general mechanism,overview of different medicines synthesized using this technology to treat different ailments and these medicines can be synthesized in a bulk.

1. FARWA FIAZ
13091514-057
BS 7th (B)

3. INTRODUCTION
• The use of biotechnology in medicine is the most influential developments in the
world of technology in this 21st century.
• To eradicate diseases and maintain a health and vigor, biotechnology has served
human beings a lot.
• Biotechnology is central in almost all the pharmaceutical processes. Modern
biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically modified
microorganisms such as Escherichia coli or yeast for the production of substances
like antibiotics and synthetic products.
• Certain products from genetically altered mammalian cells, such as Chinese
hamster ovary cells. Another promising new biotechnology application is the
development of plant-made pharmaceuticals.

4. BIOPHARMING
• This term refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code
for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise
not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism
(GMO).
• For example the drug is called atryn, is an antithrombin protein purified from
the milk of genetically modified goats. Additionally, a most recent treatment
for gaucher’s disease has been approved. This drug is produced in cultured
transgenic carrots and tobacco cells.

5. • SYNTHESIS OF HORMONES
1) HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
• Production was first done in 1979
• Produced in the pituitary gland at the base of the brain mediating growth.
• Currently used in the treatment of "hypopituitary dwarfism," a children's
disease in which the pituitary malfunctions and secretes insufficient amounts of
(hgh) for normal growth.
• It is synthesized by:
inserting DNA coding for human growth hormone into a plasmid that was
implanted in Escherichia coli bacteria.

6. 2) SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN
• First produced in Escherichia coli
through recombinant DNA
technology in 1978.
• Prior to the development of this
technique, insulin was extracted
from the glands of cattle, pigs, and
other farm animals.

7. 3) ERYTHROPOIETIN
• Boosts production of red blood cells and used to treat anemia, caused by cancer,
chemotherapy, or kidney failure.
• EPO is a complex protein with chains of sugars on its surface. Chinese hamster
ovary cells, a type of mammalian cells often used in biotech manufacturing, are
generally used to produce a humanlike version of EPO for pharmaceutical use.
• EPO must be produced in mammalian cells because microbes like bacteria and
yeast don’t have the cellular machinery to stick the critical sugar chains onto the
protein.

8. • SYNTHESIS OF CLOTTING FACTORS
• Initially, clotting factors produced from donated blood that was partially screened of
HIV.
• Human clotting factor ix was the first to be produced through recombinant DNA
technology using transgenic Chinese hamster ovary cells in 1986. Plasmids containing
the factor IX gene, along with plasmids were inserted into Chinese hamster ovary cells
via transfection.
• As the development in recombinant DNA technology advanced, FDA approved
production human blood clotting factor VIII using transgenic Chinese hamster ovary
cells, the first such blood clotting factor produced using recombinant DNA technology.

9. Cytokines
Hormone like molecules that can control reactions between cells. Activate
immune-system cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages:
1) Interferons
Synthesized in 1980
act against viruses and uncontrolled cell proliferation, leads to cancer. Virtually all
conventional chemotherapeutic agents act directly on cancer cells. When
interferons act on cancer cells, however, they do so indirectly—by affecting the
functioning of the immune system.

10. 2) interleukins
• Interleukins function as messengers between leukocytes.
• Interleukin-2 (il-2) stimulates t lymphocytes.
• The FDA has approved a recombinant variant of IL-2, aldesleukin for treating
renal cell carcinoma.
• Interleukin receptors on astrocyte in the hippocampus are also known to be
involved in the development of spatial memories in mice

11. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MOABS)
• Share a specific antigenic target are identical.
• products of hybridomas cells that result from the biotech fusion of bone-
marrow tumor cells and b lymphocytes. Hybridomas can be geared to
produce specific moabs continuously.
• Designed for a particular antigen on cancer cells can initiate an immune
response that would destroy cancer cells without harming normal cells.
• FDA has approved the moab drug muromonab-cd3 for the treatment of
immune-system rejection of transplanted hearts, kidneys, and livers.
• Infliximab (ca2), appears effective against crohn’s disease, an immune-
system disorder marked by intestinal inflammation.