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Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genes can be found in any living thing and describe what traits an organism might have. Gregor Mendel discovered genetics through experiments with pea plants and concluded that each plant had different allele types. Genetically modified organisms have had their genetic material altered through genetic engineering, and transgenic plants have been engineered for scientific research and to develop crops with new traits like insect resistance.
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Basic biological concepts & basic genetics
The document summarizes basic biological concepts and genetics. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants which demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and laid the foundation for modern genetics by establishing the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Genetically modified organism(gmo) arinne
Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are organisms that have had their DNA altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from other species to be inserted, giving the organism modified or novel genes. Genetic modification involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, through techniques like attaching genes to viruses. GMOs are used in research, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and more. Genetically modified foods specifically have had their DNA altered to produce a new useful trait, such as increased nutrients, pest resistance, or a longer shelf life. Advocates argue GMOs could help address world hunger by producing hardier, more nutritious crops.
Moodle Rajesh kondamudi
This document discusses plant tissue culture and its history. It notes that Dr. Rajesh Kondamudi's email is provided for contact. The document outlines the types of cultures including cell and tissue culture. It discusses the early pioneers of plant tissue culture from 1902 onward. The key principles of tissue culture are defined as growing cells, tissues or organisms in vitro under aseptic conditions. The steps involved in in vitro propagation are listed. Types of tissue culture include plant and animal tissue culture. Micropropagation is described as the mass multiplication of plants through tissue culture techniques for advantages like replacing conventional propagation methods.
Presentation on Selection
Natural and artificial selection both involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits compared to others in a population. In natural selection, traits that help organisms survive and reproduce are passed on more often, while in artificial selection humans choose which traits to promote or reduce in domesticated species. Both processes can lead to changes in the traits of a population over multiple generations through the selective reproduction of organisms with favorable characteristics.
genetically modified organisms
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common GMOs include crop plants and microbes. The genetic material is typically transferred between different species, which would not occur naturally. This allows for precise and fast introduction of traits compared to traditional breeding methods. While GMOs hold promise for increasing crop yields and producing medicines, there are also health and environmental safety concerns that require further research.
Power Point Genetic Modification
The document discusses several topics related to genetics including:
1) How dominant and recessive alleles control traits and how co-dominant alleles result in a third phenotype from both parents' traits.
2) The Human Genome Project which studied the human genome framework across several countries from 1990-2003.
3) Examples of genetic disorders - Sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, and Epilepsy.
4) The role of genetic counseling in informing parents about potential genetic disorders in future children and available tests and their limitations.
5) Debate around issues with genetic modification including unintended consequences and challenging divine creation. Benefits discussed include developing hardier crops and animals.
Evidence of evolution
1. Artificial selection through experiments by biologists provides evidence of natural selection. The only difference is that humans rather than nature determine which individuals pass on their genes.
2. Direct observation of evolution over time has found directional selection leading to traits like darker pigmentation, larger brain size, faster enzymes, and more extensive root systems.
3. Patterns of adaptation like convergent and divergent evolution provide further evidence. Convergent evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations in different organisms, while divergent evolution produces different adaptations in closely related organisms facing different environments.
Plant polyploids
This document discusses polyploids, which are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the typical diploid number. Polyploids can be classified as euploids, containing multiples of the full chromosome set, or aneuploids, containing extra or missing chromosomes. Euploids include autopolyploids, with multiple copies of the same genome, and allopolyploids, with genomes from different species. Polyploids occur naturally but can also be induced in crops to create advantages like seedlessness, hybrid vigor, and stress tolerance. While polyploids offer benefits to plant breeding, they also face challenges like reduced fertility.
Recommended
Basic biological concepts & basic genetics
The document summarizes basic biological concepts and genetics. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants which demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and laid the foundation for modern genetics by establishing the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Genetically modified organism(gmo) arinne
Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are organisms that have had their DNA altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from other species to be inserted, giving the organism modified or novel genes. Genetic modification involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, through techniques like attaching genes to viruses. GMOs are used in research, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and more. Genetically modified foods specifically have had their DNA altered to produce a new useful trait, such as increased nutrients, pest resistance, or a longer shelf life. Advocates argue GMOs could help address world hunger by producing hardier, more nutritious crops.
Moodle Rajesh kondamudi
This document discusses plant tissue culture and its history. It notes that Dr. Rajesh Kondamudi's email is provided for contact. The document outlines the types of cultures including cell and tissue culture. It discusses the early pioneers of plant tissue culture from 1902 onward. The key principles of tissue culture are defined as growing cells, tissues or organisms in vitro under aseptic conditions. The steps involved in in vitro propagation are listed. Types of tissue culture include plant and animal tissue culture. Micropropagation is described as the mass multiplication of plants through tissue culture techniques for advantages like replacing conventional propagation methods.
Presentation on Selection
Natural and artificial selection both involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits compared to others in a population. In natural selection, traits that help organisms survive and reproduce are passed on more often, while in artificial selection humans choose which traits to promote or reduce in domesticated species. Both processes can lead to changes in the traits of a population over multiple generations through the selective reproduction of organisms with favorable characteristics.
genetically modified organisms
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common GMOs include crop plants and microbes. The genetic material is typically transferred between different species, which would not occur naturally. This allows for precise and fast introduction of traits compared to traditional breeding methods. While GMOs hold promise for increasing crop yields and producing medicines, there are also health and environmental safety concerns that require further research.
Power Point Genetic Modification
The document discusses several topics related to genetics including:
1) How dominant and recessive alleles control traits and how co-dominant alleles result in a third phenotype from both parents' traits.
2) The Human Genome Project which studied the human genome framework across several countries from 1990-2003.
3) Examples of genetic disorders - Sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, and Epilepsy.
4) The role of genetic counseling in informing parents about potential genetic disorders in future children and available tests and their limitations.
5) Debate around issues with genetic modification including unintended consequences and challenging divine creation. Benefits discussed include developing hardier crops and animals.
Evidence of evolution
1. Artificial selection through experiments by biologists provides evidence of natural selection. The only difference is that humans rather than nature determine which individuals pass on their genes.
2. Direct observation of evolution over time has found directional selection leading to traits like darker pigmentation, larger brain size, faster enzymes, and more extensive root systems.
3. Patterns of adaptation like convergent and divergent evolution provide further evidence. Convergent evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations in different organisms, while divergent evolution produces different adaptations in closely related organisms facing different environments.
Plant polyploids
This document discusses polyploids, which are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the typical diploid number. Polyploids can be classified as euploids, containing multiples of the full chromosome set, or aneuploids, containing extra or missing chromosomes. Euploids include autopolyploids, with multiple copies of the same genome, and allopolyploids, with genomes from different species. Polyploids occur naturally but can also be induced in crops to create advantages like seedlessness, hybrid vigor, and stress tolerance. While polyploids offer benefits to plant breeding, they also face challenges like reduced fertility.
Pleomorphism and biological speciation
This document discusses speciation in fungi and oomycetes. It defines speciation as the evolutionary process by which new species arise. There are several mechanisms that can drive speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, peripatric and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation plays a key role in maintaining species boundaries and can occur through pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers. Genetic mechanisms like polyploidy can also cause reproductive isolation and lead to speciation. Speciation in plant pathogenic fungi may be driven by specialization to different host plants. Genome studies can help identify genes and regions involved in reproductive isolation and adaptation to new environments or hosts.
Plant Genetic Improvement
Presented on February 15, 2016 to the U.S. Grains Council in Sarasota, FL. The presentation talks about modern methods of plant genetic improvement and how these strategies will be augmented with the next wave of breeding technologies, like CRISPR/cas9.
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic characteristics have been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly found in food crops like corn and tomatoes. There are two main methods to create GMOs - inserting genes using a gene gun or viral implantation. Supporters argue that GMOs increase crop yields and sustainability, while critics argue they are unnatural and may pose unknown health risks. The document concludes that while GMO research should continue, GMOs should be labeled in stores to allow consumers to make informed choices about potential allergens or health impacts.
Chapter.2. Mendelism
1. The document defines various genetic terminology used in Mendelian genetics such as haploid, diploid, gamete, zygote, chromosome, and gene.
2. It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants, noting the seven traits he studied and why pea plants were a good experimental organism.
3. Mendel's laws of inheritance derived from his experiments are summarized, including the law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment.
4. Key genetic crosses like monohybrid, dihybrid, backcross, and test cross are defined and examples are given using Mendel's pea plant experiments.
Gmo pp. rose
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
Food and hunger ppt
Food provides nutrients that are consumed by organisms for energy, growth, and survival. Plants and animals are the primary sources of food, with around 2,000 cultivated plant species and meat obtained directly from animal muscle and organs. A lack of sufficient food intake results in the condition of hunger. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been engineered through genetic modification techniques, and are used in research, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture through traits like herbicide resistance or increased nutritional value in crops.
Self incompatability in plants,pseudoalleles and isoalleles
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
GMOs
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Potential benefits of GMOs include increased pest and disease resistance in crops, growing food in harsh climates, and increased food supply. Potential drawbacks include introducing allergens and toxins, accidental cross-pollination, antibiotic resistance, and creation of "superweeds."
2. Golden rice provides more nutritional value by being genetically engineered to produce higher levels of vitamin A which could help reduce vitamin A deficiency.
3. A transgene is a gene that has moved between organisms, such as a gene inserted from one species into another in genetic engineering.
4. Corn is most often genetically modified.
5. Dog breeds are an example of artificial selection
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l39. genetically modified organisms-i
Genetically modified organisms are defined as organisms that have had their DNA altered in a way that does not occur naturally, such as by transferring genes between non-related species. The first GM plants and animals were created in the 1970s-1980s and included E. coli bacteria containing human genes and transgenic mice. Since then, many other GM crops have been developed including Bt cotton in 1996, which resisted lepidopteran insects without the need for pesticides. More recent developments include safflower plants producing human insulin in 2008 and poplar trees with altered cellulose and lignin levels in 2009. Overall, GM technology has allowed for the introduction of useful traits like increased yield, herbicide and pest resistance, and nutritional enhancements
Dissertation Jessica Denning 25300792
The document summarizes research on the process of domestication in plants. It discusses how domestication began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region and led to the development of agriculture. Key traits selected for during domestication included larger fruit and seed sizes, loss of natural seed dispersal and shattering, and reduced branching, known as the domestication syndrome. The document then focuses on genes related to domestication syndrome that have been identified in tomato, including those related to fruit shape and size. It also discusses genes responsible for preventing seed shattering, finding many of the same genes have been conserved across different domesticated cereal crops.
Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmo)
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be engineered in several ways to alter plant traits. Some common applications include making crop plants resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields without damaging crops. Corn, soybeans, and cotton in the US are often engineered for herbicide resistance. GMOs are also used to improve crop quality, increase nutrient levels, and produce pharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants. However, the ethics and impacts of GMO technology are debated, with concerns about environmental effects, corporate control of seeds and genes, and impacts on developing countries.
Gm crops
Genetic engineering has been used to develop herbicide resistant crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources and can reduce crop yields by 10-15%. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used to control weeds. It works by inhibiting the EPSPS enzyme needed for amino acid synthesis. The first glyphosate resistant crops were developed by Monsanto and called "Roundup Ready". These crops have advantages like reduced crop injury and more flexible weed management but also disadvantages like the potential for weeds to become resistant and environmental pollution. Over 63% of genetically modified crops grown contain a herbicide resistance trait.
Space Breeding
Space breeding involves sending seeds into low-Earth orbit to induce mutations from cosmic radiation and microgravity. Returning seeds are selected and bred to develop varieties with desirable traits like higher yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. China has been a pioneer in this area, sending over 400 plant species to space and developing commercial rice and vegetable varieties from space-bred seeds. The goals of space breeding are to efficiently produce new crop varieties with improved economic traits that are difficult to obtain through traditional breeding methods.
Issues related to gm os
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. GMOs have a wide range of applications including human gene therapy, producing transgenic plants and crops with desirable traits like pest or disease resistance, researching uses of microbes and mammals, and more. However, GMOs also raise social concerns about potential health risks to animals and humans from consumption, environmental risks of cross-contamination with wild species, and issues around labeling, patents, and ethical use of biological resources.
Domestication And Evolution
A 50-year experiment on fox domestication was conducted in Novosibirsk, Russia beginning in 1959. The experiment aimed to study the genetic changes underlying animal domestication by selectively breeding foxes for tameness towards humans. Over generations, the foxes selected for friendliness developed morphological traits like floppy ears, curled tails, and spotted coats similar to dogs. The results supported the hypothesis that selection for a single regulatory trait like behavior can induce changes across the genome by destabilizing developmental processes. This provided insights into the genetic mechanisms and parallel changes seen during animal domestication.
development of hybrids in commercially important cole crops
This document discusses seed production techniques in cole crops like cauliflower and cabbage. It provides context on India and Himachal Pradesh's production of these crops. It then summarizes the floral biology and self-incompatibility system in cole crops, which is important for hybrid seed production. Techniques for developing hybrids like hybridization and male sterility are also covered. The document emphasizes how hybrids provide benefits like higher yields, adaptability, and market acceptability.
Genetically modified plants
Genetically modified plants have had their DNA engineered, usually to induce changes like virus resistance in crops like sweet peppers. There is a risk that modified genes could spread from GMO plants to non-GMO varieties through cross-pollination. Consuming GMO foods could potentially lead to allergies in humans over time, though more research is needed on long-term effects. Modified genes from GMO crops could also end up in weeds, creating "super weeds" that are difficult to control on farms. While GMO foods provide benefits, there are concerns about potential unknown allergens, toxic effects, super weeds, and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Crop improvement by shreedhar beese
Crop improvement methods aim to preserve desirable traits and introduce new beneficial traits. Sexual reproduction combines genes from parents, but asexual reproduction clones parents. Inbreeding can preserve traits but causes inbreeding depression. Hybrids between inbred lines show hybrid vigor. Mutations occasionally produce new single gene traits that can be propagated. Selection over generations improves polygenic traits. Creating polyploids like tetraploids sometimes increases size and health. Interspecific hybrids combine traits, with some becoming fertile tetraploids.
Genetically modified insects
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
Presentation plant responsch. 12
The document discusses different types of plant responses to environmental stimuli, including tropisms and flowering responses. It explains that tropisms are plant growth responses guided by hormones, such as auxins, in response to stimuli like light, gravity, water, and touch. Flowering responses are influenced by photoperiodism, where plants use changes in the length of day and night to determine when to flower. Some plants are long-day plants and flower with short nights, while others are short-day plants and flower with long nights. The document also introduces the concept of transgenic crops, which use biotechnology to transfer DNA from one species into another to improve crop traits.
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Uth transformations
This document promotes a skin care product called Ūth Créme using glycans. It provides multiple before and after photos of real people who saw improvements in their skin, such as reduced wrinkles and scarring, after using the product. It also discusses the high quality ingredients in Ūth Créme and how orders help provide meals to malnourished children through a social entrepreneur program at no extra cost to customers. The document encourages contacting the author to purchase Ūth Créme or join their team.
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Pleomorphism and biological speciation
This document discusses speciation in fungi and oomycetes. It defines speciation as the evolutionary process by which new species arise. There are several mechanisms that can drive speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, peripatric and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation plays a key role in maintaining species boundaries and can occur through pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers. Genetic mechanisms like polyploidy can also cause reproductive isolation and lead to speciation. Speciation in plant pathogenic fungi may be driven by specialization to different host plants. Genome studies can help identify genes and regions involved in reproductive isolation and adaptation to new environments or hosts.
Plant Genetic Improvement
Presented on February 15, 2016 to the U.S. Grains Council in Sarasota, FL. The presentation talks about modern methods of plant genetic improvement and how these strategies will be augmented with the next wave of breeding technologies, like CRISPR/cas9.
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic characteristics have been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly found in food crops like corn and tomatoes. There are two main methods to create GMOs - inserting genes using a gene gun or viral implantation. Supporters argue that GMOs increase crop yields and sustainability, while critics argue they are unnatural and may pose unknown health risks. The document concludes that while GMO research should continue, GMOs should be labeled in stores to allow consumers to make informed choices about potential allergens or health impacts.
Chapter.2. Mendelism
1. The document defines various genetic terminology used in Mendelian genetics such as haploid, diploid, gamete, zygote, chromosome, and gene.
2. It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants, noting the seven traits he studied and why pea plants were a good experimental organism.
3. Mendel's laws of inheritance derived from his experiments are summarized, including the law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment.
4. Key genetic crosses like monohybrid, dihybrid, backcross, and test cross are defined and examples are given using Mendel's pea plant experiments.
Gmo pp. rose
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
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Food provides nutrients that are consumed by organisms for energy, growth, and survival. Plants and animals are the primary sources of food, with around 2,000 cultivated plant species and meat obtained directly from animal muscle and organs. A lack of sufficient food intake results in the condition of hunger. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been engineered through genetic modification techniques, and are used in research, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture through traits like herbicide resistance or increased nutritional value in crops.
Self incompatability in plants,pseudoalleles and isoalleles
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
GMOs
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Potential benefits of GMOs include increased pest and disease resistance in crops, growing food in harsh climates, and increased food supply. Potential drawbacks include introducing allergens and toxins, accidental cross-pollination, antibiotic resistance, and creation of "superweeds."
2. Golden rice provides more nutritional value by being genetically engineered to produce higher levels of vitamin A which could help reduce vitamin A deficiency.
3. A transgene is a gene that has moved between organisms, such as a gene inserted from one species into another in genetic engineering.
4. Corn is most often genetically modified.
5. Dog breeds are an example of artificial selection
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l39. genetically modified organisms-i
Genetically modified organisms are defined as organisms that have had their DNA altered in a way that does not occur naturally, such as by transferring genes between non-related species. The first GM plants and animals were created in the 1970s-1980s and included E. coli bacteria containing human genes and transgenic mice. Since then, many other GM crops have been developed including Bt cotton in 1996, which resisted lepidopteran insects without the need for pesticides. More recent developments include safflower plants producing human insulin in 2008 and poplar trees with altered cellulose and lignin levels in 2009. Overall, GM technology has allowed for the introduction of useful traits like increased yield, herbicide and pest resistance, and nutritional enhancements
Dissertation Jessica Denning 25300792
The document summarizes research on the process of domestication in plants. It discusses how domestication began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region and led to the development of agriculture. Key traits selected for during domestication included larger fruit and seed sizes, loss of natural seed dispersal and shattering, and reduced branching, known as the domestication syndrome. The document then focuses on genes related to domestication syndrome that have been identified in tomato, including those related to fruit shape and size. It also discusses genes responsible for preventing seed shattering, finding many of the same genes have been conserved across different domesticated cereal crops.
Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmo)
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be engineered in several ways to alter plant traits. Some common applications include making crop plants resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields without damaging crops. Corn, soybeans, and cotton in the US are often engineered for herbicide resistance. GMOs are also used to improve crop quality, increase nutrient levels, and produce pharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants. However, the ethics and impacts of GMO technology are debated, with concerns about environmental effects, corporate control of seeds and genes, and impacts on developing countries.
Gm crops
Genetic engineering has been used to develop herbicide resistant crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources and can reduce crop yields by 10-15%. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used to control weeds. It works by inhibiting the EPSPS enzyme needed for amino acid synthesis. The first glyphosate resistant crops were developed by Monsanto and called "Roundup Ready". These crops have advantages like reduced crop injury and more flexible weed management but also disadvantages like the potential for weeds to become resistant and environmental pollution. Over 63% of genetically modified crops grown contain a herbicide resistance trait.
Space Breeding
Space breeding involves sending seeds into low-Earth orbit to induce mutations from cosmic radiation and microgravity. Returning seeds are selected and bred to develop varieties with desirable traits like higher yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. China has been a pioneer in this area, sending over 400 plant species to space and developing commercial rice and vegetable varieties from space-bred seeds. The goals of space breeding are to efficiently produce new crop varieties with improved economic traits that are difficult to obtain through traditional breeding methods.
Issues related to gm os
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. GMOs have a wide range of applications including human gene therapy, producing transgenic plants and crops with desirable traits like pest or disease resistance, researching uses of microbes and mammals, and more. However, GMOs also raise social concerns about potential health risks to animals and humans from consumption, environmental risks of cross-contamination with wild species, and issues around labeling, patents, and ethical use of biological resources.
Domestication And Evolution
A 50-year experiment on fox domestication was conducted in Novosibirsk, Russia beginning in 1959. The experiment aimed to study the genetic changes underlying animal domestication by selectively breeding foxes for tameness towards humans. Over generations, the foxes selected for friendliness developed morphological traits like floppy ears, curled tails, and spotted coats similar to dogs. The results supported the hypothesis that selection for a single regulatory trait like behavior can induce changes across the genome by destabilizing developmental processes. This provided insights into the genetic mechanisms and parallel changes seen during animal domestication.
development of hybrids in commercially important cole crops
This document discusses seed production techniques in cole crops like cauliflower and cabbage. It provides context on India and Himachal Pradesh's production of these crops. It then summarizes the floral biology and self-incompatibility system in cole crops, which is important for hybrid seed production. Techniques for developing hybrids like hybridization and male sterility are also covered. The document emphasizes how hybrids provide benefits like higher yields, adaptability, and market acceptability.
Genetically modified plants
Genetically modified plants have had their DNA engineered, usually to induce changes like virus resistance in crops like sweet peppers. There is a risk that modified genes could spread from GMO plants to non-GMO varieties through cross-pollination. Consuming GMO foods could potentially lead to allergies in humans over time, though more research is needed on long-term effects. Modified genes from GMO crops could also end up in weeds, creating "super weeds" that are difficult to control on farms. While GMO foods provide benefits, there are concerns about potential unknown allergens, toxic effects, super weeds, and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Crop improvement by shreedhar beese
Crop improvement methods aim to preserve desirable traits and introduce new beneficial traits. Sexual reproduction combines genes from parents, but asexual reproduction clones parents. Inbreeding can preserve traits but causes inbreeding depression. Hybrids between inbred lines show hybrid vigor. Mutations occasionally produce new single gene traits that can be propagated. Selection over generations improves polygenic traits. Creating polyploids like tetraploids sometimes increases size and health. Interspecific hybrids combine traits, with some becoming fertile tetraploids.
Genetically modified insects
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
Presentation plant responsch. 12
The document discusses different types of plant responses to environmental stimuli, including tropisms and flowering responses. It explains that tropisms are plant growth responses guided by hormones, such as auxins, in response to stimuli like light, gravity, water, and touch. Flowering responses are influenced by photoperiodism, where plants use changes in the length of day and night to determine when to flower. Some plants are long-day plants and flower with short nights, while others are short-day plants and flower with long nights. The document also introduces the concept of transgenic crops, which use biotechnology to transfer DNA from one species into another to improve crop traits.
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Self incompatability in plants,pseudoalleles and isoalleles
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development of hybrids in commercially important cole crops
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Similar to Rtcc genetics no names
Chapter.1. Introduction of genetics
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, dealing with how traits are passed from parents to offspring. A gene is a unit of heredity located on chromosomes that determines a characteristic.
2. Heredity refers to the transmission of similarities from parents to offspring, explaining resemblances within a family. Variation refers to differences between individuals of the same species or between siblings, explaining why offspring are similar but not identical.
3. Genetics has many applications, including improving crop yields through techniques like hybridization and transgenic plants, producing pharmaceuticals using transgenic bacteria, and promoting plant health using transgenic bacteria that produce insect toxins.
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1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
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Chapter 2
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Rtcc genetics no names
- 1. Student Created! Teacher Approved!
- 2. Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genes can be found in any living thing. Genes describe what traits you might have. You can identify traits by using a punnett square.
- 3. Mitosis Asexual Reproduction The process of dividing 2 cells forming a replica. Occurs in only humans, animals, plants , and fungi. Meiosis Sexual Reproduction The process in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half. Occurs in all organisms
- 4. Gregor Mendel was the founder of genetics. He discovered genetics by doing an experiment on pea plants. He studied the traits that each pea plant had including seed shape, pod color, etc. This helped him come to the conclusion that each plant had a different types of alleles.
- 5. A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering. Transgenic plants have been engineered for scientific research to make different crops and different colors in plants. Some crops that are genetically modified have traits that make them resistant to insects. Some crops that are on there way to being sold can live in environmental conditions outside the type of plants native range.
- 6. The evolution of plants has caused a higher amount of levels of complexity. Land plants have evolved from algae from as early as 510 million years ago. Leaves today are an adaptation to increase the amount of sunlight that can be captured for photosynthesis. It is believed that plants used to be spiny to protect themselves from herbivores.