Running head: MENTAL 1 MENTAL 2 Mental Medications History Irene Opuka C7459: M1A3 October, 21 2015 Position Paper This paper will present an overview of the history of mental illness and will include its impact on stigmatization and replacement by psychotherapy. It has been found that over the past 40 years the dominant paradigm for understanding severe mental illness has shifted from a psychosocial model that emphasized factors such as parental and intrapsychic influences to a current biopsychosocial model that emphasizes the interplay between biological and psychosocial factors (Drake, Goldman, Green, & Mueser, 2003).  The history of care and treatment of mental illness presents as an endless journey between the mental hospital and living in the community. In reviewing articles it is intriguing to learn of the evolution from mental illness. In the 17th century mental illness was considered as an individual and not societal issue to be handled by the family. Next, came about treatment with minimal research such as the malaria therapy in the 20th century. Followed by the field becoming psychodynamic and analytical with synthesis of the first psychoactive drug, Thorazine in the 1950s. Then the discussion of patients’ rights (Civil Rights Movement) came about and has led to current progression to demanding the treatment of mental health in the least restrict setting for treatment. I have always had the assumption that when working with the mental needs of an individual, it takes a collaborative approach as it would with the physical needs. With the physical need, for example, if an individual had a swollen face and went to their general physician, who may refer them to an allergist for further examination and rule out. In this case the allergist who would communicate with the general physician of findings and probably follow-up. This cycle of communication typical continues with the stakeholders of the individual in care to include family members. My assumption was that, that is the same in mental health. However in reviewing the history of mental health, I was unaware that many nonmedical practitioners are not comfortable communicating with those prescribing medication. Another highlighting point of history is the notion of losing a client to the psychologist if referred to the psychologist for psychological testing. Literature reveals that in the 1980s, mental health clinicians and policy makers began to recognize the high rate and clinical consequences of comorbidities among persons with severe mental disorders. Treatment interventions that target symptoms and illness have gradually been extended to comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse and common associated medical problems. It is enlightening to know that collaborating learning experiences led to integrated treatment approaches in which mental illness, substance abuse, and medical problems were treated by the same usually through the work of multidisciplinary team of clinicia.

1. Running head: MENTAL 1
MENTAL 2
Mental Medications History
Irene Opuka
C7459: M1A3
October, 21 2015
Position Paper
This paper will present an overview of the history of mental
illness and will include its impact on stigmatization and
replacement by psychotherapy. It has been found that over the
past 40 years the dominant paradigm for understanding severe
mental illness has shifted from a psychosocial model that
emphasized factors such as parental and intrapsychic influences
to a current biopsychosocial model that emphasizes the
interplay between biological and psychosocial factors (Drake,
Goldman, Green, & Mueser, 2003). The history of care and
treatment of mental illness presents as an endless journey
between the mental hospital and living in the community. In
reviewing articles it is intriguing to learn of the evolution from
mental illness. In the 17th century mental illness was
considered as an individual and not societal issue to be handled
by the family. Next, came about treatment with minimal
research such as the malaria therapy in the 20th century.
Followed by the field becoming psychodynamic and analytical
with synthesis of the first psychoactive drug, Thorazine in the
1950s. Then the discussion of patients’ rights (Civil Rights
Movement) came about and has led to current progression to
demanding the treatment of mental health in the least restrict
setting for treatment.

2. I have always had the assumption that when working with the
mental needs of an individual, it takes a collaborative approach
as it would with the physical needs. With the physical need, for
example, if an individual had a swollen face and went to their
general physician, who may refer them to an allergist for further
examination and rule out. In this case the allergist who would
communicate with the general physician of findings and
probably follow-up. This cycle of communication typical
continues with the stakeholders of the individual in care to
include family members. My assumption was that, that is the
same in mental health. However in reviewing the history of
mental health, I was unaware that many nonmedical
practitioners are not comfortable communicating with those
prescribing medication. Another highlighting point of history is
the notion of losing a client to the psychologist if referred to the
psychologist for psychological testing.
Literature reveals that in the 1980s, mental health clinicians and
policy makers began to recognize the high rate and clinical
consequences of comorbidities among persons with severe
mental disorders. Treatment interventions that target symptoms
and illness have gradually been extended to comorbid
conditions, such as substance abuse and common associated
medical problems. It is enlightening to know that collaborating
learning experiences led to integrated treatment approaches in
which mental illness, substance abuse, and medical problems
were treated by the same usually through the work of
multidisciplinary team of clinicians. The teams has the expertise
in each of these areas and combines the different approaches for
the sake of helping the clients to pursue multiple recoveries in a
coordinated fashion with one set of providers. I strongly
advocate and agree that nonmedical therapists should have a
working knowledge of psychotropic medication and they should
remain updated with current effective treatments. However if
I’m not a prescribing therapist then I still would referral to the
expert as that would be beyond my scope of expertise.
Those mental disorders that interrupt, destabilize, and imperil

3. lives for years, also referred to as severe mental illness continue
to challenge and preoccupy psychiatry and the other mental
health professions (Drake et al., 2003). The data, compiled by
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA) indicates that every year, about 42.5 million
American adults (or 18.2 percent of the total adult population in
the United States) suffers from some mental illness, enduring
conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, or
schizophrenia. In addition the SAMHSA statistics indicate that
approximately 9.3 million adults, or about 4 percent of those
Americans ages 18 and older, experience serious mental illness.
That is, their condition impedes day-to-day activities, such as
going to work. Fifty years after the hopeful introduction of
antipsychotic and antidepressant medications, and forty years
after legislation to establish the community mental health
centers, the basic etiology, the fundamental pathophysiology,
and the definitive treatment for disorders such as schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder, and depression continue to be elusive (Drake
et al., 2003).
References
Drake, R. E., Goldman, H. H., Green, A. I., & Mueser, K. T.
(2003). The history of community mental health treatment and
rehabilitation for persons with severe mental
illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 39(5), 427-40.
Retrieved from
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9
Running head: GROUND WATER SUSTAINABILITY

4. 1
GROUND WATER SUSTAINABILITY 3
Oscar Hernandez
October 18, 2015
Assignment: SCIE211 Phase 1 Lab Report
Title: Human Impacts on the Sustainability of Groundwater

5. Purpose
To investigate the effect of human activities on groundwater
sustainability
Introduction
According to Environmental and Water Resources Institute
(2001), Ground water is the portion of the water cycle system
flowing within the voids beneath the surface of the earth.
Increase in human activities over the past years has reduced
ground water recharge zones, thus, threatens the sustainability
of the ground water Mays (012). This paper reports on the
impacts of some of human activities on ground water quality
and quantity.
Hypothesis
Human activities contribute to decline in both quality and
quantity of ground water
Methods
The data were collected by clicking on each of the three time
intervals i.e. 1980s, 1990s and 2000s and the influence of each
of the five factors affecting the quality and quantity of the
ground water recorded as in tabular format.
Results
Time Period
Impact to Forest
Groundwater Levels
Saltwater Intrusion
Farming
Industrial development
Population

6. 1800s
Large forests
Lots of ground water
No salt water intrusion
Small farms
No cities
Limited housing
1900s
Decreased by 50%
Decreased by 50%
Ocean moved into ground water
Farms are larger, but they are fewer
Exceptional growth of cities and industrial development
Substantial increase in housing
2000s
Decreased by 90%
Decreased by 90%
Greater movement of ocean into ground water
Same number of farms but size decreased by 20%
Industrial development decreased by 10-15%
housing development decreased by 10-15%
Discussion
Between 1800- 1900, there was a decline in ground water level
as a result of rising human activities and deforestation.
Although there was a decrease in other human activities, further
decline in area under forests was responsible for the further fall
of ground water level between the period of 1900- 2000.These
lab results confirm the experimental hypothesis that human
activities i.e. agriculture, industrialization, settlement and
deforestation threatens ground water sustainability.
References
Environmental and Water Resources Institute (U.S.). (2001).
Standard guidelines for artificial recharge
of ground water. Reston, Va: American Society of Civil
Engineers.

7. Mays, L. W., & John Wiley & Sons. (2012). Ground and surface
water hydrology. Hoboken: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Name:
Date:
Instructor’s Name:
Assignment: SCIE211 Phase 2 Lab Report
Title: Speciation
Instructions: You will need to write a 1-page lab report using
the scientific method to answer the following question:
· What would happen if a species of lizard were suddenly split
into 2 groups by a hurricane resulting in the isolation of a small
group of individuals on an island far from the mainland?
When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted

8. Assignment files.
Part I: Use the animated time progression of speciation to help
you write up your lab report.
Part II: Write a 1-page lab report using the following scientific
method sections:
· Purpose
· State the purpose of the lab.
· Introduction
· This is an investigation of what is currently known about the
question being asked. Use background information from
credible references to write a short summary about concepts in
the lab. List and cite references in APA style.
· Hypothesis/Predicted Outcome
· A hypothesis is an educated guess. Based on what you have
learned and written about in the Introduction, state what you
expect to be the results of the lab procedures.
· Methods
· Summarize the procedures that you used in the lab. The
Methods section should also state clearly how data (numbers)
were collected during the lab; this will be reported in the
Results/Outcome section.
· Results/Outcome
· Provide here any results or data that were generated while
doing the lab procedure.
· Discussion/Analysis
· In this section, state clearly whether you obtained the expected
results, and if the outcome was as expected.
· Note: You can use the lab data to help you discuss the results

9. and what you learned.
Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list
and in-text citations for references used in the Introduction
section.
Give your paper a title and number, and identify each section as
specified above. Although the hypothesis will be a 1-sentence
answer, the other sections will need to be paragraphs to
adequately explain your experiment.
Assignment 3: History of Mental Illness Treatment
Early attempts at a medical or scientific treatment of major
mental disorders included treatments such as the induction of
malaria so that the resulting fever might decrease symptoms of
neuro-syphilis, the use of insulin and electroshock causing
convulsions to treat schizophrenia, and psychosurgery,
including prefrontal lobotomies, to treat violent patients.
Review your assigned reading for this module or look for other
scholarly material related to this topic on the Internet. Then,
write a position paper on the history of medical treatment of
mental illness from a historical perspective. In your paper,
include responses to the following questions:
· Has medical treatment impacted the stigma of mental illness?
· Has medication replaced psychotherapy as the primary
intervention?
Address your own opinions and biases regarding the use of
medication as a routine treatment for mental disorders in
modern mental health practice and evaluate the dynamic
interactions that occur between drugs and behavior.
Create the paper in a 2–3 page Microsoft Word document and
follow APA guidelines.
Through Sunday, October 25, 2015, comment on at least one of
the papers written by your classmates. In your critique, address

10. how well your classmate has identified his or her own potential
biases and indicate whether you agree or disagree with his or
her conclusions. Support your opinion with text, other research,
and professional experience.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules
for attributing sources.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Analyzed how medical treatment has impacted the stigma of
mental illness.
4
Examined whether medication has replaced psychotherapy as
the primary intervention.
4
Addressed your own opinions and biases regarding the use of
medication as a routine treatment for mental disorders in
modern mental health practice.
4
Analyzed the dynamic interactions that occur between drugs and
behavior.
4
Analyzed how well your classmate has identified his or her own
potential biases and indicated whether you agree or disagree
with his or her conclusions.
4
Supported your opinion with text, other research, and
professional experience.
4
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated
ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of
sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total:
28