided is related to the topic at hand. For this article, it can be denoted that all the information provided is credible. This is because all the four authors who contributed to the article have sufficient skills and knowledge pertaining to health-related disorders, and thus, their pieces of information.
Running head PROGRAM EVALUATION 6PROGRAM EVALUATIONPr.docxglendar3
Running head: PROGRAM EVALUATION
6
PROGRAM EVALUATION
Program Evaluation
Insert Your First & Last Name
Capella University
COUN 5280 – Introduction to School Counseling
Professor: Dr. Erin Berry
Month, Year
Setting up the format for an APA style paper
· Begin by setting your cursor at the first, beginning space of the first page of your paper and creating all of your margins at 1”. You do this by going to File>Page Set Up>Margin Tab and set at 1 inch for all 4 sides, Top, Bottom, Right, and Left.
· To set spacing to true Double: First, highlight the entire document text, or choose Select All. Then go to Format>Paragraph>Indents and Spacing Tab and in the box that says Line Spacing: select Double from the pull down menu. Make sure the ‘before’ and ‘after’ boxes are set at 0 pt, and not at Auto. Double Spacethroughout the document and see rules in APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition. APA is about saving space… no gaps or quadruple spacing, so the document is consistent and easy to read.
· The font is Times New Roman, 12 pt. Use the same size and typeface throughout, including the paging and Running heads.
(REMOVE THIS INSTRUCTION PAGE WHEN SUBMITTING PAPER)
Start your introduction here. APA 6th edition does not use a heading title for the introduction because its position in the paper identifies it as the introduction. Open your paper with a nice foreword to introduce your response to the unit 7 discussion. You also want to set the reader up about the four general topic areas you will present . At this point, you may respond to the assignment in an outline fashion or take a narrative approach. An example of an outline form is provided. Please review the rubric carefully! There is still an expectation to support your ideas with the literature.
I. School specific needs
In this section you will examine your understanding of identified gaps or specific needs for Model Middle School.
· Included in this section should be an analysis that addresses academic career, personal-social and developmental needs. A strong analysis is demonstrated when the ideas presented in this section are supported by specific examples and scholarly literature.
· A strong program analysis takes into consideration the ways in which student development is fostered through stakeholder collaboration (e.g., school, family and community). Additionally, the measures used to demonstrate accountability are reviewed. Be sure these two ideas clearly addressed in your outline.
II. Program outline
Strong action plans demonstrate critical thinking through the discussion of reasonable assumptions, drawing inferences or making predictions while exploring the potential risks and benefits of the plan. Make sure specific examples are provided! For example, the plan may include group counseling for an academic issues because intervention is supported in the literature.
· In this section, you will describe the specific program of services you plan to provide to .
Running head PROGRAM DESIGN 1PROGRAM DESIGN 2.docxglendar3
Running head: PROGRAM DESIGN 1
PROGRAM DESIGN 2
Program Design to Promote Social Goals in American K12 Schools
January 15th,2018
Program Design to Promote Social Goals in American K12 Schools
Explanation of Each Initiative
The three main initiatives of promoting social goals in school will include: promoting moral and character education, improving children’s health and nutrition, and creating school communities through extracurricular activities, after school programs, and school spirits (Rissanen et al. 2018). Comment by Evelyn Young: The 3 initiatives are clearly stated. Although did Rissanen et al. propose these 3 initiatives to promote social goals in schools? If these are your arguments, take credit for them. No need to give credit to Rissanen et al. for formulating the thesis for your paper.
I think that your paper could have used an introduction followed by the thesis statement.
Explanation of Each Initiative
Moral education is meant to promote good conduct among school-going children, not just within their immediate social relationships, but also in their dealings with their fellow citizens. This initiative is premised on the need for students to possess clear ideals and judgments on what action are right and what are wrong, including the determination of students’ conduct through a constant reference to those ideals. Moral education will be offered as a social goal to enlighten students on a system of rules and norms that regulate the social interactions of people on concepts of welfare, such as harm, trust, justice, and rights. For some students, issues related to values, personal feelings, and societal norms are constructs for discussions and are as such viewed as being influenced by the manner in which morality taught or experienced in schools, churches, and social institution settings. Moral education will be meant to reduce criminal and deviant behaviors among students. Moral character is required in schools because many parents do not teach their children morality issues.
The health and nutrition initiative is meant to improve the physical and mental well being of students. This initiative has the potential to improve the quality of students’ urban life, strengthen the ability of poor children to excel in their studies, and to compensate them for the substandard home and school environments spawned by competitive, inequitable social order. Health and nutritional initiatives will be strengthened through planning and introducing curriculum on nutrition with educational activities. These will include physical activities, which are combined with the farm to school programs that motivate students to consume healthy diets. Indeed, the hybrid school-based nutritional programs have major influence on attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors associated with fruits and vegetable consumption diffused throughout a bigger urban community (Dudley Cotton & Peralta, 2015). This hybrid intervention includes combining district stra.
Running head PROFICIENCY LEVEL ANALYSIS1PROFICIENCY LEVEL AN.docxglendar3
Running head: PROFICIENCY LEVEL ANALYSIS 1
PROFICIENCY LEVEL ANALYSIS 4
Proficiency Level Analysis
ESL-433
6/16/19
Proficiency Level Analysis
Grouping Strategy for Ms. Jensen
The arrangement of the student in the class should be based on their proficiency level while factoring the different capabilities of each student. The teacher should ensure that the both fast learners and slow learners are catered in terms of understanding how to handle their comprehension capabilities. The class has three categories of student, basic, intermediate and proficient.
Cooperative Learning
Cooperative grouping is based on the differences among the children in terms of their learning abilities. Li & Lam (2013) states that cooperative grouping is best suited for situations where students have learning abilities which are differing. The grouping technique is implemented following the analysis of the heterogeneous factors such that students should be grouped depending gender, economic background, culture, race and ethnicities. The ranking of students should follow the descending order starting with the highest to the lowest. To make a ranking legend, the teacher should use L for low achiever, M for medium achievers and H for highest achievers. The grouping should include at least one student from each category for the purposes of achieving diversity. The grouping system should however be done without involving the students as such could encourage discrimination. The issues of gender should be defined effectively to avoid the majority of gender in any of the group.
Rationale for Placement
The strategy is important and useful for the given case because students have different abilities and proficiency. The grouping strategy also promotes involvement of all students since the group is designed in manner which facilitates individual contribution. Tsay & Brady (2012) states that the cooperative grouping is important since it allows for the development of critical thinking skills and communication skills.
Conclusion
Ms. Jensen’s class has students with different abilities and varying English proficiency. Cooperative grouping is effective for 7th grade children since it allow them to exchange information amongst themselves while encouraging collaborative learning. Students are more likely to improve their self-esteem and moralization to study English tasks since group composition allows individual contribution and peer discussions.
References
Li, M. P., & Lam, B. H. (2013). Cooperative learning. 2015-01-20]. http://www. ied. edu. hk/aclass/l'heories/cooperative learning course writing_LBH% 2024June, pdf.
Tsay, M., & Brady, M. (2012). A case study of cooperative learning and communication pedagogy: Does working in teams make a difference?. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(2), 78-89.
Ms. Jensen's 7th Grade Class AZELLA Scores
Student Name
Reading Label
Writing Label
Listening Label
Speaking Label
Aryanna
P.
Running head PROFESSIONAL CAPSTONE AND PRACTICUM1PROFESSIONA.docxglendar3
Running head: PROFESSIONAL CAPSTONE AND PRACTICUM 1
PROFESSIONAL CAPSTONE AND PRACTICUM 5
Falls and Related Injuries
Nanah Kamara Comment by Nelson, Emily Jeanette: Please see my comments in your previous assignment about how to format your title page.
GCU
Falls and Related Injuries
Nurses, being the initial contacts for patients in any most health facilities and the fact they interact or engage with patients more when compared to other providers of care constitute a critical component of the healthcare system. Consequently, nurses play a much huge role in making sure that the healthcare system provides not only safe care but also and care of high standard or quality (Sato, Hase, Osaka, Sairyo & Katoh, 2018). However one of the major healthcare or nursing issue over the years is the fall and associated injuries which have proved not only difficult for healthcare providers and facility to manage. The purpose of this essay is to… Comment by Nelson, Emily Jeanette: Reference needed
For instance, and according to DuPree, Fritz-Campiz & Musheno, (2014), Unintentional falls constitute the highest cause of non-fatal injuries among people over 65 years in the US. Moreover, one in every three individuals above 65 years falls at least one time in a given year. In addition, injuries from falls cause the highest number of accidental deaths among people 65-year-old and above (Tricco, Thomas, Veroniki, Hamid, Cogo, Strifler & Riva, 2017). Such statistics coupled with the extent of the costs associated with fall call for proper intervention to reduce falls and their associated injuries. For instance, the government spends billions of dollars on fall and their associated injuries on treating falls. The prevention of fall would provide increased funds for investment in other social programs aimed at improving both healthcare and addressing social or communal problems (Zakrajsek, Schuster, Wells, Williams & Silverchanz, 2018).
In addition, falls and their related injuries are responsible for almost 15% of the recorded hospitalization. This increases the burden of healthcare providers especially given the numerous stressors like staff shortage, huge workloads, leadership problems and personal factors among others. An increase in falls and associated injury, therefore, is detrimental to the provision of quality care as captured under the healthy 2020 program goal of reducing deaths that result from falls. Comment by Nelson, Emily Jeanette: Reference needed Comment by Nelson, Emily Jeanette: Reference needed
Despite this, falls are very complex and difficult to manage or prevent. Given the implications that falls bear on the patients, the healthcare providers and the healthcare system as a whole (Joseph, Henriksen & Malone, 2018), there has been increased There has been an increased research focus towards fall prevention and reduction strategies. As a result, there exist a significant amount of literature regarding the reduction and prevention of falls..
Running head PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL PROGRAM .docxglendar3
Running head: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL PROGRAM 1
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL PROGRAM 3
Professional Development Proposal Program
BUS520
Strayer University
November 9, 2018
Executive Summary
Professional Development Proposal Program
The need for organizational efficiency is driving the need for understanding the competency of individuals that generate effectiveness. The emotional intelligence capabilities help explain considerable as well as significant variances in accepting and predicting performance in capability studies. Emotional intelligence is the ability to monitor personal feelings and emotions visa vie other people’s feelings and emotions and use the information to guide personal thinking and actions. Management can rely on employees’ emotional building blocks to not only enhance their performance, but also their job satisfaction levels. The most important emotional intelligence building blocks that enhance employee performance and job satisfaction are social skills, self-awareness, self regulation, self motivation and empathy. Managers will use emotional intelligence to identify the positive and negative reinforcement of motivation to enhance employee morale within the organization. Positive reinforcement motivation tools are the rewards given to employees for exemplary performance while negative reinforcement is the penalty or punishment for poor performance.
Leaders can use the concept of emotional intelligence to enhance their social skills and decision-making skills in management. Emotional intelligence plays a critical role in helping persons requiring social skills to help them deal with social situations. Given that building strong relationship is one aspect of effective leadership, there is need for organizational leaders to build capacity in social skills for better organizational performance. Leaders can also utilize the concept of emotional intelligence to enhance their decision-making skills. Emotionally intelligent decision makers rely on self-awareness and self-management to determine their appropriate duties in decision making process. Decision makers use these skills to determine whether they have the necessary orientation to a problem.
Emotionally intelligent leaders strive for the establishment of effective teams to help realize organizational and team goals. Effective teams have clear purpose and goals, engage in consensus decision making, shared leadership and embrace open communication. To develop effective teams, departmental managers must define the team’s purpose and goals, define the roles for each group member and quickly identify and resolve conflicts. Finally, there is need to develop both extrinsic and intrinsic reward systems for employee motivation and improved performance.
Professional Development Proposal Program
Introduction
The need for organizatio.
Running Head Process Recording TemplateProcess Recording Temp.docxglendar3
Running Head: Process Recording Template
Process Recording Template
Process Recording Template
Student Name: Shaneka Ratchford Date of Contact: 6th Dec 2018
Session number or Contact number: Location of the client interview: Mrs. Michelle Rowell’s house
Verbatim dialogue
Assessment of client
Student impression/ feeling / thoughts/ reactions
Identify skills /theory/ conceptual framework
Social work intern:
Hello Madam, I am pleased to meet you
I am a little bit nervous since I have not gained so much confidence in the field study, but I want to deliver good results I start with the greetings to start the conversation in and make my client feel at ease.
Invites her in the conversation
Client:
Hello, am also pleased to meet you. Call me Mrs. Rowell.
She greeted me in a friendly way and seemed to be at ease
Social work intern:
As we had agreed, I have come in your house for a pre-assessment and see your readiness. Are you ready for this?
I look at the client, she is not looking at me, I take a deep breath to ease my nervousness
I used closed-ended method requiring a yes or no answer to start the dialogue
Client:
Yes, I am ready
She is confident and seems very ready and nodded in acceptance
Social work intern:
It must be very difficult accepting that you cannot bear children biologically? You must have thought about adopting a child for a long time?
I feel confident now that my client looks like I could now see she has full confidence with me
I deploy open-ended tactic to kick-start the conversation
Client:
It has been a tough time for me, this is one of the reasons I ended up being divorced by my husband of many years
Her face changes and she looks very thoughtful
Social work intern:
I am sorry for this ma’am, everything will be fine
I feel sorry for her
I deploy empathy to make her feel more
Client:
Thank you for your concern
Her face brightens again
Social work intern:
You believe that you can be able to take care of the child alone bearing in mind you seem to ambivalent about a child below the age of ten? Please tell me more about that?
I try Showing some concern
I try engaging her to get clarifications of what she exactly wants
Client:
As I earlier told you I am working, I would like a child who is a little bit grown up since I will not be at home at all times due to work commitment
The client looks uncomfortable at this point since she starts fidgeting
Social work intern:
How will you handle this alone
She Seems confident
I try digging more from her
Client:
It is a difficult task as I have said, but since I have been working as a teacher for many years, I have a lot of experience in parenting
She smiles as she explains her passion with children.
Social work intern:
Now that your mind is set in the adoption of a school going child, how will you handle the discipline of the child?
I feel she is fit for the task
I want to understa.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Running head Multi-actor modelling system 1Multi-actor mod.docx
1. Running head: Multi-actor modelling system 1
Multi-actor modelling system3
Multi-actor modelling system
Yogesh Dagwale
University of the Cumberland’s
Ligtenberg, A., Wachowicz, M., Bregt, A. K., Beulens, A., &
Kettenis, D. L. (2004). A design and application of a multi-
agent system for simulation of multi-actor spatial planning.
Journal of environmental management, 72(1-2), 43-55.
They talk about the potential and restrictions of the MAS to
manufacture models that empower spatial organizers to
incorporate the 'actor factor' in their examination. Their
structure system contemplates actors who assume a functioning
job in the spatial planning. They included actors who can watch
and see a spatial domain. Using these perceptions and
discernment they produce an inclination for a preferred spatial
2. situation. Actors at that point present and discuss their
inclinations amid their exchanges with different actors.
The inclinations of the actor fill in as inputs for an official
choice making. Finally, ultimate conclusions are actualized in
the spatial framework. They found that MAS can produce space
utilization designs in light of a portrayal of a multi-actor
planning process. It additionally can clear up the impacts of
actors under the administration of various planning styles on the
space utilization and prove how the relations between actors
change amid a planning process and under different orders of
coming up with decisions. Unlike the work by Parker, Manson,
Janssen, Hoffman & Deadman,2003, cited below, this paper did
not include the various challenges associated with the use of
MAS.
Parker, D. C., Manson, S. M., Janssen, M. A., Hoffmann, M. J.,
& Deadman, P. (2003). Multi-agent systems for the simulation
of land-use and land-cover change: a review. Annals of the
association of American Geographers, 93(2), 314-337.
In this paper, they studied different models. These models,
however, were not thorough enough and therefore they took into
account the multi-actor system, dynamic spatial Simulation,
which has two components, that is, a cellular model that speaks
to biogeophysical and biological parts of a demonstrated
framework and an actor-based model to speak to human
conclusion making. Because of its nature and ability to model
complex situations, they highlighted some of the areas that
MAS can be applied where other models cannot be able to
deliver. Such areas are modeling of emergent phenomena
whereby MAS can model landscape plans, due to its flexibility,
MAS can represent complex land use/ cover systems, and they
can be used to model dynamic paths. They also outlined the
various challenges to Multi-actor systems. Such challenges
include an understanding of complexity, individual decision
making, empirical parameterization and model validation, and
communication.
3. Faber, N. R., & Jorna, R. J. (2011, June). The use of multi-actor
systems for studying social sustainability: Theoretical
backgrounds and pseudo-specifications. In Computer Supported
Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), 2011 15th International
Conference on (pp. 842-849). IEEE.
This paper addresses the need to use multi-actor simulations for
examining social sustainability. They contend that simulations
for maintainability should join conceivable psychological and
social agents to acquire knowledge on the issues identified with
manageability. Such agents should be furnished with elements
of observation, portability, learning, correspondence, and
coordination to frame a simulation demonstrate for social
maintainability. The actors impart their situations toward an
issue and coordinate each other's activities keeping in mind the
end goal to achieve. the actors confer their circumstances
toward an issue and coordinate each other's exercises
remembering the true objective to achieve. They argued that the
MAS should be nourished with at least one aptitude models that
mirror a specific learning space for the on-screen characters to
communicate with. For by definition undertakings and practices
of actors are formed by the ability these actors have.
They described that MAS can be used for local characteristics,
that is, recognition and natural thoughtfulness to achieve
versatility and investigation of neighborhood contrasts. It can
moreover be used for change of learning instruments and
correspondence parts to enhance data creation and basic
reasoning. In social components, MAS utilizes coordination
segments to oversee undertaking dissemination/reallocation.
Gazendam, H. W. (2005). Coordination mechanisms in multi-
actor systems. Planning: Its aspects, motivations, and methods.
New York: Wiley.
This paper explains that, in multi-actor frameworks, facilitated
activity is accomplished by procedures of shared alteration that
can appear as sorting out, planning, and impromptu creation. An
arrangement can be viewed as a social build, a moderately
persevering socially shared unit of information, fortified in its
4. reality by its day by day utilize. Keeping in mind the end goal
to have the capacity to comprehend multi-actor plan, the paper
researches the inquiries; what representation composes are
important in multi-actor participation, how actors can
accomplish coordinated activity utilizing social develops, how
the arranging exercises of numerous performing artists can be
made good with a specific end goal to come to a worthy,
perhaps circulated, organizing plan, and how actors can define
limits to the time and assets spent on planning in view of an
estimation of the expenses and advantages of making
arrangements. They concluded that multi-actor systems can be
used for the development of coherent theories.
Le, Q. B., Park, S. J., Vlek, P. L., & Cremers, A. B. (2008).
Land-Use Dynamic Simulator (LUDAS): A multi-agent system
model for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of coupled
human–landscape system. I. Structure and theoretical
specification. Ecological Informatics, 3(2), 135-153.
This paper displays the idea and hypothetical determination of a
multi actor-based model for the spatial-transient recreation of a
coupled human– scene framework. The model falls into the
class, where the human populace and the scene condition are on
the whole self-sorted out intelligent specialists. The model
structure is spoken to by four segments: an arrangement of
human populace characterizing particular personal conduct
standards of ranch family units in arrive utilize basic leadership
as indicated by typological vocation gatherings, an arrangement
of scene condition portraying singular land patches with
different characteristics, speaking to the elements of harvest and
backwoods yields and also arrive utilize/cover advances in light
of family conduct and regular imperatives, an arrangement of
approach factors that are essential for arriving utilize decisions,
and a basic leadership technique incorporating family,
ecological and strategy data into arrive utilize choices of family
operators. In the model, the limited judicious methodology, in
5. view of utility boost utilizing spatial multi-ostensible strategic
capacities, is settled with heuristic lead-based strategies to
speak to basic leadership instruments of families in regard to
arriving utilize. Experimental confirmations of the model's
segments and the use of the model to a watershed in Vietnam
for coordinated evaluations of approach impacts on the scene
and network elements are subjects of a friend paper.
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
6. Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology,
Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Public Administration and Information Technology
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12784-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956771
8. The last economic and financial crisis has heavily threatened
European and other
economies around the globe. Also, the Eurozone crisis, the
energy and climate
change crises, challenges of demographic change with high
unemployment rates,
and the most recent conflicts in the Ukraine and the near East or
the Ebola virus
disease in Africa threaten the wealth of our societies in
different ways. The inability
to predict or rapidly deal with dramatic changes and negative
trends in our economies
and societies can seriously hamper the wealth and prosperity of
the European Union
and its Member States as well as the global networks. These
societal and economic
challenges demonstrate an urgent need for more effective and
efficient processes of
governance and policymaking, therewith specifically addressing
crisis management
and economic/welfare impact reduction.
Therefore, investing in the exploitation of innovative
information and commu-
nication technology (ICT) in the support of good governance
and policy modeling
has become a major effort of the European Union to position
itself and its Member
States well in the global digital economy. In this realm, the
European Union has
laid out clear strategic policy objectives for 2020 in the Europe
2020 strategy1: In
a changing world, we want the EU to become a smart,
sustainable, and inclusive
economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should
help the EU and the
9. Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity,
and social cohesion.
Concretely, the Union has set five ambitious objectives—on
employment, innovation,
education, social inclusion, and climate/energy—to be reached
by 2020. Along with
this, Europe 2020 has established four priority areas—smart
growth, sustainable
growth, inclusive growth, and later added: A strong and
effective system of eco-
nomic governance—designed to help Europe emerge from the
crisis stronger and to
coordinate policy actions between the EU and national levels.
To specifically support European research in strengthening
capacities, in overcom-
ing fragmented research in the field of policymaking, and in
advancing solutions for
1 Europe 2020 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
v
[email protected]
vi Preface
ICT supported governance and policy modeling, the European
Commission has co-
funded an international support action called eGovPoliNet2. The
overall objective
of eGovPoliNet was to create an international, cross-
disciplinary community of re-
searchers working on ICT solutions for governance and policy
10. modeling. In turn,
the aim of this community was to advance and sustain research
and to share the
insights gleaned from experiences in Europe and globally. To
achieve this, eGovPo-
liNet established a dialogue, brought together experts from
distinct disciplines, and
collected and analyzed knowledge assets (i.e., theories,
concepts, solutions, findings,
and lessons on ICT solutions in the field) from different
research disciplines. It built
on case material accumulated by leading actors coming from
distinct disciplinary
backgrounds and brought together the innovative knowledge in
the field. Tools, meth-
ods, and cases were drawn from the academic community, the
ICT sector, specialized
policy consulting firms as well as from policymakers and
governance experts. These
results were assembled in a knowledge base and analyzed in
order to produce com-
parative analyses and descriptions of cases, tools, and scientific
approaches to enrich
a common knowledge base accessible via www.policy-
community.eu.
This book, entitled “Policy Practice and Digital Science—
Integrating Complex
Systems, Social Simulation, and Public Administration in Policy
Research,” is one
of the exciting results of the activities of eGovPoliNet—fusing
community building
activities and activities of knowledge analysis. It documents
findings of comparative
analyses and brings in experiences of experts from academia
and from case descrip-
11. tions from all over the globe. Specifically, it demonstrates how
the explosive growth
in data, computational power, and social media creates new
opportunities for policy-
making and research. The book provides a first comprehensive
look on how to take
advantage of the development in the digital world with new
approaches, concepts,
instruments, and methods to deal with societal and
computational complexity. This
requires the knowledge traditionally found in different
disciplines including public
administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex
systems, and com-
puter science to work together in a multidisciplinary fashion
and to share approaches.
This book provides the foundation for strongly multidisciplinary
research, in which
the various developments and disciplines work together from a
comprehensive and
holistic policymaking perspective. A wide range of aspects for
social and professional
networking and multidisciplinary constituency building along
the axes of technol-
ogy, participative processes, governance, policy modeling,
social simulation, and
visualization are tackled in the 19 papers.
With this book, the project makes an effective contribution to
the overall objec-
tives of the Europe 2020 strategy by providing a better
understanding of different
approaches to ICT enabled governance and policy modeling, and
by overcoming the
fragmented research of the past. This book provides impressive
insights into various
12. theories, concepts, and solutions of ICT supported policy
modeling and how stake-
holders can be more actively engaged in public policymaking. It
draws conclusions
2 eGovPoliNet is cofunded under FP 7, Call identifier FP7-ICT-
2011-7, URL: www.policy-
community.eu
[email protected]
Preface vii
of how joint multidisciplinary research can bring more effective
and resilient find-
ings for better predicting dramatic changes and negative trends
in our economies and
societies.
It is my great pleasure to provide the preface to the book
resulting from the
eGovPoliNet project. This book presents stimulating research by
researchers coming
from all over Europe and beyond. Congratulations to the project
partners and to the
authors!—Enjoy reading!
Thanassis Chrissafis
Project officer of eGovPoliNet
European Commission
DG CNECT, Excellence in Science, Digital Science
[email protected]
13. Contents
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1
Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts
in an Era of Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 15
Christopher Koliba and Asim Zia
3 The Quality of Social Simulation: An Example from Research
Policy Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Petra Ahrweiler and Nigel Gilbert
4 Policy Making and Modelling in a Complex World . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 57
Wander Jager and Bruce Edmonds
5 From Building a Model to Adaptive Robust Decision Making
Using Systems Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 75
Erik Pruyt
6 Features and Added Value of Simulation Models Using
Different
Modelling Approaches Supporting Policy-Making: A
Comparative
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Dragana Majstorovic, Maria A.Wimmer, Roy Lay-Yee, Peter
Davis
and Petra Ahrweiler
14. 7 A Comparative Analysis of Tools and Technologies
for Policy Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 125
Eleni Kamateri, Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris,
Konstantinos Tarabanis, Adegboyega Ojo, Deirdre Lee
and David Price
8 Value Sensitive Design of Complex Product Systems . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 157
Andreas Ligtvoet, Geerten van de Kaa, Theo Fens, Cees van
Beers,
Paulier Herder and Jeroen van den Hoven
ix
[email protected]
x Contents
9 Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Development: Observations
and Lessons from International Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 177
Natalie Helbig, Sharon Dawes, Zamira Dzhusupova, Bram
Klievink
and Catherine Gerald Mkude
10 Values in Computational Models Revalued . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 205
Rebecca Moody and Lasse Gerrits
11 The Psychological Drivers of Bureaucracy: Protecting
the Societal Goals of an Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 221
15. Tjeerd C. Andringa
12 Active and Passive Crowdsourcing in Government . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 261
Euripidis Loukis and Yannis Charalabidis
13 Management of Complex Systems: Toward Agent-Based
Gaming for Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Wander Jager and Gerben van der Vegt
14 The Role of Microsimulation in the Development of Public
Policy . . . 305
Roy Lay-Yee and Gerry Cotterell
15 Visual Decision Support for Policy Making: Advancing
Policy
Analysis with Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 321
Tobias Ruppert, Jens Dambruch, Michel Krämer, Tina Balke,
Marco
Gavanelli, Stefano Bragaglia, Federico Chesani, Michela
Milano
and Jörn Kohlhammer
16 Analysis of Five Policy Cases in the Field of Energy Policy .
. . . . . . . . 355
Dominik Bär, Maria A.Wimmer, Jozef Glova, Anastasia
Papazafeiropoulou and Laurence Brooks
17 Challenges to Policy-Making in Developing Countries
and the Roles of Emerging Tools, Methods and Instruments:
Experiences from Saint Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 379
Dmitrii Trutnev, Lyudmila Vidyasova and Andrei Chugunov
16. 18 Sustainable Urban Development, Governance and Policy:
A Comparative Overview of EU Policies and Projects . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 393
Diego Navarra and Simona Milio
19 eParticipation, Simulation Exercise and Leadership Training
in Nigeria: Bridging the Digital Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 417
Tanko Ahmed
[email protected]
Contributors
Tanko Ahmed National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies
(NIPSS), Jos,
Nigeria
Petra Ahrweiler EA European Academy of Technology and
Innovation Assess-
ment GmbH, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany
Tjeerd C. Andringa University College Groningen, Institute of
Artificial In-
telligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of
Groningen, AB,
Groningen, the Netherlands
Tina Balke University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
Dominik Bär University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
Cees van Beers Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
17. of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Stefano Bragaglia University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Laurence Brooks Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
Yannis Charalabidis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
Federico Chesani University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Andrei Chugunov ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerry Cotterell Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Jens Dambruch Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Peter Davis Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Sharon Dawes Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
xi
[email protected]
18. xii Contributors
Zamira Dzhusupova Department of Public Administration and
Development Man-
agement, United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA),
NewYork, USA
Bruce Edmonds Manchester Metropolitan University,
Manchester, UK
Theo Fens Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Marco Gavanelli University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Lasse Gerrits Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Nigel Gilbert University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jozef Glova Technical University Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
Natalie Helbig Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
Paulier Herder Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jeroen van den Hoven Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
19. Wander Jager Groningen Center of Social Complexity Studies,
University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Marijn Janssen Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Geerten van de Kaa Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Eleni Kamateri Information Technologies Institute, Centre for
Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bram Klievink Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jörn Kohlhammer GRIS, TU Darmstadt & Fraunhofer IGD,
Darmstadt, Germany
Christopher Koliba University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,
USA
Michel Krämer Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Roy Lay-Yee Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
20. Deirdre Lee INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
[email protected]
Contributors xiii
Andreas Ligtvoet Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft Univer-
sity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Euripidis Loukis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
Dragana Majstorovic University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Michela Milano University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Simona Milio London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, UK
Catherine Gerald Mkude Institute for IS Research, University of
Koblenz-Landau,
Koblenz, Germany
Rebecca Moody Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Diego Navarra Studio Navarra, London, UK
Adegboyega Ojo INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
21. Eleni Panopoulou Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
David Price Thoughtgraph Ltd, Somerset, UK
Erik Pruyt Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for
Advanced Study,
Wassenaar, The Netherlands
Tobias Ruppert Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Efthimios Tambouris Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessaloniki,
Greece
Konstantinos Tarabanis Information Technologies Institute,
Centre for Research
& Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessa-
loniki, Greece
Dmitrii Trutnev ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerben van der Vegt Faculty of Economics and Business,
University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
22. Lyudmila Vidyasova ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Maria A. Wimmer University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Asim Zia University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
[email protected]
Chapter 1
Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age
Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
We are running the 21st century using 20th century systems on
top of 19th century political structures. . . .
John Pollock, contributing editor MIT technology review
Abstract The explosive growth in data, computational power,
and social media
creates new opportunities for innovating governance and policy-
making. These in-
formation and communications technology (ICT) developments
affect all parts of
the policy-making cycle and result in drastic changes in the way
policies are devel-
oped. To take advantage of these developments in the digital
world, new approaches,
concepts, instruments, and methods are needed, which are able
to deal with so-
cietal complexity and uncertainty. This field of research is
sometimes depicted
as e-government policy, e-policy, policy informatics, or data
science. Advancing
24. [email protected]
2 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
take advantage of these developments in the digital world, new
approaches, con-
cepts, instruments, and methods are needed, which are able to
deal with societal and
computational complexity. This requires the use of knowledge
which is traditionally
found in different disciplines, including (but not limited to)
public administration,
policy analyses, information systems, complex systems, and
computer science. All
these knowledge areas are needed for policy-making in the
digital age. The aim of
this book is to provide a foundation for this new
interdisciplinary field in which
various traditional disciplines are blended.
Both policy-makers and those in charge of policy
implementations acknowledge
that ICT is becoming more and more important and is changing
the policy-making
process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on
ICT support. The field
of policy-making is changing driven by developments such as
open data, computa-
tional methods for processing data, opinion mining, simulation,
and visualization of
rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social
media, and participatory
tools. In this respect Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the
25. specific applications of
social networks and semantically enriched and linked data
which are important for
policy-making. In policy-making vast amount of data are used
for making predictions
and forecasts. This should result in improving the outcomes of
policy-making.
Policy-making is confronted with an increasing complexity and
uncertainty of the
outcomes which results in a need for developing policy models
that are able to deal
with this. To improve the validity of the models policy-makers
are harvesting data to
generate evidence. Furthermore, they are improving their
models to capture complex
phenomena and dealing with uncertainty and limited and
incomplete information.
Despite all these efforts, there remains often uncertainty
concerning the outcomes of
policy interventions. Given the uncertainty, often multiple
scenarios are developed
to show alternative outcomes and impact. A condition for this is
the visualization of
policy alternatives and its impact. Visualization can ensure
involvement of nonexpert
and to communicate alternatives. Furthermore, games can be
used to let people gain
insight in what can happen, given a certain scenario. Games
allow persons to interact
and to experience what happens in the future based on their
interventions.
Policy-makers are often faced with conflicting solutions to
complex problems,
thus making it necessary for them to test out their assumptions,
26. interventions, and
resolutions. For this reason policy-making organizations
introduce platforms facili-
tating policy-making and citizens engagements and enabling the
processing of large
volumes of data. There are various participative platforms
developed by government
agencies (e.g., De Reuver et al. 2013; Slaviero et al. 2010;
Welch 2012). Platforms
can be viewed as a kind of regulated environment that enable
developers, users, and
others to interact with each other, share data, services, and
applications, enable gov-
ernments to more easily monitor what is happening and
facilitate the development
of innovative solutions (Janssen and Estevez 2013). Platforms
should provide not
only support for complex policy deliberations with citizens but
should also bring to-
gether policy-modelers, developers, policy-makers, and other
stakeholders involved
in policy-making. In this way platforms provide an information-
rich, interactive
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 3
environment that brings together relevant stakeholders and in
which complex phe-
nomena can be modeled, simulated, visualized, discussed, and
even the playing of
games can be facilitated.
27. 1.2 Complexity and Uncertainty in Policy-Making
Policy-making is driven by the need to solve societal problems
and should result in
interventions to solve these societal problems. Examples of
societal problems are
unemployment, pollution, water quality, safety, criminality,
well-being, health, and
immigration. Policy-making is an ongoing process in which
issues are recognized
as a problem, alternative courses of actions are formulated,
policies are affected,
implemented, executed, and evaluated (Stewart et al. 2007).
Figure 1.1 shows the
typical stages of policy formulation, implementation, execution,
enforcement, and
evaluation. This process should not be viewed as linear as many
interactions are
necessary as well as interactions with all kind of stakeholders.
In policy-making
processes a vast amount of stakeholders are always involved,
which makes policy-
making complex.
Once a societal need is identified, a policy has to be formulated.
Politicians,
members of parliament, executive branches, courts, and interest
groups may be
involved in these formulations. Often contradictory proposals
are made, and the
impact of a proposal is difficult to determine as data is missing,
models cannot
citizen
s
29. 4 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
capture the complexity, and the results of policy models are
difficult to interpret and
even might be interpreted in an opposing way. This is further
complicated as some
proposals might be good but cannot be implemented or are too
costly to implement.
There is a large uncertainty concerning the outcomes.
Policy implementation is done by organizations other than those
that formulated
the policy. They often have to interpret the policy and have to
make implemen-
tation decisions. Sometimes IT can block quick implementation
as systems have
to be changed. Although policy-making is the domain of the
government, private
organizations can be involved to some extent, in particular in
the execution of policies.
Once all things are ready and decisions are made, policies need
to be executed.
During the execution small changes are typically made to fine
tune the policy formu-
lation, implementation decisions might be more difficult to
realize, policies might
bring other benefits than intended, execution costs might be
higher and so on. Typ-
ically, execution is continually changing. Evaluation is part of
the policy-making
process as it is necessary to ensure that the policy-execution
solved the initial so-
cietal problem. Policies might become obsolete, might not work,
30. have unintended
affects (like creating bureaucracy) or might lose its support
among elected officials,
or other alternatives might pop up that are better.
Policy-making is a complex process in which many stakeholders
play a role. In
the various phases of policy-making different actors are
dominant and play a role.
Figure 1.1 shows only some actors that might be involved, and
many of them are not
included in this figure. The involvement of so many actors
results in fragmentation
and often actors are even not aware of the decisions made by
other actors. This makes
it difficult to manage a policy-making process as each actor has
other goals and might
be self-interested.
Public values (PVs) are a way to try to manage complexity and
give some guidance.
Most policies are made to adhere to certain values. Public value
management (PVM)
represents the paradigm of achieving PVs as being the primary
objective (Stoker
2006). PVM refers to the continuous assessment of the actions
performed by public
officials to ensure that these actions result in the creation of PV
(Moore 1995). Public
servants are not only responsible for following the right
procedure, but they also have
to ensure that PVs are realized. For example, civil servants
should ensure that garbage
is collected. The procedure that one a week garbage is collected
is secondary. If it is
necessary to collect garbage more (or less) frequently to ensure
31. a healthy environment
then this should be done. The role of managers is not only to
ensure that procedures
are followed but they should be custodians of public assets and
maximize a PV.
There exist a wide variety of PVs (Jørgensen and Bozeman
2007). PVs can be
long-lasting or might be driven by contemporary politics. For
example, equal access
is a typical long-lasting value, whereas providing support for
students at universities
is contemporary, as politicians might give more, less, or no
support to students. PVs
differ over times, but also the emphasis on values is different in
the policy-making
cycle as shown in Fig. 1.2. In this figure some of the values
presented by Jørgensen
and Bozeman (2007) are mapped onto the four policy-making
stages. Dependent on
the problem at hand other values might play a role that is not
included in this figure.
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 5
Policy
formulation
Policy
implementation
Policy
33. equal access
balancing of interests
robust
honesty
fair
timelessness
reliable
flexible
fair
Fig. 1.2 Public values in the policy cycle
Policy is often formulated by politicians in consultation with
experts. In the PVM
paradigm, public administrations aim at creating PVs for society
and citizens. This
suggests a shift from talking about what citizens expect in
creating a PV. In this view
public officials should focus on collaborating and creating a
dialogue with citizens
in order to determine what constitutes a PV.
1.3 Developments
There is an infusion of technology that changes policy processes
at both the individual
and group level. There are a number of developments that
influence the traditional
way of policy-making, including social media as a means to
34. interact with the public
(Bertot et al. 2012), blogs (Coleman and Moss 2008), open data
(Janssen et al. 2012;
Zuiderwijk and Janssen 2013), freedom of information (Burt
2011), the wisdom
of the crowds (Surowiecki 2004), open collaboration and
transparency in policy
simulation (Wimmer et al. 2012a, b), agent-based simulation
and hybrid modeling
techniques (Koliba and Zia 2012) which open new ways of
innovative policy-making.
Whereas traditional policy-making is executed by experts, now
the public is involved
to fulfill requirements of good governance according to open
government principles.
[email protected]
6 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
Also, the skills and capabilities of crowds can be explored and
can lead to better and
more transparent democratic policy decisions. All these
developments can be used for
enhancing citizen’s engagement and to involve citizens better in
the policy-making
process. We want to emphasize three important developments.
1.3.1 The Availability of Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD)
Policy-making heavily depends on data about existing policies
and situations to
make decisions. Both public and private organizations are
opening their data for use
35. by others. Although information could be requested for in the
past, governments
have changed their strategy toward actively publishing open
data in formats that are
readily and easily accessible (for example,
European_Commission 2003; Obama
2009). Multiple perspectives are needed to make use of and
stimulate new practices
based on open data (Zuiderwijk et al. 2014). New applications
and innovations can
be based solely on open data, but often open data are enriched
with data from other
sources. As data can be generated and provided in huge
amounts, specific needs for
processing, curation, linking, visualization, and maintenance
appear. The latter is
often denoted with big data in which the value is generated by
combining different
datasets (Janssen et al. 2014). Current advances in processing
power and memory
allows for the processing of a huge amount of data. BOLD
allows for analyzing
policies and the use of these data in models to better predict the
effect of new policies.
1.3.2 Rise of Hybrid Simulation Approaches
In policy implementation and execution, many actors are
involved and there are a
huge number of factors influencing the outcomes; this
complicates the prediction
of the policy outcomes. Simulation models are capable of
capturing the interdepen-
dencies between the many factors and can include stochastic
elements to deal with
the variations and uncertainties. Simulation is often used in
36. policy-making as an
instrument to gain insight in the impact of possible policies
which often result in
new ideas for policies. Simulation allows decision-makers to
understand the essence
of a policy, to identify opportunities for change, and to evaluate
the effect of pro-
posed changes in key performance indicators (Banks 1998; Law
and Kelton 1991).
Simulation heavily depends on data and as such can benefit
from big and open data.
Simulation models should capture the essential aspects of
reality. Simulation
models do not rely heavily on mathematical abstraction and are
therefore suitable
for modeling complex systems (Pidd 1992). Already the
development of a model
can raise discussions about what to include and what factors are
of influence, in this
way contributing to a better understanding of the situation at
hand. Furthermore,
experimentation using models allows one to investigate
different settings and the
influence of different scenarios in time on the policy outcomes.
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 7
The effects of policies are hard to predict and dealing with
uncertainty is a key
aspect in policy modeling. Statistical representation of real-
world uncertainties is
37. an integral part of simulation models (Law and Kelton 1991).
The dynamics asso-
ciated with many factors affecting policy-making, the
complexity associated with
the interdependencies between individual parts, and the
stochastic elements asso-
ciated with the randomness and unpredictable behavior of
transactions complicates
the simulations. Computer simulations for examining,
explaining, and predicting so-
cial processes and relationships as well as measuring the
possible impact of policies
has become an important part of policy-making. Traditional
models are not able to
address all aspects of complex policy interactions, which
indicates the need for the
development of hybrid simulation models consisting of a
combinatory set of models
built on different modeling theories (Koliba and Zia 2012). In
policy-making it can
be that multiple models are developed, but it is also possible to
combine various
types of simulation in a single model. For this purpose agent-
based modeling and
simulation approaches can be used as these allow for combining
different type of
models in a single simulation.
1.3.3 Ubiquitous User Engagement
Efforts to design public policies are confronted with
considerable complexity, in
which (1) a large number of potentially relevant factors needs to
be considered, (2) a
vast amount of data needs to be processed, (3) a large degree of
uncertainty may exist,
38. and (4) rapidly changing circumstances need to be dealt with.
Utilizing computational
methods and various types of simulation and modeling methods
is often key to
solving these kinds of problems (Koliba and Zia 2012). The
open data and social
media movements are making large quantities of new data
available. At the same time
enhancements in computational power have expanded the
repertoire of instruments
and tools available for studying dynamic systems and their
interdependencies. In
addition, sophisticated techniques for data gathering,
visualization, and analysis have
expanded our ability to understand, display, and disseminate
complex, temporal, and
spatial information to diverse audiences. These problems can
only be addressed from
a complexity science perspective and with a multitude of views
and contributions
from different disciplines. Insights and methods of complexity
science should be
applied to assist policy-makers as they tackle societal problems
in policy areas such
as environmental protection, economics, energy, security, or
public safety and health.
This demands user involvement which is supported by
visualization techniques and
which can be actively involved by employing (serious) games.
These methods can
show what hypothetically will happen when certain policies are
implemented.
[email protected]
39. 8 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
1.4 Combining Disciplines in E-government Policy-Making
This new field has been shaped using various names, including
e-policy-making,
digital policy science, computational intelligence, digital
sciences, data sciences,
and policy informatics (Dawes and Janssen 2013). The essence
of this field it that it
is
1. Practice-driven
2. Employs modeling techniques
3. Needs the knowledge coming from various disciplines
4. It focused on governance and policy-making
This field is practice-driven by taking as a starting point the
public policy problem and
defining what information is relevant for addressing the
problem under study. This
requires understanding of public administration and policy-
making processes. Next,
it is a key to determine how to obtain, store, retrieve, process,
model, and interpret the
results. This is the field of e-participation, policy-modeling,
social simulation, and
complex systems. Finally, it should be agreed upon how to
present and disseminate
the results so that other researchers, decision-makers, and
practitioners can use it.
This requires in-depth knowledge of practice, of structures of
public administration
and constitutions, political cultures, processes and culture and
policy-making.
40. Based on the ideas, the FP7 project EgovPoliNet project has
created an inter-
national community in ICT solutions for governance and policy-
modeling. The
“policy-making 2.0” LinkedIn community has a large number of
members from dif-
ferent disciplines and backgrounds representing practice and
academia. This book
is the product of this project in which a large number of persons
from various dis-
ciplines and representing a variety of communities were
involved. The book shows
experiences and advances in various areas of policy-making.
Furthermore, it contains
comparative analyses and descriptions of cases, tools, and
scientific approaches from
the knowledge base created in this project. Using this book,
practices and knowl-
edge in this field is shared among researchers. Furthermore, this
book provides the
foundations in this area. The covered expertise include a wide
range of aspects for so-
cial and professional networking and multidisciplinary
constituency building along
the axes of technology, participative processes, governance,
policy-modeling, social
simulation, and visualization. In this way eGovPoliNet has
advanced the way re-
search, development, and practice is performed worldwide in
using ICT solutions
for governance and policy-modeling.
Although in Europe the term “e-government policy” or “e-
policy,” for short, is
often used to refer to these types of phenomena, whereas in the
41. USA often the term
“policy informatics” is used. This is similar to that in the USA
the term digital
government is often used, whereas in Europe the term e-
government is preferred.
Policy informatics is defined as “the study of how information
is leveraged and efforts
are coordinated towards solving complex public policy
problems” (Krishnamurthy
et al. 2013, p. 367). These authors view policy informatics as an
emerging research
space to navigate through the challenges of complex layers of
uncertainty within
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 9
governance processes. Policy informatics community has
created Listserv called
Policy Informatics Network (PIN-L).
E-government policy-making is closely connected to “data
science.” Data science
is the ability to find answers from larger volumes of
(un)structured data (Davenport
and Patil 2012). Data scientists find and interpret rich data
sources, manage large
amounts of data, create visualizations to aid in understanding
data, build mathemat-
ical models using the data, present and communicate the data
insights/findings to
specialists and scientists in their team, and if required to a
nonexpert audience. These
42. are activities which are at the heart of policy-making.
1.5 Overview of Chapters
In total 54 different authors were involved in the creation of
this book. Some chapters
have a single author, but most of the chapters have multiple
authors. The authors rep-
resent a wide range of disciplines as shown in Fig. 1.2. The
focus has been on targeting
five communities that make up the core field for ICT-enabled
policy-making. These
communities include e-government/e-participation, information
systems, complex
systems, public administration, and policy research and social
simulation. The com-
bination of these disciplines and communities are necessary to
tackle policy problems
in new ways. A sixth category was added for authors not
belonging to any of these
communities, such as philosophy and economics. Figure 1.3
shows that the authors
are evenly distributed among the communities, although this is
less with the chapter.
Most of the authors can be classified as belonging to the e-
government/e-participation
community, which is by nature interdisciplinary.
Foundation The first part deals with the foundations of the
book. In their Chap. 2
Chris Koliba and Asim Zia start with a best practice to be
incorporated in public
administration educational programs to embrace the new
developments sketched in
EGOV
43. IS
Complex Systems
Public Administration and
Policy Research
Social Simulation
other (philosophy, energy,
economics, )
Fig. 1.3 Overview of the disciplinary background of the authors
[email protected]
10 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
this chapter. They identify two types of public servants that
need to be educated.
The policy informatics include the savvy public manager and
the policy informatics
analyst. This chapter can be used as a basis to adopt
interdisciplinary approaches and
include policy informatics in the public administration
curriculum.
Petra Ahrweiler and Nigel Gilbert discuss the need for the
quality of simulation
modeling in their Chap. 3. Developing simulation is always
based on certain as-
sumptions and a model is as good as the developer makes it.
The user community is
44. proposed to assess the quality of a policy-modeling exercise.
Communicative skills,
patience, willingness to compromise on both sides, and
motivation to bridge the
formal world of modelers and the narrative world of policy-
makers are suggested as
key competences. The authors argue that user involvement is
necessary in all stages
of model development.
Wander Jager and Bruce Edmonds argue that due to the
complexity that many
social systems are unpredictable by nature in their Chap. 4.
They discuss how some
insights and tools from complexity science can be used in
policy-making. In particular
they discuss the strengths and weaknesses of agent-based
modeling as a way to gain
insight in the complexity and uncertainty of policy-making.
In the Chap. 5, Erik Pruyt sketches the future in which different
systems modeling
schools and modeling methods are integrated. He shows that
elements from policy
analysis, data science, machine learning, and computer science
need to be combined
to deal with the uncertainty in policy-making. He demonstrates
the integration of
various modeling and simulation approaches and related
disciplines using three cases.
Modeling approaches are compared in the Chap. 6 authored by
Dragana Majs-
torovic, Maria A. Wimmer, Roy Lay-Yee, Peter Davis,and Petra
Ahrweiler. Like in
the previous chapter they argue that none of the theories on its
45. own is able to address
all aspects of complex policy interactions, and the need for
hybrid simulation models
is advocated.
The next chapter is complimentary to the previous chapter and
includes a com-
parison of ICT tools and technologies. The Chap. 7 is authored
by Eleni Kamateri,
Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris, Konstantinos
Tarabanis, Adegboyega Ojo,
Deirdre Lee, and David Price. This chapter can be used as a
basis for tool selecting
and includes visualization, argumentation, e-participation,
opinion mining, simula-
tion, persuasive, social network analysis, big data analytics,
semantics, linked data
tools, and serious games.
Social Aspects, Stakeholders and Values Although much
emphasis is put on mod-
eling efforts, the social aspects are key to effective policy-
making. The role of values
is discussed in the Chap. 8 authored by Andreas Ligtvoet,
Geerten van de Kaa, Theo
Fens, Cees van Beers, Paulien Herder, and Jeroen van den
Hoven. Using the case of
the design of smart meters in energy networks they argue that
policy-makers would
do well by not only addressing functional requirements but also
by taking individual
stakeholder and PVs into consideration.
In policy-making a wide range of stakeholders are involved in
various stages
of the policy-making process. Natalie Helbig, Sharon Dawes,
46. Zamira Dzhusupova,
Bram Klievink, and Catherine Gerald Mkude analyze five case
studies of stakeholder
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 11
engagement in policy-making in their Chap. 9. Various
engagement tools are dis-
cussed and factors identified which support the effective use of
particular tools and
technologies.
The Chap. 10 investigates the role of values and trust in
computational models in
the policy process. This chapter is authored by Rebecca Moody
and Lasse Gerrits. The
authors found that a large diversity exists in values within the
cases. By the authors
important explanatory factors were found including (1) the role
of the designer of
the model, (2) the number of different actors (3) the level of
trust already present,
and (4) and the limited control of decision-makers over the
models.
Bureaucratic organizations are often considered to be inefficient
and not customer
friendly. Tjeerd Andringa presents and discusses a
multidisciplinary framework con-
taining the drivers and causes of bureaucracy in the Chap. 11.
He concludes that the
reduction of the number of rules and regulations is important,
47. but that motivating
workers to understand their professional roles and to learn to
oversee the impact of
their activities is even more important.
Crowdsourcing has become an important policy instrument to
gain access to
expertise (“wisdom”) outside own boundaries. In the Chap. 12,
Euripids Loukis
and Yannis Charalabidis discuss Web 2.0 social media for
crowdsourcing. Passive
crowdsourcing exploits the content generated by users, whereas
active crowdsourcing
stimulates content postings and idea generation by users.
Synergy can be created by
combining both approaches. The results of passive
crowdsourcing can be used for
guiding active crowdsourcing to avoid asking users for similar
types of input.
Policy, Collaboration and Games Agent-based gaming (ABG) is
used as a tool
to explore the possibilities to manage complex systems in the
Chap. 13 by Wander
Jager and Gerben van der Vegt. ABG allows for modeling a
virtual and autonomous
population in a computer game setting to exploit various
management and leadership
styles. In this way ABG contribute to the development of the
required knowledge on
how to manage social complex behaving systems.
Micro simulation focuses on modeling individual units and the
micro-level pro-
cesses that affect their development. The concepts of micro
simulation are explained
48. by Roy Lay-Yee and Gerry Cotterell in the Chap. 14. Micro
simulation for pol-
icy development is useful to combine multiple sources of
information in a single
contextualized model to answer “what if” questions on complex
social phenomena.
Visualization is essential to communicate the model and the
results to a variety
of stakeholders. These aspects are discussed in the Chap. 15 by
Tobias Ruppert,
Jens Dambruch, Michel Krämer, Tina Balke, Marco Gavanelli,
Stefano Bragaglia,
Federico Chesani, Michela Milano, and Jörn Kohlhammer. They
argue that despite
the significance to use evidence in policy-making, this is
seldom realized. Three
case studies that have been conducted in two European research
projects for policy-
modeling are presented. In all the cases access for nonexperts to
the computational
models by information visualization technologies was realized.
[email protected]
12 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
Applications and Practices Different projects have been
initiated to study the best
suitable transition process towards renewable energy. In the
Chap. 16 by Dominik
Bär, Maria A. Wimmer, Jozef Glova, Anastasia
Papazafeiropoulou,and Laurence
Brooks five of these projects are analyzed and compared. They
49. please for transferring
models from one country to other countries to facilitate
learning.
Lyudmila Vidyasova, Andrei Chugunov, and Dmitrii Trutnev
present experiences
from Russia in their Chap. 17. They argue that informational,
analytical, and fore-
casting activities for the processes of socioeconomic
development are an important
element in policy-making. The authors provide a brief overview
of the history, the
current state of the implementation of information processing
techniques, and prac-
tices for the purpose of public administration in the Russian
Federation. Finally, they
provide a range of recommendations to proceed.
Urban policy for sustainability is another important area which
is directly linked
to the first chapter in this section. In the Chap. 18, Diego
Navarra and Simona Milio
demonstrate a system dynamics model to show how urban policy
and governance in
the future can support ICT projects in order to reduce energy
usage, rehabilitate the
housing stock, and promote sustainability in the urban
environment. This chapter
contains examples of sustainable urban development policies as
well as case studies.
In the Chap. 19, Tanko Ahmed discusses the digital divide
which is blocking
online participation in policy-making processes. Structuration,
institutional and
actor-network theories are used to analyze a case study of
50. political zoning. The
author recommends stronger institutionalization of ICT support
and legislation for
enhancing participation in policy-making and bridging the
digital divide.
1.6 Conclusions
This book is the first comprehensive book in which the various
development and disci-
plines are covered from the policy-making perspective driven by
ICT developments.
A wide range of aspects for social and professional networking
and multidisciplinary
constituency building along the axes of technology,
participative processes, gover-
nance, policy-modeling, social simulation, and visualization are
investigated. Policy-
making is a complex process in which many stakeholders are
involved. PVs can be
used to guide policy-making efforts and to ensure that the many
stakeholders have
an understanding of the societal value that needs to be created.
There is an infusion
of technology resulting in changing policy processes and
stakeholder involvement.
Technologies like social media provides a means to interact
with the public, blogs
can be used to express opinions, big and open data provide
input for evidence-based
policy-making, the integration of various types of modeling and
simulation tech-
niques (hybrid models) can provide much more insight and
reliable outcomes, gam-
ing in which all kind of stakeholders are involved open new
ways of innovative policy-
51. making. In addition trends like the freedom of information, the
wisdom of the crowds,
and open collaboration changes the landscape further. The
policy-making landscape
is clearly changing and this demands a strong need for
interdisciplinary research.
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 13
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[email protected]
Chapter 2
Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts
56. in an Era of Informatics
Christopher Koliba and Asim Zia
Abstract In this chapter, two ideal types of practitioners who
may use or cre-
ate policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms are
introduced: the policy
informatics-savvy public manager and the policy informatics
analyst. Drawing from
our experiences in teaching an informatics-friendly graduate
curriculum, we dis-
cuss the range of learning competencies needed for traditional
public managers and
policy informatics-oriented analysts to thrive in an era of
informatics. The chapter
begins by describing the two different types of students who
are, or can be touched
by, policy informatics-friendly competencies, skills, and
attitudes. Competencies
ranging from those who may be users of policy informatics and
sponsors of policy
informatics projects and programs to those analysts designing
and executing policy
informatics projects and programs will be addressed. The
chapter concludes with
an illustration of how one Master of Public Administration
(MPA) program with a
policy informatics-friendly mission, a core curriculum that
touches on policy infor-
matics applications, and a series of program electives that
allows students to develop
analysis and modeling skills, designates its informatics-oriented
competencies.
2.1 Introduction
58. the role of policy infor-
matics in the development of present and future public
managers and policy analysts.
Drawing from our experiences in teaching an informatics-
friendly graduate curricu-
lum, we discuss the range of learning competencies needed for
traditional public
managers and policy informatics-oriented analysts to thrive in
an era of informatics.
The chapter begins by describing the two different types of
students who are, or can
be touched by, policy informatics-friendly competencies, skills,
and attitudes. Com-
petencies ranging from those who may be users of policy
informatics and sponsors of
policy informatics projects and programs to those analysts
designing and executing
policy informatics projects and programs will be addressed. The
chapter concludes
with an illustration of how one MPA program with a policy
informatics-friendly
mission, a core curriculum that touches on policy informatics
applications, and a
series of program electives that allows students to develop
analysis and modeling
skills, designates its informatics-oriented competencies.
2.2 Two Types of Practitioner Orientations to Policy
Informatics
Drawn from our experience, we find that there are two “ideal
types” of policy infor-
matics practitioner, each requiring greater and greater levels of
technical mastery of
analytics techniques and approaches. These ideal types are:
policy informatics-savvy
59. public managers and policy informatics analysts.
A policy informatics-savvy public manager may take on one of
two possible roles
relative to policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms.
They may play instru-
mental roles in catalyzing and implementing informatics
initiatives on behalf of their
organizations, agencies, or institutions. In the manner, they may
work with technical
experts (analysts) to envision possible uses for data,
visualizations, simulations, and
the like. Public managers may also be in the role of using policy
informatics projects,
programs, or platforms. They may be in positions to use these
initiatives to ground
decision making, allocate resources, and otherwise guide the
performance of their
organizations.
A policy informatics analyst is a person who is positioned to
actually execute
a policy informatics initiative. They may be referred to as
analysts, researchers,
modelers, or programmers and provide the technical assistance
needed to analyze
databases, build and run models, simulations, and otherwise
construct useful and
effective policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms.
To succeed in either and both roles, managers and analysts will
require a certain set
of skills, knowledge, or competencies. Drawing on some of the
prevailing literature
and our own experiences, we lay out an initial list of potential
competencies for
60. consideration.
[email protected]
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 17
2.2.1 Policy Informatics-Savvy Public Managers
To successfully harness policy informatics, public managers
will likely not need to
know how to explicitly build models or manipulate big data.
Instead, they will need
to know what kinds of questions that policy informatics projects
or programs can
answer or not answer. They will need to know how to contract
with and/or manage
data managers, policy analysts, and modelers. They will need to
be savvy consumers
of data analysis and computational models, but not necessarily
need to know how to
technically execute them. Policy informatics projects, programs,
and platforms are
designed and executed in some ways, as any large-scale,
complex project.
In writing about the stages of informatics project development
using “big data,”
DeSouza lays out project development along three stages:
planning, execution, and
postimplementation. Throughout the project life cycle, he
emphasizes the role of
understanding the prevailing policy and legal environment, the
need to venture into
61. coalition building, the importance of communicating the broader
opportunities af-
forded by the project, the need to develop performance
indicators, and the importance
of lining up adequate financial and human resources (2014).
Framing what traditional public managers need to know and do
to effectively
interface with policy informatics projects and programs requires
an ability to be a
“systems thinker,” an effective evaluator, a capacity to integrate
informatics into
performance and financial management systems, effective
communication skills,
and a capacity to draw on social media, information technology,
and e-governance
approaches to achieve common objectives. We briefly review
each of these capacities
below.
Systems Thinking Knowing the right kinds of questions that
may be asked through
policy informatics projects and programs requires public
managers to possess a “sys-
tems” view. Much has been written about the importance of
“systems thinking” for
public managers (Katz and Kahn 1978; Stacey 2001; Senge
1990; Korton 2001).
Taking a systems perspective allows public managers to
understand the relationship
between the “whole” and the “parts.” Systems-oriented public
managers will possess
a level of situational awareness (Endsley 1995) that allows them
to see and under-
stand patterns of interaction and anticipate future events and
orientations. Situational
62. awareness allows public mangers to understand and evaluate
where data are coming
from, how best data are interpreted, and the kinds of
assumptions being used in
specific interpretations (Koliba et al. 2011). The concept of
system thinking laid out
here can be associated with the notion of transition management
(Loorbach 2007).
Process Orientations to Public Policy The capacity to view the
policy making and
implementation process as a process that involves certain levels
of coordination
and conflict between policy actors is of critical importance for
policy informatics-
savvy public managers and analysts. Understanding how data
are used to frame
problems and policy solutions, how complex governance
arrangements impact policy
implementation (Koliba et al. 2010), and how data visualization
can be used to
[email protected]
18 C. Koliba and A. Zia
facilitate the setting of policy agendas and open policy windows
(Kingdon 1984) is
of critical importance for public management and policy
analysts alike.
Research Methodologies Another basic competency needed for
any public manager
using policy informatics is a foundational understanding of
63. research methods, par-
ticularly quantitative reasoning and methodologies. A
foundational understanding of
data validity, analytical rigor and relevance, statistical
significance, and the like are
needed to be effective consumers of informatics. That said,
traditional public man-
agers should also be exposed to qualitative methods as well,
refining their powers of
observation, understanding how symbols, stories, and numbers
are used to govern,
and how data and data visualization and computer simulations
play into these mental
models.
Performance Management A key feature of systems thinking as
applied to policy
informatics is the importance of understanding how data and
analysis are to be
used and who the intended users of the data are (Patton 2008).
The integration of
policy informatics into strategic planning (Bryson 2011),
performance management
systems (Moynihan 2008), and ultimately woven into an
organization’s capacity to
learn, adapt, and evolve (Argyis and Schön 1996) are critically
important in this
vein. As policy informatics trends evolve, public managers will
likely need to be
exposed to uses of decision support tools, dashboards, and other
computationally
driven models and visualizations to support organizational
performance.
Financial Management Since the first systemic budgeting
systems were put in place,
64. public managers have been urged to use the budgeting process
as a planning and eval-
uation tool (Willoughby 1918). This approach was formally
codified in the 1960s
with the planning–programming–budgeting (PPB) system with
its focus on plan-
ning, managerial, and operational control (Schick 1966) and
later adopted into more
contemporary approaches to budgeting (Caiden 1981). Using
informative projects,
programs, or platforms to make strategic resource allocation
decisions is a necessary
given and a capacity that effective public managers must
master. Likewise, the pol-
icy analyst will likely need to integrate financial resource flows
and costs into their
projects.
Collaborative and Cooperative Capacity Building The
development and use of pol-
icy informatics projects, programs, or platforms is rarely, if
ever, undertaken as
an individual, isolated endeavor. It is more likely that such
initiatives will require
interagency, interorganizational, or intergroup coordination. It
is also likely that
content experts will need to be partnered with analysts and
programmers to com-
plete tasks and execute designs. The public manager and policy
analyst must both
possess the capacity to facilitate collaborative management
functions (O’Leary and
Bingham 2009).
Basic Communication Skills This perhaps goes without saying,
but the heart of any
65. informatics project lies in the ability to effectively
communicate findings and ideas
through the analysis of data.
[email protected]
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 19
Social Media, Information Technology, and e-Governance
Awareness A final com-
petency concerns public managers’ capacity to deepen their
understanding of how
social media, Web-based tools, and related information
technologies are being em-
ployed to foster various e-government, e-governance, and
related initiatives (Mergel
2013). Placing policy informatics projects and programs within
the context of these
larger trends and uses is something that public managers must
be exposed to.
Within our MPA program, we have operationalized these
capacities within a four-
point rubric that outlines what a student needs to do to
demonstrate meeting these
standards. The rubric below highlights 8 of our program’s 18
capacities. All 18 of
these capacities are situated under 1 of the 5 core competencies
tied to the accred-
itation standards of the Network of Schools of Public Affairs
and Administration
(NASPAA), the professional accrediting association in the USA,
and increasingly in
66. other countries as well, for MPA and MPP programs. A
complete list of these core
competencies and the 18 capacities nested under them are
provided in Appendix of
this chapter.
The eight capacities that we have singled out as being the most
salient to the role
of policy informatics in public administration are provided in
Table 2.1. The rubric
follows a four-point scale, ranging from “does not meet
standard,” “approaches
standard,” “meets standard,” and “exceeds standard.”
2.2.2 Policy Informatics Analysts
A second type of practitioner to be considered is what we are
referring to as a “policy
informatics analyst.” When considering the kinds of
competencies that policy infor-
matics analysts need to be successful, we first assume that the
basic competencies
outlined in the prior section apply here as well. In other words,
effective policy in-
formatics analysts must be systems thinkers in order to place
data and their analysis
into context, be cognizant of current uses of decision support
systems (and related
platforms) to enable organizational learning, performance, and
strategic planning,
and possess an awareness of e-governance and e-government
initiatives and how they
are transforming contemporary public management and policy
planning practices.
In addition, policy analysts must possess a capacity to
understand policy systems:
67. How policies are made and implemented? This baseline
understanding can then be
used to consider the placement, purpose, and design of policy
informatics projects
or programs. We lay out more specific analyst capacities below.
Advanced Research Methods of Information Technology
Applications In many in-
stances, policy informatics analysts will need to move beyond
meeting the standard.
This is particularly true in the area of exceeding the public
manager standards for re-
search methods and utilization of information technology. It is
assumed that effective
policy informatics analysts will have a strong foundation in
quantitative methodolo-
gies and applications. To obtain these skills, policy analysts
will need to move beyond
basic surveys of research methods into more advanced research
methods curriculum.
[email protected]
20 C. Koliba and A. Zia
T
ab
le
2.
1
P
219. IT
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
te
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no
lo
gy
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2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 23
Competencies in advanced quantitative methods in which
students learn to clean and
manage large databases, perform advanced statistical tests,
develop linear regression
models to describe causal relationship, and the like are needed.
Capacity to work
across software platforms such as Excel, Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences
(SPSS), Analytica, and the like are important. Increasingly, the
capacity to triangu-
220. late different methods, including qualitative approaches such as
interviews, focus
groups, participant observations is needed.
Data Visualization and Design Not only must analysts be aware
of how these meth-
ods and decision support platforms may be used by practitioners
but also they must
know how to design and implement them. Therefore, we suggest
that policy infor-
matics analysts be exposed to design principles and how they
may be applied to
decision support systems, big data projects, and the like. Policy
informatics analysts
will need to understand and appreciate how data visualization
techniques are being
employed to “tell a story” through data.
Figure 2.1 provides an illustration of one student’s effort to
visualize campaign
donations to state legislatures from the gas-extraction (fracking)
industry undertaken
by a masters student, Jeffery Castle for a system analysis and
strategic management
class taught by Koliba.
Castle’s project demonstrates the power of data visualization to
convey a central
message drawing from existing databases. With a solid research
methods background
and exposure to visualization and design principles in class, he
was able to develop
an insightful policy informatics project.
Basic to Advanced Programming Language Skills Arguably,
policy informatics ana-
221. lysts will possess a capacity to visualize and present data in a
manner that is accessible.
Increasingly, web-based tools are being used to design user
interfaces. Knowledge
of JAVA and HTML are likely most helpful in these regards. In
some instances,
original programs and models will need to be written through
the use of program-
ming languages such as Python, R, C++, etc. The extent to
which existing software
programs, be they open source or proprietary, provide enough
utility to execute pol-
icy informatics projects, programs, or platforms is a continuing
subject of debate
within the policy informatics community. Exactly how much
and to what extent spe-
cific programming languages and software programs are needing
to be mastered is
a standing question. For the purposes of writing this chapter, we
rely on our current
baseline observations and encourage more discussion and debate
about the range of
competencies needed by successful policy analysts.
Basic to More Advanced Modeling Skills More advanced policy
informatics analysts
will employ computational modeling approaches that allow for
the incorporation of
more complex interactions between variables. These models
may be used to capture
systems as dynamic, emergent, and path dependent. The outputs
of these models
may allow for scenario testing through simulation (Koliba et al.
2011). With the
advancement of modeling software, it is becoming easier for
analysts to develop
222. system dynamics models, agent-based models, and dynamic
networks designed to
simulate the features of complex adaptive systems. In addition,
the ability to manage
and store data and link or wrap databases is often necessary.
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24 C. Koliba and A. Zia
Fig. 2.1 Campaign contributions to the Pennsylvania State
Senate and party membership. The
goal of this analysis is to develop a visualization tool to
translate publically available campaign
contribution information into an easily accessible, visually
appealing, and interactive format. While
campaign contribution data are filed and available to the public
through the Pennsylvania Department
of State, it is not easily synthesized. This analysis uses a
publically available database that has been
published on marcellusmoney.org. In order to visualize the data,
a tool was used that allows for
the creation of a Sankey diagram that is able to be manipulated
and interacted within an Internet
browser. A Sankey diagram visualizes the magnitude of flow
between the nodes of a network (Castle
2014)
The ability of analysts to draw on a diverse array of methods
and theoretical
frameworks to envision and create models is of critical
importance. Any potential
policy informatics project, program, or platform will be enabled
or constrained by the