This document discusses reanalyzing the history of urban planning and design from a microscopic physiological perspective rather than the typical macroscopic aesthetic viewpoint. It argues that physiological factors like climate, disease, and infrastructure influenced urban development more than aesthetics and symbolism. Looking at the history through this "thermodynamic" lens reveals that functional needs often preceded formal considerations. It suggests reversing the typical cause-and-effect relationship used to understand urban planning history to recognize the microscopic physiological influences on macroscopic urban forms and patterns.
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
This document provides summaries of 20 new books related to architecture, urban planning, and design. The books cover topics such as the history and geography of San Diego, urban growth challenges in different cities, sustainable development, infrastructure, and the works of influential architects. The summaries describe the content, focus, and key insights contained in each book.
Este documento presenta una guía técnica sobre el ahorro y recuperación de energía en instalaciones de climatización. Explica diferentes sistemas como el enfriamiento gratuito por aire exterior, enfriamiento evaporativo, recuperación de calor y combinaciones de sistemas. El objetivo es promover un uso más eficiente de la energía en edificios de acuerdo con la normativa aplicable y reducir el impacto ambiental de las instalaciones térmicas.
This document discusses the principles of New Urbanism and its goal of reintroducing urban centers and qualities to city planning. It begins by describing how post-World War II development led to isolated, car-centric communities that lacked the mixed-use, walkable neighborhoods characteristic of traditional urban planning. New Urbanism began in the 1970s-80s to address this by creating neighborhoods and urban centers with human-scale design. The document then outlines some of New Urbanism's key design principles, such as creating walkable communities with a mix of uses and civic spaces embedded within neighborhoods.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about the production of space in Regent Street in London during the Regency period from 1818 to 1848. It uses Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad and Actor Network Theory to analyze how Regent Street was conceived, perceived, and lived. The conception of Regent Street was driven by political and social factors, including competing with Napoleon's Paris and creating a fashionable shopping street. John Nash was commissioned to design Regent Street as a direct north-south axis through London, isolating the lower classes. His initial plans were rejected but a revised plan was accepted that curved through Crown land, increasing its value. Regent Street was then built out in sections from north to south between 18
The document discusses the impact of European architects who emigrated to the United States in the 1930s and 1940s due to World War II, known as the "diaspora". It argues that while they were seen as revolutionizing American architecture with new ideas like the Bauhaus style, in reality they were concluding earlier anti-academic movements from Europe. Their "functionalism" was more of an ideology than a real focus on technology and economics. Additionally, their designs in the U.S. were often poor imitations of their earlier European work. While their ideas influenced architectural education, they had less impact on actual building design than initially thought.
C.A Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner known for developing the theory of Ekistics and designing the new capital city of Islamabad in Pakistan. Some key points of his work:
- He founded the science of Ekistics to study human settlements of all scales, from villages to cities to regions, and how they evolve over time. This aimed to build optimized cities for humans.
- His theory analyzed factors like geography, growth, organization, and internal/external structures that influence human settlements. It also established a hierarchy of rural villages up to larger urban areas.
- Doxiadis designed Islamabad as the new capital of Pakistan in the 1950s based on Ekistic principles
Urban planning has its origins in ancient civilizations like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had deliberately planned cities. In classical times, Greek philosophers like Hippodamus laid out cities in orthogonal grids. During medieval times, many new towns were built in Europe to gain power. In the 19th century, overcrowded industrial cities led to new ideas like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities which proposed self-sufficient towns surrounded by greenbelts. In the 20th century, planners like Le Corbusier proposed concepts like the Radiant City with high density apartment blocks separated by open spaces. Chandigarh was influenced by these ideas and became a model new town in post-colonial India
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
This document provides summaries of 20 new books related to architecture, urban planning, and design. The books cover topics such as the history and geography of San Diego, urban growth challenges in different cities, sustainable development, infrastructure, and the works of influential architects. The summaries describe the content, focus, and key insights contained in each book.
Este documento presenta una guía técnica sobre el ahorro y recuperación de energía en instalaciones de climatización. Explica diferentes sistemas como el enfriamiento gratuito por aire exterior, enfriamiento evaporativo, recuperación de calor y combinaciones de sistemas. El objetivo es promover un uso más eficiente de la energía en edificios de acuerdo con la normativa aplicable y reducir el impacto ambiental de las instalaciones térmicas.
This document discusses the principles of New Urbanism and its goal of reintroducing urban centers and qualities to city planning. It begins by describing how post-World War II development led to isolated, car-centric communities that lacked the mixed-use, walkable neighborhoods characteristic of traditional urban planning. New Urbanism began in the 1970s-80s to address this by creating neighborhoods and urban centers with human-scale design. The document then outlines some of New Urbanism's key design principles, such as creating walkable communities with a mix of uses and civic spaces embedded within neighborhoods.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about the production of space in Regent Street in London during the Regency period from 1818 to 1848. It uses Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad and Actor Network Theory to analyze how Regent Street was conceived, perceived, and lived. The conception of Regent Street was driven by political and social factors, including competing with Napoleon's Paris and creating a fashionable shopping street. John Nash was commissioned to design Regent Street as a direct north-south axis through London, isolating the lower classes. His initial plans were rejected but a revised plan was accepted that curved through Crown land, increasing its value. Regent Street was then built out in sections from north to south between 18
The document discusses the impact of European architects who emigrated to the United States in the 1930s and 1940s due to World War II, known as the "diaspora". It argues that while they were seen as revolutionizing American architecture with new ideas like the Bauhaus style, in reality they were concluding earlier anti-academic movements from Europe. Their "functionalism" was more of an ideology than a real focus on technology and economics. Additionally, their designs in the U.S. were often poor imitations of their earlier European work. While their ideas influenced architectural education, they had less impact on actual building design than initially thought.
C.A Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner known for developing the theory of Ekistics and designing the new capital city of Islamabad in Pakistan. Some key points of his work:
- He founded the science of Ekistics to study human settlements of all scales, from villages to cities to regions, and how they evolve over time. This aimed to build optimized cities for humans.
- His theory analyzed factors like geography, growth, organization, and internal/external structures that influence human settlements. It also established a hierarchy of rural villages up to larger urban areas.
- Doxiadis designed Islamabad as the new capital of Pakistan in the 1950s based on Ekistic principles
Urban planning has its origins in ancient civilizations like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had deliberately planned cities. In classical times, Greek philosophers like Hippodamus laid out cities in orthogonal grids. During medieval times, many new towns were built in Europe to gain power. In the 19th century, overcrowded industrial cities led to new ideas like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities which proposed self-sufficient towns surrounded by greenbelts. In the 20th century, planners like Le Corbusier proposed concepts like the Radiant City with high density apartment blocks separated by open spaces. Chandigarh was influenced by these ideas and became a model new town in post-colonial India
History of Urban Planning- Introduction to urban planningarananeust
Urban planning emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1900s. It draws on engineering, architecture, and social and political concerns to regulate land use and development. The goal is to balance economic, environmental, social, and aesthetic factors. Early examples of planning date back to ancient civilizations like China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia which had orderly street grids and specialized quarters. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, rulers embarked on ambitious city redesign projects to showcase their power. The industrial revolution led to rapid urban growth which necessitated modern urban planning approaches.
This summarizes a review of Rob Krier's book "Urban Spaces":
Krier's book examines how the understanding of traditional urban space has been lost in modern cities. It analyzes the typological and morphological elements of urban space, including squares, streets, and how they are shaped by modulating factors. Krier illustrates how urban space has eroded over the 20th century due to factors like the demolition of city walls and the influence of industrial buildings on urban planning. He proposes approaches to redevelop cities by restoring continuity of spatial experiences and focusing on pedestrian-friendly areas.
ADS605 - CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO URBAN SOCIOLOGY.pptIznyKamaliyah1
This document provides an overview of urban sociology and the history of urbanization. It discusses several key theorists and their perspectives on urbanization and the development of cities. This includes V. Gordon Childe's work on ancient urbanization and characteristics of early cities. It also summarizes the theories of Durkheim, Tonnies, Engels, and Simmel on urban social structures and the impacts of industrialization and capitalism on urban development. Finally, it introduces the concept of human ecology developed by Robert Park and the Chicago School to understand the social organization and competition within cities.
The document discusses Edmund Bacon's views on understanding cities through their history, culture, and built environments as presented in the documentary "Understanding Cities." It examines Rome, Paris, and London, highlighting key design principles used in each. Rome and Paris both drew from historical precedents and used symmetrical public squares and architectural elements to define space. London differed in having a less uniform architectural system and public spaces shaped by surrounding buildings. Bacon emphasized understanding a city's background to shape its future development.
The document discusses the relationship between nature and cities in modernity. It explores how modernism constructed two types of nature - evil/bad nature and divine/good nature. It also discusses two constructions of cities - as cancers draining resources, and as assets with environmental and cultural benefits. The document then examines how 19th century industrial cities struggled with pollution and public health issues. It outlines four main approaches modernist planning used to resolve the nature/city relationship: controlling bad nature in cities, taking cities into nature through urban utopias, bringing good nature into cities, and taking city dwellers into nature.
1) Barcelona is located on Spain's northern Mediterranean coast, bounded naturally by rivers, the sea, and mountains. Over centuries it grew from a Roman settlement into a medieval walled city and then expanded on a grid plan in the 19th century.
2) In the 1980s, Barcelona faced urban decay but used the 1992 Olympics as catalyst for urban renewal, rebuilding neglected areas and connecting the city to its waterfront with new beaches, parks, and infrastructure.
3) Planner Oriol Bohigas led the transformation, using the Olympics to fund over 200 new public projects that inserted amenities into formerly derelict, high-crime neighborhoods.
Structuralism is a mode of thinking .pptxseyefeselasse
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-centurysocial sciences and humanities. Methodologically, it analyses large-scale systems by examining the relations and functions of the smallest constituent elements of such systems, which range from human languages and cultural practices to folktales and literary texts.
A Century Of Futurist Architecture - From Theory To Reality.PdfAlicia Buske
This document provides an overview of futurist architecture from its origins in the early 20th century to its influence on modern architecture. It discusses how Antonio Sant'Elia envisioned futurist cities in his 1914 Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, featuring towering skyscrapers and transportation infrastructure, but his designs were never built as he died in WWI. While futurism declined after being associated with fascism, its ideas influenced later movements like Art Deco, Bauhaus, Googie, and Neo-Futurism. Sant'Elia's vision of cities as machines and an emphasis on technology, speed, and modern materials became hallmarks of 20th century architecture according to the document.
This document discusses the influence of Le Corbusier's principles of modern architecture on the emergence of aesthetic values in modern architecture in Cyprus. It provides background on modernity, modernism, and the development of modern architecture. Key figures and movements like Le Corbusier, Bauhaus, and CIAM helped disseminate modern architecture principles globally. The document then focuses on two case studies of private residences in Cyprus designed by Neoptolemos Michaelides, considered the father of Cyprus's modern architecture, to analyze how Le Corbusier's principles shaped aesthetic values in Cypriot modern residential architecture.
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical Perspecti.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical PerspectiTakishaPeck109
This document provides an overview of the history of urban design from ancient times to the present. It discusses two early city forms that emerged - organic cities that developed organically and geometric cities that were purposefully planned. During the Middle Ages, cities were shaped by warfare and public spaces became associated with religious and commercial structures. The Renaissance saw a renewed interest in classical architecture. Baroque cities had straight avenues and radial patterns. In the US, cities utilized grids and had a relationship between urban and rural areas. The Industrial Revolution led to mass urbanization. More recent eras saw the development of suburbs and modernist high-density developments. The document outlines two paradigms of urban design - empiricism based on precedents and rationalism
What is a City”Architectural Record (1937)Lewis Mumfor.docxphilipnelson29183
“What is a City?”
Architectural Record (1937)
Lewis Mumford
Editors’ Introduction
Lewis Mumford (1895–1990) has been called the United States’ last great public intellectual – that is, a scholar
not based in academia who writes for an educated popular audience. Beginning with the publication of his first
book The Story of Utopias in 1922 and continuing throughout a career that saw the publication of some twenty-
five influential volumes, Mumford made signal contributions to social philosophy, American literary and cultural
history, the history of technology and, preeminently, the history of cities and urban planning practice.
Born in Brooklyn and coming of age at a time when the modern city was reaching a new peak in the history of
urban civilization, Mumford saw the urban experience as an essential component in the development of human
culture and the human personality. He consistently argued that the physical design of cities and their economic
functions were secondary to their relationship to the natural environment and to the spiritual values of human
community. Mumford applied these principles to his architectural criticism for The New Yorker magazine and his
work with the Regional Planning Association of America in the 1920s and 1930s, his campaign against plans to
build a highway through Washington Square in New York’s Greenwich Village in the 1950s, and his lifelong
championing of the environmental theories of Patrick Geddes and the Garden City ideals of Ebenezer Howard.
In “What is a City?” – the text of a 1937 talk to an audience of urban planners – Mumford lays out his fundamental
propositions about city planning and the human potential, both individual and social, of urban life. The city, he writes,
is “a theater of social action,” and everything else – art, politics, education, commerce – serve only to make the
“social drama . . . more richly significant, as a stage-set, well-designed, intensifies and underlines the gestures of
the actors and the action of the play.” The city as a form of social drama expressed as much in daily life as in
revolutionary moments – it was a theme and an image to which Mumford would return over and over again. In The
Culture of Cities of 1938, he rhapsodized about the artist Albrecht Dürer witnessing a religious procession in
Antwerp in 1519 that was a dramatic performance “where the spectators were also communicants.” And in “The
Urban Drama” from The City in History of 1961, he reflected on the ways that the social life of the ancient city
established a kind of dramatic dialogue “in which common life itself takes on the features of a drama, heightened
by every device of costume and scenery, for the setting itself magnifies the voice and increases the apparent
stature of the actors.” Mumford was quick to point out that the earliest urban dialogue was really a one-way
“monologue of power” from the king to his cowering subjects. Such an absence of true dialogue, he wrote, was
“bound to have a fat.
Sociology as a discipline focuses on the study of societies. This article will help you to understand the evolution of cities in the contemporary context as contemplated by Pattrick Geddes.
C.A. Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner who is best known for designing the city of Islamabad, Pakistan's capital city. He graduated with architectural engineering and doctoral degrees from universities in Athens and Berlin. Doxiadis planned Islamabad according to hierarchical and sustainable principles - the city has extensive green spaces integrated throughout and a transportation network that separates vehicles, public transit, bicycles and pedestrians to reduce congestion. The master plan for Islamabad and the surrounding region was based on Doxiadis' concept of a "Dynametropolis", allowing the areas to dynamically expand over time.
The document discusses the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) or International Congress of Modern Architecture, an organization of modern architects founded in 1928 that held international conferences until 1959. It highlights two important conferences - "The Functional City" in 1933 that broadened CIAM's scope from architecture to urban planning, and proposed resolving social problems through strict functional zoning and tall apartment blocks spaced far apart. Another was the controversial "Athens Charter" from 1942 that committed CIAM to rigid functional cities with citizens housed in high, spaced apartment blocks separated by green belts.
Urban planning and urban design are two closely related fields that aim to shape and improve the built environment in cities and urban areas. Urban planning involves the development and implementation of policies and strategies to guide the growth and development of cities, while urban design focuses on the physical and aesthetic aspects of the built environment, including the design of buildings, public spaces, and transportation systems. Together, these disciplines seek to create livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments that meet the needs of diverse communities.
This document provides a brief history of urban planning from the late 19th century to today. It describes how planning emerged in response to health and social crises in cities during the Industrial Revolution. Early influences included Marxism, the Romantic and Progressive movements, and public health reformers seeking to address overcrowding, pollution and disease through parks, infrastructure and zoning. Notable figures who shaped early planning ideas and projects included Frederick Law Olmsted, Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, though their utopian visions did not always match reality. Zoning and master plans became common planning tools in the 20th century, though zoning often exacerbated social inequities and sprawl remains a challenge
The document discusses several themes related to globalization and urbanization including:
- The shift towards greater economic growth and recovery in lower-income metropolitan areas in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East as compared to higher-income areas in Europe and the United States.
- The increasing interconnectedness and blurring boundaries between global cities like New York and London as they become linked by shared culture, language, and massive financial flows.
- The need for urban studies to move beyond frameworks focused solely on global cities and economic competitiveness, and instead consider the diversity and creative potential of all cities.
Józef Raczek (1922-1990) – malarz, rzeźbiarz, kolekcjoner,
autor sztuk teatralnych i bajek.
„Orędownik Sądecczyzny” swój dom, zwany „Oficyną Raczków”,
zamienił w niezwykłą galerię grafik, obrazów i rzeźb. Przez wiele lat było to miejsce spotkań i twórczej pracy artystów. W pokoju „Pod muzami” Raczek podejmował gości winem własnego wyrobu z owoców głogu i dzikiej róży.
Sztuka była dla niego niczym pamiętnik – uwiecznił starosądecki rynek, klasztor klarysek, kapliczki, św. Kingę. Malowidła znajdujące się w sieni przybliżają nam kulturę i historię Starego Sącza, a na podwórku wciąż jeszcze rzeczywistość miesza się z bajką.
History of Urban Planning- Introduction to urban planningarananeust
Urban planning emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1900s. It draws on engineering, architecture, and social and political concerns to regulate land use and development. The goal is to balance economic, environmental, social, and aesthetic factors. Early examples of planning date back to ancient civilizations like China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia which had orderly street grids and specialized quarters. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, rulers embarked on ambitious city redesign projects to showcase their power. The industrial revolution led to rapid urban growth which necessitated modern urban planning approaches.
This summarizes a review of Rob Krier's book "Urban Spaces":
Krier's book examines how the understanding of traditional urban space has been lost in modern cities. It analyzes the typological and morphological elements of urban space, including squares, streets, and how they are shaped by modulating factors. Krier illustrates how urban space has eroded over the 20th century due to factors like the demolition of city walls and the influence of industrial buildings on urban planning. He proposes approaches to redevelop cities by restoring continuity of spatial experiences and focusing on pedestrian-friendly areas.
ADS605 - CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO URBAN SOCIOLOGY.pptIznyKamaliyah1
This document provides an overview of urban sociology and the history of urbanization. It discusses several key theorists and their perspectives on urbanization and the development of cities. This includes V. Gordon Childe's work on ancient urbanization and characteristics of early cities. It also summarizes the theories of Durkheim, Tonnies, Engels, and Simmel on urban social structures and the impacts of industrialization and capitalism on urban development. Finally, it introduces the concept of human ecology developed by Robert Park and the Chicago School to understand the social organization and competition within cities.
The document discusses Edmund Bacon's views on understanding cities through their history, culture, and built environments as presented in the documentary "Understanding Cities." It examines Rome, Paris, and London, highlighting key design principles used in each. Rome and Paris both drew from historical precedents and used symmetrical public squares and architectural elements to define space. London differed in having a less uniform architectural system and public spaces shaped by surrounding buildings. Bacon emphasized understanding a city's background to shape its future development.
The document discusses the relationship between nature and cities in modernity. It explores how modernism constructed two types of nature - evil/bad nature and divine/good nature. It also discusses two constructions of cities - as cancers draining resources, and as assets with environmental and cultural benefits. The document then examines how 19th century industrial cities struggled with pollution and public health issues. It outlines four main approaches modernist planning used to resolve the nature/city relationship: controlling bad nature in cities, taking cities into nature through urban utopias, bringing good nature into cities, and taking city dwellers into nature.
1) Barcelona is located on Spain's northern Mediterranean coast, bounded naturally by rivers, the sea, and mountains. Over centuries it grew from a Roman settlement into a medieval walled city and then expanded on a grid plan in the 19th century.
2) In the 1980s, Barcelona faced urban decay but used the 1992 Olympics as catalyst for urban renewal, rebuilding neglected areas and connecting the city to its waterfront with new beaches, parks, and infrastructure.
3) Planner Oriol Bohigas led the transformation, using the Olympics to fund over 200 new public projects that inserted amenities into formerly derelict, high-crime neighborhoods.
Structuralism is a mode of thinking .pptxseyefeselasse
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-centurysocial sciences and humanities. Methodologically, it analyses large-scale systems by examining the relations and functions of the smallest constituent elements of such systems, which range from human languages and cultural practices to folktales and literary texts.
A Century Of Futurist Architecture - From Theory To Reality.PdfAlicia Buske
This document provides an overview of futurist architecture from its origins in the early 20th century to its influence on modern architecture. It discusses how Antonio Sant'Elia envisioned futurist cities in his 1914 Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, featuring towering skyscrapers and transportation infrastructure, but his designs were never built as he died in WWI. While futurism declined after being associated with fascism, its ideas influenced later movements like Art Deco, Bauhaus, Googie, and Neo-Futurism. Sant'Elia's vision of cities as machines and an emphasis on technology, speed, and modern materials became hallmarks of 20th century architecture according to the document.
This document discusses the influence of Le Corbusier's principles of modern architecture on the emergence of aesthetic values in modern architecture in Cyprus. It provides background on modernity, modernism, and the development of modern architecture. Key figures and movements like Le Corbusier, Bauhaus, and CIAM helped disseminate modern architecture principles globally. The document then focuses on two case studies of private residences in Cyprus designed by Neoptolemos Michaelides, considered the father of Cyprus's modern architecture, to analyze how Le Corbusier's principles shaped aesthetic values in Cypriot modern residential architecture.
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical Perspecti.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical PerspectiTakishaPeck109
This document provides an overview of the history of urban design from ancient times to the present. It discusses two early city forms that emerged - organic cities that developed organically and geometric cities that were purposefully planned. During the Middle Ages, cities were shaped by warfare and public spaces became associated with religious and commercial structures. The Renaissance saw a renewed interest in classical architecture. Baroque cities had straight avenues and radial patterns. In the US, cities utilized grids and had a relationship between urban and rural areas. The Industrial Revolution led to mass urbanization. More recent eras saw the development of suburbs and modernist high-density developments. The document outlines two paradigms of urban design - empiricism based on precedents and rationalism
What is a City”Architectural Record (1937)Lewis Mumfor.docxphilipnelson29183
“What is a City?”
Architectural Record (1937)
Lewis Mumford
Editors’ Introduction
Lewis Mumford (1895–1990) has been called the United States’ last great public intellectual – that is, a scholar
not based in academia who writes for an educated popular audience. Beginning with the publication of his first
book The Story of Utopias in 1922 and continuing throughout a career that saw the publication of some twenty-
five influential volumes, Mumford made signal contributions to social philosophy, American literary and cultural
history, the history of technology and, preeminently, the history of cities and urban planning practice.
Born in Brooklyn and coming of age at a time when the modern city was reaching a new peak in the history of
urban civilization, Mumford saw the urban experience as an essential component in the development of human
culture and the human personality. He consistently argued that the physical design of cities and their economic
functions were secondary to their relationship to the natural environment and to the spiritual values of human
community. Mumford applied these principles to his architectural criticism for The New Yorker magazine and his
work with the Regional Planning Association of America in the 1920s and 1930s, his campaign against plans to
build a highway through Washington Square in New York’s Greenwich Village in the 1950s, and his lifelong
championing of the environmental theories of Patrick Geddes and the Garden City ideals of Ebenezer Howard.
In “What is a City?” – the text of a 1937 talk to an audience of urban planners – Mumford lays out his fundamental
propositions about city planning and the human potential, both individual and social, of urban life. The city, he writes,
is “a theater of social action,” and everything else – art, politics, education, commerce – serve only to make the
“social drama . . . more richly significant, as a stage-set, well-designed, intensifies and underlines the gestures of
the actors and the action of the play.” The city as a form of social drama expressed as much in daily life as in
revolutionary moments – it was a theme and an image to which Mumford would return over and over again. In The
Culture of Cities of 1938, he rhapsodized about the artist Albrecht Dürer witnessing a religious procession in
Antwerp in 1519 that was a dramatic performance “where the spectators were also communicants.” And in “The
Urban Drama” from The City in History of 1961, he reflected on the ways that the social life of the ancient city
established a kind of dramatic dialogue “in which common life itself takes on the features of a drama, heightened
by every device of costume and scenery, for the setting itself magnifies the voice and increases the apparent
stature of the actors.” Mumford was quick to point out that the earliest urban dialogue was really a one-way
“monologue of power” from the king to his cowering subjects. Such an absence of true dialogue, he wrote, was
“bound to have a fat.
Sociology as a discipline focuses on the study of societies. This article will help you to understand the evolution of cities in the contemporary context as contemplated by Pattrick Geddes.
C.A. Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner who is best known for designing the city of Islamabad, Pakistan's capital city. He graduated with architectural engineering and doctoral degrees from universities in Athens and Berlin. Doxiadis planned Islamabad according to hierarchical and sustainable principles - the city has extensive green spaces integrated throughout and a transportation network that separates vehicles, public transit, bicycles and pedestrians to reduce congestion. The master plan for Islamabad and the surrounding region was based on Doxiadis' concept of a "Dynametropolis", allowing the areas to dynamically expand over time.
The document discusses the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) or International Congress of Modern Architecture, an organization of modern architects founded in 1928 that held international conferences until 1959. It highlights two important conferences - "The Functional City" in 1933 that broadened CIAM's scope from architecture to urban planning, and proposed resolving social problems through strict functional zoning and tall apartment blocks spaced far apart. Another was the controversial "Athens Charter" from 1942 that committed CIAM to rigid functional cities with citizens housed in high, spaced apartment blocks separated by green belts.
Urban planning and urban design are two closely related fields that aim to shape and improve the built environment in cities and urban areas. Urban planning involves the development and implementation of policies and strategies to guide the growth and development of cities, while urban design focuses on the physical and aesthetic aspects of the built environment, including the design of buildings, public spaces, and transportation systems. Together, these disciplines seek to create livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments that meet the needs of diverse communities.
This document provides a brief history of urban planning from the late 19th century to today. It describes how planning emerged in response to health and social crises in cities during the Industrial Revolution. Early influences included Marxism, the Romantic and Progressive movements, and public health reformers seeking to address overcrowding, pollution and disease through parks, infrastructure and zoning. Notable figures who shaped early planning ideas and projects included Frederick Law Olmsted, Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, though their utopian visions did not always match reality. Zoning and master plans became common planning tools in the 20th century, though zoning often exacerbated social inequities and sprawl remains a challenge
The document discusses several themes related to globalization and urbanization including:
- The shift towards greater economic growth and recovery in lower-income metropolitan areas in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East as compared to higher-income areas in Europe and the United States.
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- The need for urban studies to move beyond frameworks focused solely on global cities and economic competitiveness, and instead consider the diversity and creative potential of all cities.
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In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
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Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
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Control Flow in Studio
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• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
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- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
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1. Philippe Rahm
Towards
Thermodynamic
Urban Planning
T
he history of urban design and
spatial planning over the past forty
years was largely reviewed from a
macroscopic and aesthetic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic and
physiological one. Re-analysing it from the
microscopic perspective, we can discover the
factors that did influence the formation of
cities. A new evaluation proposed here will
make it possible to create an alternative to
the actual development of urban planning
that is currently based on the principle of
economic globalisation which is unsustainable and unfair to people. It is an ambition of
our studio to contribute to the development
of planetary urban planning to make it more
acceptable, human, honest and fair to all.
Popularisation of the macroscopic and
aesthetic urban analysis must undoubtedly be attributed to Italian architect Aldo
Rossi who, in his book L’architettura della città
(‘Architecture of the City’) of 1966, deprecates
‘naïve functionalism’ that reduces the history
of the city and its design to the physiological
and organic. From the very first page of the
introduction he recognises the physiological
cause as the origin of architecture. The starting point is the biological need that drives
man to ‘construct an artificial climate’, more
favourable for his existence. Evading this
point, Rossi immediately claims that, first and
foremost, man built his environment following
aesthetic and civilisational intents. He studies
those macrostructural intents, deriding all
infrastructural approaches, which he considers naïve. With all due appreciation for Aldo
Rossi’s achievements in the field of theory, and
in a non-polemic spirit, we choose to side with
the naive and to partly contest that macroscopic take, opting to reverse the angle of the
analysis so that it starts from the microscopic
level. If Aldo Rossi seemed so radical in 1970,
it stemmed from the fact that since the 1950s
antibiotics came into wide use in the West, a
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3. scribes the opposite tendency. He shows that
natural disasters are behind the wars fought
in the 20th and 21st centuries: to him, climate
change is an underestimated social threat
and it seems we are failing to accept the idea
that this phenomenon, even if described
scientifically, may generate such calamities
as the implosion of social systems, civil wars
or genocide7.
Economist Daniel Cohen believes the same,
offering surprising reinterpretations of what
seemed to be the cause while in fact was the
effect8. He explains the disappearance of
social diversification in the modernist city
not by the Athens Charter, which proposed
to separate the working zones and housing
districts, but by the invention of the lift,
and then RER, the regional express transit
system connecting suburbs to Paris. It was
only yesterday that in a typically formed city
the rich lived on the second floor, and the
poor on the last one. The rich and the poor
met on the stairs and even if they did not
speak to each other, their children sometimes attended the same schools. Since lifts
came into widespread use, buildings started
to be inhabited by the rich or the poor but
never by both because they lived in different districts. The district is decreasingly a
place of social diversity’. As to RER, Cohen
explains that it is not so much a means of
transport that brings people from different
social strata closer as an element contributing to their separation. ‘What is worse, with
RER in use, suburbs tend to be increasingly
isolated from luxury districts. In the past
working class suburbs were not situated so
far from city centres because workers had
to walk to work on foot. With the opening
H. Welzer, Climate Wars, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.
D. Cohen, Trois leçons sur la société post-industrielle, Paris:
Seuil, 2006.
7
8
of RER, the distance could grow. However
demography develops, Paris will never border with Sarcelles. Suburbians go to the city
centre on Saturday nights to feast their eyes
on pictures but then return home’.
Endocrinological Land Development in the 19th Century
Rethinking the history of urbanisation from
the microscopic perspective – endocrinological in the 19th century, and bacteriological
in the 20th century – leads to unexpected
re-evaluation of the process of city and cityscape making. Medicinal properties of iodine
were recognized in the first half of the 19th
century, and were popularised by English
doctors who started to send their patients to
the seaside or to thermal spas where iodine
was administered either in the liquid form:
soda or sea breeze, or in the solid one: fish
or algae9. It resulted in the construction of a
railway network and urban development of
the sea coast. New spa towns were founded,
such as Biarritz, Brighton, Spa, Ostend,
9
‘Making it possible to discover iodine in a great
number of mineral waters where its presence had not
even been suspected before, chemical analyses provided
an explanation of their long-known qualities used in
the treatment of cases where iodine is nowadays successfully prescribed. It was Dr Goindet of Geneva that
had the privilege to introduce iodine, and then its compounds, into medicine. Searching for a method in Cadet
de Gassicourt, he noticed that Russel counselled burnt
rockweed for thyroid. Suspecting that the sponge which
was then used in the treatment of thyroid and rockweed
might owe their properties to iodine, whose presence in
rockweed brine had been proven by Courtois, he tried it
out in the treatment of thyroid hyperplasia and, luckily,
succeeded. Not a year had elapsed since he started his
experiments that he communicated his discovery to
the Helvetian Society of Natural Sciences gathered in
Geneva on 25 July 1820. Two other memoirs by Coindet,
published soon afterwards, proved that iodine was
indeed an efficient medicine for thyroid and was a remedy for scrofulous tumours and certain diseases of the
lymphatic system’. A.A. Boinet, Iodothérapie, Paris: Victor
Masson et Fils, 1865.
Vichy, Arcachon or Évian-les-Bains. At the
local level, urbanisation of Europe in the 19th
century and the invention of tourism are the
formal, planned consequences of the discovery of iodine and its medical applications.
It was also instrumental in the formation
of the image of European cities which since
then turned towards beaches and waterfronts, sprawled and opened towards seas
or lakes, those ‘veritable sanatoriums in the
open air where the lucky sick come to enjoy
the iodine-rich ocean air and pine fluids’10.
For instance, in the 19th century the morphology of Swiss towns was totally reversed for
that reason. Until the turn of the century
buildings faced away from waterfronts and
lake shores into which sewage was poured.
Houses turned their backs at lakes and faced
mountains. It was a total transformation.
Ever since water becomes valuable because
of iodine, new buildings – like those big
residences in Montreux – turn towards lakes.
The high street, which was once situated
away from water, gets doubled with the
construction of new boulevards designed for
strolling along the waterfront. This is how
European lake and sea shores, rehabilitated
owing to iodine, become steadily urban.
Some time later, around 1860, Louis Pasteur
discovers that the air we breathe is not empty but contains bacteria, which are slightly
less numerous in the mountains11. This
medical knowledge, combined with what
might be called the germicidal power of solar
10
Guide Touristique d’Arcachon 2012, http://www.arcachon.
com/upload/GP_Touristique_Arcachon_BD_
K(3).pdf (access: 8 August 2013).
‘Above all, are there any germs in the air? Nobody
claims otherwise because we realise that it cannot be
otherwise’. L. Pasteur, Œuvres, vol. 2, Paris: Masson et
cie, 1922.
O
11
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4. radiation in the treatment of tuberculosis12,
entails impressive urban development of the
Alps: Leysin, Davos and Gstaad are established. Written at the end of the 18th century,
the diaries of Timoléon Guy François de Maugiron or Voyages dans les Alpes (‘Voyages in the
Alps’) by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure imply
that mountain areas were generally avoided
as places of extreme poverty, inhabited by
degenerate people13. The discovery of iodine,
followed by the popularisation of solar treatments, sun bathing or heliotherapy14, recommended in Switzerland by Dr Bernhard or
Dr Rollier, turn these places into favourite
holiday destinations. Just like the theses
proposed by Rossi in L’architettura della città
stem from the discovery of penicillin, the
theses put forward by Le Corbusier in Towards
an Architecture or in the Athens Charter result
from the discovery of iodine, the germicidal
power of sunshine and the observation that
the numbers of microbes decrease in less
polluted air.
Thermodynamic Urban Planning in the 21st Century
Understanding the causal mechanisms is
crucial, and a microscopic mechanism often
enables to reverse their order: what seems to
‘We shall live in the dark, like before. The sun will not
penetrate into residential buildings more than before to
displace the exterminator microbe. To sum up, there is a
lack of airing or light in residential buildings, and particularly – a lack of sunshine. In short, we can summarise the findings of this research with a statement that
tuberculosis is first and foremost a disease of the dark’.
Congrès international de la tuberculose: Rapports présentés au
congrès, Paris: Masson et cie, 1905, vol. 25.
13
‘We attribute the name of cretins to idiots and
imbeciles living usually on mountain passes. Is it not
endemic in more or less swampy mountain passes,
exposed to damp air?’ J.-E. Esquirol, Des maladies mentales,
vol. 2, Bruxelles: J. B. Tircher, 1838.
14
J. Malgat, Cure solaire de la tuberculose pulmonaire chronique [in:] Congrès international…, op. cit.
12
be the cause at the macroscopic level turns
out to be a consequence in the microscopic
perspective. If we want to define urban
planning and territorial strategy towards the
future, we need to analyse the real causes
underlying land transformations. From the
architectural and urban planning points
of view, climatic and energetic parameters
are closely related and seem to be the main
factors that influence and will continue to
influence urban renewal in a given area. The
concept of ‘thermodynamic urban planning’,
which I shall define presently, may encompass a whole set of criteria activated in the
process of urban renewal on our planet.
The microscopic reason which will certainly
underlie all major architectural and urban
planning decisions in the 21st century is
carbon dioxide (CO2). It is expected to play
the key role; for two decades we have been
trying to embrace the negative consequences
of the growth of CO2 concentration in the
atmosphere caused by non-renewable energy
consumption, such as oil or gas. Fuel combustion releases CO2 into the atmosphere, which
forms a sort of cover that makes it impossible for surplus energy accumulated over
the earth to escape into the outer space. It
results in global warming, disturbing the
climate balance, on which urbanisation of
the planet has been based for centuries, and
causing disasters and migrations. Energy
consumed by buildings (heating, ventilation, air conditioning or hot water production) is responsible for emitting about 50%
greenhouse gases. Hence, architecture and
urban planning are directly involved in an
ecological and civic mission for the reduction of energy consumption. The discovery
of the role of CO2 in global warming and
the dissemination of that knowledge by the
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change) since 1988 certainly determines
the end of postmodernism and invalidates
reading and designing purely aesthetic and
symbolic architecture. The necessity to deal
with climate warming imposes new duties on
architecture and urban planning, and confronting them is a matter of no less import
that the confrontation with bacterial diseases was for modernism in the 19th century.
Following the Fukushima disaster (2011), a
nuclear disaster was added to the climate crisis, forcing a process of steady abandonment
of this kind of energy. Deprived of unlimited
access to fossil fuels or nuclear energy, and
unable to immediately replace them with
renewable energy sources, such as the sun
or wind, at the beginning of the 21st century
we are urged to immediately reduce energy
consumption. In this context, with view to
the necessity to save it and use natural local
energy sources, it is time to define the concept of thermodynamic urban planning; just
as we are beginning to practise architecture
called green, solar, ecological or meteorological.
Thermodynamic urban planning may prove
to be a new way to come to terms with
globalisation, through reorganization of
industrial production at the planetary level
based on energetic and climatic, rather than
economic, criteria. We are currently at the
peak of the postindustrial society crisis,
which was based on global distribution of
labour divided between the North, with
highly qualified personnel developing ideas,
programmes, design and marketing, and the
South, with unskilled workforce manufacturing objects, computers or clothes. Until 1960
the South exported only raw materials for
use in the North. Since the 1960s industrialisation of the South has entailed de-industrialisation of the North; since then the South
has been exporting ready-made products,
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5. leaving the North to develop product concepts, design and marketing. This situation
is risky because the technological advantage
of the North over the South is decreasing
on a yearly basis and it is predictable that
production of ideas, design and concepts will
soon reach the same level in the South as in
the North, which will automatically reduce
employment and increase unemployment, especially in Europe. How is Europe and France
to be seen in this regard? What can France
do, with its limited industry and extensive
technological expertise (nuclear energy,
TGV) which will soon become obsolete, in
view of technologies developed in the United
States, including Google and Facebook, if it
neither develops nor manufactures its own
products? There remains the production of
luxury goods, cultural and culinary tourism
so well described by Michel Houellebecq15
as the future of industrial France huddled
around the ‘territorial magic’ of its countryside. Cheeses, cold meats, woodpigeons and
snails, the Massif Central and a network of
routes ‘Lodging and Castles’. Indeed, cynicism aside, some products belong to a given
territory, which is inextricably related to a
certain climate, quality of mineral soil that
gives produce unique taste, just like lime soil
and sunshine to the great wines of Bordeaux.
It is not about skills or cultural traditions
which globalisation will certainly copy, hybridise and delocalise but certain geographical, geological and climatic conditions that
are unique and characteristic for a place: as
Houellebecq has it, it is a regional category
rather than a state one. Although it is impossible to transfer wine production from
Bordeaux to China or Bangladesh, it will not
hinder the establishment of new territories
like Napa Valley in California or Ningxia in
M. Houellebecq, The Map and the Territory, trans. Gavin
Bowd. New York: Knopf, 2012.
15
China whose wines were classified as the best
in the world in 2011.
To explain the concept of thermodynamic
urban planning, we can start from three
examples illustrating a characteristic mode
of exploitation of unique energy resources
typical for a given geographic location. The
first example is the transferring of Facebook
servers from California to Lulea in Sweden.
Computers storing a gigantic amount of
information overheat, and cooling them
requires a tremendous amount of energy.
The average annual temperature in Lulea is 2
degrees Celsius, and it is easy to understand
what savings (in tens of billions of dollars)
the American company can make by moving
the servers from the Mediterranean climate
of California, where the average annual temperature is 19.5 degrees Celsius.
These three examples point at new, unusual,
almost uninhabited urbanisation areas such
as the north, deserts and high mountains.
They have nothing in common with the
places that have undergone urbanisation
since the beginnings of humankind. In the
21st century we will witness a radical modification of the criteria of geographic value; we
will see a change of human geography which
will entail the establishment of new cities
and a collapse of old ones.
Thus, climate will have a key role in future
urbanisation of the planet, following the
global thermodynamic values related to the
location parameters, with regard to latitude
and altitude. It may turn out to be a solution
fostering globalisation based not on unjust salaries or a specific international distribution of
labour but on ecological and climate criteria
applied on the scale of global population.
The second example is the Swiss village of
Trient. The small village, with a population
of 150 residents, hidden in the rugged mountains of the canton of Valais, without a ski
lift, will receive several million Swiss francs
in the next few years because it has a glacier
that supplies water to a dam which provides
electricity to the whole Swiss railway.
The third example is the German project
Desertec, under which it is proposed to cover
the whole of Sahara with solar panels to
supply electric energy to the whole of North
Africa and Europe16.
16
‘All kinds of renewables will be used in the DESERTEC
Concept, (…) but the sun-rich deserts of the world play
a central role: within six hours deserts receive more
energy from the sun than humankind consumes within
a year. In addition, 90 percent of the world’s population
lives within 3,000 km of deserts’. http://www.desertec.
org/fileadmin/downloads/desertec_foundation_flyer_
en.pdf (access: 8 August 2013)
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6. therModynaMiC parK
We have applied global thermodynamic
principles on a microscale in a city park in
Taiwan: we created climatic differences as if
we were to reorganise the planet’s geography
reduced to the size of the park. The structuring principle is differentiation of climatic
environments: from naturally existing
warm, humid and polluted ones to newly created cooler, less humid and less polluted areas. Departing from what already exists, we
defined three climatic maps, each of them
typical for a given parameter of the atmosphere: the first one describing temperature,
the second one referring to air humidity, and
the last one describing the level of air pollution. Each of these maps contains modulations of respective parameters: from areas
with extreme climatic conditions to those
with deeper modifications and thus more
suitable for human habitation. These three
maps cross each other, freely overlap and
thus create diverse microclimates, a multitude of various environments within the
park’s space. One part will always be warmer
but less humid, with less polluted air, while
other parts will be cooler, drier but will have
polluted air. The three climatic maps are
based on the gradation principle: from 100%
inconvenient, naturally intense conditions
– typical for a local city (100% pollution,
100% humidity, 100% heat), to more pleasant
zones with levels reduced even to 20%, where
temperature, humidity and pollution were
reduced to a minimum. To work out these
three meteorological maps, we developed an
extensive system of devices each of which
reduces excess heat, humidity or pollution.
What I call ‘meteorological devices’ are both
plants, trees with specific qualities that absorb pollution or reduce insolation through
dense foliage and waterspouts, humidifiers,
fountains or technical solutions such as air
dehumidifiers or mosquito repelling ultrasonic speakers. If we want to create a cool
place, we increase the number of appropriate devices. Depending on their density in
a given area, we create more or less pleasant and convenient spaces where climatic
conditions sometimes overlap, combine,
condense or, conversely, separate and dilute,
generating diverse atmospheres which users
can freely choose at will. Climatic devices
are contemporary extensions of traditional
park facilities: small constructions, such as
benches, fountains, kiosks, garden pavilions or gazebos. Each of the devices reduces
inconvenience caused by climatic factors at
work and diffuses a more favourable climate,
influencing one parameter only. The first
are air dehumidifiers, followed by purifying
devices, the third ones are air refreshing,
light diffusing and shade creating devices. If
we want to achieve a low level of humidity
in a given spot in the park and create a drier
place, we simply place more air dehumidifiers there.
translation froM frenCh:
aleKsandra wojda
english translation:
anna MirosławsKa-olszewsKa
taiChung gateway parK
authors: philippe rahm architectes, mosbach
paysagistes, ricky liu & associates
investor: taichung city government
location: taichung, tajwan
total area: 70 hectares
design: january 2012 – december 2012
completion: january 2013 – july 2015
aleKsandra wojda
Meteorological devices and the type of soil
which determines them are the basic elements of our composition, scattered over
the landscape in the form of various levels
of concentration depending on the intended
level of efficiency. They enable modulation of
the landscape texture and are unique to our
architecture.
The distribution of programmes – public
utility buildings, recreational areas, passages
or playgrounds – takes place in a natural
way, depending on the intensity of the new
climatic zones. In the least convenient places
there are closed air-conditioned buildings.
Recreational areas are situated in the most
favourable climatic zones, where the humidity levels and temperature are the lowest,
and the pollution is minimal.
autoportret 3 [42] 2013 | 21
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8. Humid air
Electric fan
Refrigerated coil
H20 condensation
Dry air
Concrete slab with
radiant tubing
Humid air
Condensation
Dryer air
Cooled fluid
Water
drain
Underground
heat sink
(2m depth)
29˚C
Atmosphere
25˚C
Top soil
18˚C
Eluviation layer
12˚C
Subsoil
hot air
Cool air
Electric fan
12˚C
constant earth
temperature
Mosquitos
Mosquito-free
space
Noise pollution
Quiet space
ROWNOWAGA_1_UK_cs4-3.indd 23
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