The document discusses a study that tested whether a Constant Force Resistive Exercise Unit (CFREU) machine could maintain muscle strength over 10 weeks as effectively as free weights. 9 subjects were split into CFREU and free weight groups and performed leg exercises 3 times per week. The CFREU group saw significantly greater improvements in strength gains compared to the free weight group. The results suggest the CFREU machine was as effective or possibly more effective than free weights at maintaining muscle strength over time.
NSCA National Conference (2013) Podium Presentationcoachademia
Earlier this month, I presented part of my PhD work at the National Strength and Conditioning Association’s National Conference in Las Vegas. These are the slides from the podium presentation which I delivered. If you have any questions about the work presented, then please do get in touch.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
NSCA National Conference (2013) Podium Presentationcoachademia
Earlier this month, I presented part of my PhD work at the National Strength and Conditioning Association’s National Conference in Las Vegas. These are the slides from the podium presentation which I delivered. If you have any questions about the work presented, then please do get in touch.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
The 100m Sprint: a Basic Needs AnalysisJill Costley
Draft 100m sprint needs analysis from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes IAAF rules, basic sprint mechanics and physiology, the most commonly associated sprint injuries (e.g. HSI, navicular stress fracture and Achilles tendinopathy) and general applications of the needs analysis to training and testing of athletes.
Effect of the plyometric electrical training on developing the explosive stre...Prof. Mohamed Belal
1- Setting a new method in the area of the explosive strength training through the combination between the plyometric training and the electrical stimulant (plyometric-electrical training) .
2- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rate the explosive strength of the leg's muscles in basketball players.
3- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rat the performing level of some Fundamentals in basketball .
The hamstring muscle group is the most frequently injured, representing
approximately 12 to 24% of all athletic injuries.1,2 These injuries may be due to
disproportionate training performed for the quadriceps,3 with hamstring strains
occurring more frequently in those who demonstrated hamstring weakness, and
lower hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios.2 Thus, hamstring strength is impor-
tant for athletic performance and injury prevention in a variety of sports.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional an...Fernando Farias
Muscle strength and anaerobic power of the lower extre-
mities are neuromuscular variables that influence perfor-
mance in many sports activities, including soccer. Despite
frequent contradictions in the literature, it may be assumed
that muscle strength and balance play a key role in targeted
acute muscle injuries. The purpose of the present study was
to provide and compare pre-season muscular strength and
power profiles in professional and junior elite soccer players
throughout the developmental years of 15–21.
Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprintingFernando Farias
As peak musculotendon
force and strain for BF
LH
, ST, and SM occurred around the same time during terminal swing, it is suggested that this period in the
stride cycle may be when the biarticular hamstrings are at greatest injury risk. On this basis, hamstring injury prevention or rehabilitation
programs should preferentially target strengthening exercises that involve eccentric contractions performed with high loads at longer
musculotendon lengths.
Thomas Lang, University of California San Francisco: "Bone Loss in Long-Duration Spaceflight: Measurements and Countermeasures." Presented at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference, http://www.astronautical.org/issrdc/2013.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercisesFernando Farias
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Sprint running acceleration is a key feature of physical performance in team sports, and recent
literature shows that the ability to generate large magnitudes of horizontal ground reaction force
and mechanical effectiveness of force application are paramount. We tested the hypothesis that
very-heavy loaded sled sprint training would induce an improvement in horizontal force
production, via an increased effectiveness of application. Training-induced changes in sprint
performance and mechanical outputs were computed using a field method based on velocity-
time data, before and after an 8-week protocol (16 sessions of 10x20-m sprints). 16 male
amateur soccer players were assigned to either a very-heavy sled (80% body-mass sled load)
or a control group (unresisted sprints). The main outcome of this pilot study is that very-heavy
sled resisted sprint training, using much greater loads than traditionally recommended, clearly
increased maximal horizontal force production compared to standard unloaded sprint training
(effect size of 0.80 vs 0.20 for controls, unclear between-group difference) and mechanical
effectiveness (i.e. more horizontally applied force; effect size of 0.95 vs -0.11, moderate
between-group difference)
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation Jill Costley
Periodisation presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, principles of training, homeostasis of stress, main types of periodisation, periodisation of sprinting and athlete case study. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment.
The 100m Sprint: a Basic Needs AnalysisJill Costley
Draft 100m sprint needs analysis from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes IAAF rules, basic sprint mechanics and physiology, the most commonly associated sprint injuries (e.g. HSI, navicular stress fracture and Achilles tendinopathy) and general applications of the needs analysis to training and testing of athletes.
Effect of the plyometric electrical training on developing the explosive stre...Prof. Mohamed Belal
1- Setting a new method in the area of the explosive strength training through the combination between the plyometric training and the electrical stimulant (plyometric-electrical training) .
2- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rate the explosive strength of the leg's muscles in basketball players.
3- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rat the performing level of some Fundamentals in basketball .
The hamstring muscle group is the most frequently injured, representing
approximately 12 to 24% of all athletic injuries.1,2 These injuries may be due to
disproportionate training performed for the quadriceps,3 with hamstring strains
occurring more frequently in those who demonstrated hamstring weakness, and
lower hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios.2 Thus, hamstring strength is impor-
tant for athletic performance and injury prevention in a variety of sports.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional an...Fernando Farias
Muscle strength and anaerobic power of the lower extre-
mities are neuromuscular variables that influence perfor-
mance in many sports activities, including soccer. Despite
frequent contradictions in the literature, it may be assumed
that muscle strength and balance play a key role in targeted
acute muscle injuries. The purpose of the present study was
to provide and compare pre-season muscular strength and
power profiles in professional and junior elite soccer players
throughout the developmental years of 15–21.
Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprintingFernando Farias
As peak musculotendon
force and strain for BF
LH
, ST, and SM occurred around the same time during terminal swing, it is suggested that this period in the
stride cycle may be when the biarticular hamstrings are at greatest injury risk. On this basis, hamstring injury prevention or rehabilitation
programs should preferentially target strengthening exercises that involve eccentric contractions performed with high loads at longer
musculotendon lengths.
Thomas Lang, University of California San Francisco: "Bone Loss in Long-Duration Spaceflight: Measurements and Countermeasures." Presented at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference, http://www.astronautical.org/issrdc/2013.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercisesFernando Farias
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Sprint running acceleration is a key feature of physical performance in team sports, and recent
literature shows that the ability to generate large magnitudes of horizontal ground reaction force
and mechanical effectiveness of force application are paramount. We tested the hypothesis that
very-heavy loaded sled sprint training would induce an improvement in horizontal force
production, via an increased effectiveness of application. Training-induced changes in sprint
performance and mechanical outputs were computed using a field method based on velocity-
time data, before and after an 8-week protocol (16 sessions of 10x20-m sprints). 16 male
amateur soccer players were assigned to either a very-heavy sled (80% body-mass sled load)
or a control group (unresisted sprints). The main outcome of this pilot study is that very-heavy
sled resisted sprint training, using much greater loads than traditionally recommended, clearly
increased maximal horizontal force production compared to standard unloaded sprint training
(effect size of 0.80 vs 0.20 for controls, unclear between-group difference) and mechanical
effectiveness (i.e. more horizontally applied force; effect size of 0.95 vs -0.11, moderate
between-group difference)
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation Jill Costley
Periodisation presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, principles of training, homeostasis of stress, main types of periodisation, periodisation of sprinting and athlete case study. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment.
Good Vibrations by Jon Denoris for Kinetica Sportsdenoris
This presentation is a review I put together for www.Kinetica-Sports.com on the pro's and con's of whole body vibration training. I believe it's certainly an exciting area, albeit one which unfortunately is prone to the usual fitness "fads" and exaggerated claims especially regarding weight loss / body fat loss.
Good Vibrations by Jon Denoris for Kinetica Sportsdenoris
This presentation is a review of research on vibration training which I have compiled for Kinetica-sports.com. This is a potentially exciting area, albeit one which is prone to the usual "fitness fads" and exaggerated claims especially around it's usefulness for weight loss and body fat reduction.
Effect of delayed-onset muscle soreness on muscle recovery after a fatiguing ...Nosrat hedayatpour
the aim of the study was to assess EMG MPF during
recovery following a fatiguing contraction at multiple
locations of the quadriceps femoris muscle injured
by eccentric exercise.
An experimental study on scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics followin...pharmaindexing
Aim
This study aimed to find out the effect of rotator cuff fatigue on humeral head migration during dynamic shoulder external rotation activity (combination of flexion, abduction, external rotation) in tennis players.
Objectives
The purpose for physiotherapist in sports performance enhancement assessment of shoulder kinematics provides a reliable tool for studying kinematics during arm elevation.
To understand the importance of external rotation strengthening on clearing superior glenohumeral joint migration for tennis professionals.
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 men of tennis players without shoulder disorders were recruited in the study. The study was conducted in the Tamilnadu tennis association (TNTA) and Gandhi nagar tennis club (GNC adayar). Pre and post tests were performed.
Results
The data was analyzed using SPSS. The experimental group (who received external rotator fatigue protocol) showed significance with (p=0.001) value when compared with the control group. Also, the post-test mean value of the experimental group showed a significant improvement after the protocol.
Conclusion
External rotators stretching and strengthening protocol showed significant improvement in functional status of glenohumeral joint than conventional traditional coaching program alone on tennis professionals.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
10. History of Exercise Countermeasures in the U. S. Space Program Treadmill - excellent for cardiovascular conditioning, minimal effect on musculoskeletal system .
11. History of Exercise Countermeasures in the U. S. Space Program Rubber band devices F = k x Adapted from Designing Resistance Training Programs, Fleck & Kraemer, 1997.
12. History of Exercise Countermeasures in the U. S. Space Program Penguin suits Adapted from Nicogossian et al., 1993
13. History of Exercise Countermeasures in the U. S. Space Program Isokinetic Dynamometer Adapted from Nicogossian et al., 1993
14.
15. The Constant Force Resistive Exercise Unit (CFREU) - allows for concentric and eccentric contractions - full range of motion - easy weight selection
16.
17. Instruments Leg extension/leg curl device configured for free weights . Leg extension/leg curl device configured for CFREU.
18.
19.
20. Results Percent improvement in 1RM between the CFREU and FW during leg extension. 31.54 13.66 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 Groups Percent CFREU FW
21. Results Percent improvement in 1 RM between the CFREU and FW during leg flexion. 36.57 7.38 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 Groups Percent CFREU FW
22. Results 5 Weeks Leg extension/Leg curl performance variables (mean SD; N = 9) Group CFREU FW Mean SD Increase (%) Mean SD Increase (%) 1 Repetition Maximum (kg) Leg extension Pre 32.36 5.17 43.60 14.21 5 Weeks 41.21 9.37 27.33 46.43 9.37 6.50 Post 42.57 9.16 3.30 49.55 11.38 6.72 Overall Gains 31.54 13.66 Leg flexion Pre 25.43 3.93 38.40 6.10 34.73 5.22 36.57 42.08 6.55 9.60 Post 34.73 6.96 0.00 41.23 4.38 -2.02 Overall Gains 36.57 7.38 * significantly different (p < 0.05) * * *
23.
24.
25. Discussion Pre 5 WK Post 1-Repetition Maximum (kg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mean (SE) D8855 F2820 M0477 N9336 R7479 Comparison of the individual 1RM to pre, 5 wk, & post training means for leg extension using the CFREU.
26. Discussion Pre 5 WK Post 1-Repetition Maximum (Kg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 Comparison of the individual 1RM to pre, 5 wk, & post training means for leg flexion using the CFREU . Mean (SE) D8855 F2820 M0477 N9336 R7479
27. Discussion Pre 5 WK Post 1-Repetition Maximum (kg) 0 20 40 60 80 Mean (SE) P2493 P2703 S6020 V4415 Comparison of the individual 1RM to pre, 5 wk, & post training means for leg extension using FW.
28. Discussion Pre 5 WK Post 1-Repetition Maximum (kg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Comparison of the individual 1RM to pre, 5 wk, & post training means for leg flexion using FW. Mean (SE) P2493 P2703 S6020 V4415
40. Effects of Spaceflight on the Musculoskeletal System (Skeletal Muscle Atrophy) Effects on structure : slow twitch vs. fast twitch Shenkman et al., 1998
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