8. Function of the RC
• Rotation of the humerus w.r.t Scapula
• Compresses the head into the glenoid-
dynamic stability
• Force coupling - Deltoid / Lattisimus / Pec
Major
11. Acromial shapes
Bigliani, L. U.; Morrison, D. S.; and April, E. W.: The morphology of the acromion and its relationship to
rotator cuff tears. Orthop. Trans.,10: 228, 1986.10228 1986
Higher proportion of RC
tears seen in Curved and
Hooked Acromions
Image courtesy- Shoulderdoc.co.uk
16. Extrinsic Theory doesn’t explain it all
• RCT- Bursectomy vs Bursectomy + acromioplasty- No Difference
• Articular surface tendon damage more common
• No direct relation between acromial shape and impingement
symptoms
Lewis J. Subacromial impingement syndrome: a musculoskeletal condition or a clinical illusion? Physical Therapy Reviews. 16(5):388-98. 2011
18. Normal Tendon
Normal Cuff Tendon =
Collagen (Type I predominantly)
Elastin
Glycosaminoglycan
Proteoglycans
Water
Image Courtesy:
www.ouhsc.edu
19. Injured tendon- Usual repair
Total Collagen decreases
Increased gene expression of Type I,VI, IX and III
Decreased Type II expression.
Repair and replacement of normal collagen
Andrew Carr, Paul Harvie Chapter;Tendon Injuries pp 101-118 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.
In Tendon Injuries. Maffulli et al Springer, 2005.
23. Tendinopathy
• Excessive remodelling in response to
tendon damage during tendon repair
• Aberrant “quality” Collagen
“Stiffer Extracellular matrix”
24. Normal
Tendinopathy-
Disorganised matrix
Cellular clumping
Is Tendon Structure Associated with symptoms in Chronic Achilles TEndinopathy?
An update on pain mechanisms– Written by Robert-Jan deVos,The Netherlands,Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal 2017
27. Role of genetics
Possible link with “ank” mutation
(This is seen in association with Progressive form of arthritis)
Gene codes for a protein which transports Pyrophosphate out of
the cells…..so a defective gene leads to high concentration of PPi.
Increased Calcium deposition
Andrew Carr, Paul Harvie Chapter;Tendon Injuries pp 101-118 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.
In Tendon Injuries. Maffulli et al Springer, 2005.
29. Role of blood supply
Codman’s Critical zone
Debated- perhaps decreased
blood supply a result rather than
a cause
“Chicken or egg”
May explain the location along with external impingement
Andrew Carr, Paul Harvie Chapter;Tendon Injuries pp 101-118 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.
In Tendon Injuries. Maffulli et al Springer, 2005.
32. • Why do some partial tears progress to Full
• Why do some small tears progress to large
• Why do only 4% massive tears develop
Cuff tear arthritis
• Presence of Cuff tear without impingement
/ vice versa
33. Discontinuous and multifactorial model
Andrew Carr, Paul Harvie Chapter;Tendon Injuries pp 101-118 Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.
In Tendon Injuries. Maffulli et al Springer, 2005.
38. History and physical examination provide little
guidance on diagnosis of rotator cuff tears.
Jain NB, Yamaguchi K. Evid Based Med.
2014 Jun;19(3):108.
39. Role of Investigations
• Ultrasound - Good for soft tissues & dynamic
• Xray- Good screening tool for Bone / joint
• CT- Good for bone
• MRI- Good for soft tissues and cross sectional
44. Positive Predictors
(1) Patient expectation of ‘complete recovery’ compared to a
‘slight improvement’ as ‘a result of physiotherapy treatment’,
(2) Lower pain severity specifically at rest,
(3) The absence of a previous major operation (shoulder
surgery excluded),
(4) The absence of pain in the opposite upper quadrant and
(5) Change in pain or range of shoulder elevation with manual
facilitation of the scapula during elevation of the arm.
46. Is Tendinopathy inflammatory?
• No
• Biopsies- No inflammatory cells
• Degenerative changes
Sports Med. 1999 Jun;27(6):393-408.Histopathology of common tendinopathies.
Update and implications for clinical management. Khan KM1, Cook JL, Bonar F,
Harcourt P,Astrom M.
56. Outcomes
20 year follow up 80% satisfied- 14% revision
Arthroscopy. 2015 Oct 24. pii: S0749-8063(15)00704-5. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.08.026. [Epub ahead of print]
Patients With Impingement Syndrome With and Without Rotator Cuff
Tears Do Well 20 Years After Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression.
Jaeger M1, Berndt T2, Rühmann O2, Lerch S2.
57. Key Points
• Both Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors play a role
• Tendinopathy is degenerative not inflammatory
• ASD when first line treatment fails
• Reliable outcomes in carefully selected patients