metamorphosis and diapause in insects.pptxASNIANSAR
this powerpoint is based on the topic: metamorphosis and diapause in insects . this includes the various stages and factors affecting metamophosis and diapause in insects
Temperature acts on insects in 2 fold manner:
By acting directly on survival and development.
Indirectly through food, humidity, rainfall, wind etc.
MOISTURE/HUMIDITY
Light
Rainfall
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Insects are heterotrophic :-
- cannot synthesize their own food.
- depend on plants for food .
The quantity and quality of food/nutrition plays important role in survival, longevity, distribution, reproduction and speed of development
a. Quantity of food
- Short supply of food causes intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Also affects parasitoids and predators of insects hosts whose food is of short supply
b. Quality of food
- This depends on nutritional availability of plants - Crop varieties/species differ in nutritional status which affects insects
Animals are classified into the animal kingdom. Each kingdom is then further divided into increasingly smaller groups based on similarities. The taxonomists names different levels of groups. The development of insects classification gets further advancement when compared to the earlier classification.
metamorphosis and diapause in insects.pptxASNIANSAR
this powerpoint is based on the topic: metamorphosis and diapause in insects . this includes the various stages and factors affecting metamophosis and diapause in insects
Temperature acts on insects in 2 fold manner:
By acting directly on survival and development.
Indirectly through food, humidity, rainfall, wind etc.
MOISTURE/HUMIDITY
Light
Rainfall
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Insects are heterotrophic :-
- cannot synthesize their own food.
- depend on plants for food .
The quantity and quality of food/nutrition plays important role in survival, longevity, distribution, reproduction and speed of development
a. Quantity of food
- Short supply of food causes intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Also affects parasitoids and predators of insects hosts whose food is of short supply
b. Quality of food
- This depends on nutritional availability of plants - Crop varieties/species differ in nutritional status which affects insects
Animals are classified into the animal kingdom. Each kingdom is then further divided into increasingly smaller groups based on similarities. The taxonomists names different levels of groups. The development of insects classification gets further advancement when compared to the earlier classification.
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar presentation on insect vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects.It covers the complete detail on insects visual organs and their working mechanism, physiology. and how it differs between diurnal and nocturnal insects. and also covered practical aspects like utility in pest mangement
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
An excellent presentation on System of Rice Intensification.
Uphoff, N.T. - "Increasing Water Savings while Raising Rice Yields with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)", presented for Panel on Water Productivity and Reuse at the 2nd International Rice Congress New Delhi, October 9-13, 2006. (see also accompanying
Original Source: http://www.wassan.org/sri/Useful_Links.htm#Videos%20and%20Slide%20Presentations
Presenting the key points, the technicalities, and statistics with lots of image sources, and case studies across the globe.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Insects parents and offsprings interact with each other, offspring influence the total parental invesment through signalling. singalling models are honest signalling and scramble competition model. Sibling rivalry for limited resources
Insect Modeling by Muhammad Qasim, Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Insect Modeling are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the Insect population, determine the importance of factors of regulating of population, individual development of insects and future projections of insect development
Managing plant population and competition in Field CropsChudamaniPant1
Plant population is defined as the total number of plants present at unit area of land (Baker, 1964). The number of plants per unit area that would give maximum yield is termed as optimum plant population (Willey & Heath, 1969). Competition is generally refer to the negative effects on plant growth caused by the presence of neighbors, usually by reducing the availability of resources (Paul & James, 2019).
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar presentation on insect vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects.It covers the complete detail on insects visual organs and their working mechanism, physiology. and how it differs between diurnal and nocturnal insects. and also covered practical aspects like utility in pest mangement
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
An excellent presentation on System of Rice Intensification.
Uphoff, N.T. - "Increasing Water Savings while Raising Rice Yields with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)", presented for Panel on Water Productivity and Reuse at the 2nd International Rice Congress New Delhi, October 9-13, 2006. (see also accompanying
Original Source: http://www.wassan.org/sri/Useful_Links.htm#Videos%20and%20Slide%20Presentations
Presenting the key points, the technicalities, and statistics with lots of image sources, and case studies across the globe.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Insects parents and offsprings interact with each other, offspring influence the total parental invesment through signalling. singalling models are honest signalling and scramble competition model. Sibling rivalry for limited resources
Insect Modeling by Muhammad Qasim, Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Insect Modeling are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the Insect population, determine the importance of factors of regulating of population, individual development of insects and future projections of insect development
Managing plant population and competition in Field CropsChudamaniPant1
Plant population is defined as the total number of plants present at unit area of land (Baker, 1964). The number of plants per unit area that would give maximum yield is termed as optimum plant population (Willey & Heath, 1969). Competition is generally refer to the negative effects on plant growth caused by the presence of neighbors, usually by reducing the availability of resources (Paul & James, 2019).
Lecture presented to Less Wrong Israel at the Googleplex, Tel Aviv.
Covers in brief some myths on neurobiology and comparative human neuroanatomy. Followed by a presentation on neuroplasticity - examples, regulation and potential future research.
All rights Reserved, Dan Ofer.
Using High-Density Electrophysiological Recordings to Investigate Neural Mech...InsideScientific
In this webinar, Dr. Michael Long from the NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Dr. Kari Hoffman from Vanderbilt University present their work investigating the neural mechanisms of learning, memory, and behavior using high-density silicon probes from Diagnostic Biochips in small and large animals.
The ability to record network activity using emerging high-density electrophysiological arrays has revolutionized understanding of the link between brain function and behavior. In the first portion of the webinar, Dr. Long discusses how his laboratory has used custom-built (and now standard) probes to investigate the neural mechanisms of vocal production in two model systems: the zebra finch (a songbird) and a newly characterized Costa Rican singing mouse. In ongoing work, they have begun to apply these approaches to the study of human speech. His team has collaborated with Diagnostic Biochips and the University of Iowa Department of Neurosurgery to develop a recording electrode for measuring population activity in the human brain. Through these combined efforts, they have advanced understanding of the neural mechanisms of vocal production that can inform therapeutic approaches intended to combat a range of communication disorders.
In the second portion of the webinar, Dr. Hoffman introduces work in her lab investigating the neural mechanisms of learning and memory in freely-behaving macaques. This includes recording neural signatures from animals in a rich environment to examine how experiences shape new learning. Using spatially resolved units, distinct waveforms, and interactions with local currents and fields, they hope to identify the role of functional cell types in network states and network plasticity. Dr. Hoffman also describes the features and current limitations of the probe, and presents preliminary wireless recording results from her lab. She concludes with a discussion of factors that may make it more or less suitable for other users, and best practices for generating high quality data.
Sleep & MemoryReviewSleep, dreams, and memory consolidati.docxedgar6wallace88877
Sleep & Memory/Review
Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation:
The role of the stress hormone cortisol
Jessica D. Payne and Lynn Nadel1
The University of Arizona, Department of Psychology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
We discuss the relationship between sleep, dreams, and memory, proposing that the content of dreams reflects
aspects of memory consolidation taking place during the different stages of sleep. Although we acknowledge the
likely involvement of various neuromodulators in these phenomena, we focus on the hormone cortisol, which is
known to exert influence on many of the brain systems involved in memory. The concentration of cortisol escalates
over the course of the night’s sleep, in ways that we propose can help explain the changing nature of dreams across
the sleep cycle.
There is currently no convincing explanation for why we dream
or what we dream about. In this article we propose an approach
to dreaming that focuses on the relationship between sleep and
memory. We suggest that dreams reflect a biological process of
long-term memory consolidation, serving to strengthen the neural
traces of recent events, to integrate these new traces with older
memories and previously stored knowledge, and to maintain the
stability of existing memory representations in the face of subse-
quent experience (Winson 1985, 2002, 2004; Kali and Dayan 2004).
It is generally assumed that long-term memory consolida-
tion involves interactions among multiple brain systems, modu-
lated by various neurotransmitters and neurohormones. We pro-
pose that the characteristics of dreams are best understood in the
context of this neuromodulatory impact on the brain systems
involved in memory consolidation. Although a number of neu-
rotransmitters and neurohormones are likely involved, we focus
our attention in particular on the stress hormone cortisol, which
has widespread effects on memory during waking life through its
impact on many of the critical brain structures implicated in
memory function.
Our hypothesis, briefly stated, is that variations in cortisol
(and other neurotransmitters) determine the functional status of
hippocampal ↔ neocortical circuits, thereby influencing the
memory consolidation processes that transpire during sleep. The
status of these circuits largely determines the phenomenology of
dreams, providing an explanation for why we dream and of
what. As a corollary, dreams can be thought of as windows onto
the inner workings of our memory systems, at least those of
which we can become conscious.
In addition to exploring these ideas in more detail, we pro-
vide some background concerning (1) the states of sleep and the
role of various neurotransmitters in switching from one sleep
state to another, (2) how the characteristics of dreams vary as a
function of sleep state, (3) the memory content typically associ-
ated with dreaming in different dream states, and (4) the role of
sleep in the consolidation of memory.
Background to the hypothesis.
Sleep & MemoryReviewSleep, dreams, and memory consolidati.docxjennifer822
Sleep & Memory/Review
Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation:
The role of the stress hormone cortisol
Jessica D. Payne and Lynn Nadel1
The University of Arizona, Department of Psychology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
We discuss the relationship between sleep, dreams, and memory, proposing that the content of dreams reflects
aspects of memory consolidation taking place during the different stages of sleep. Although we acknowledge the
likely involvement of various neuromodulators in these phenomena, we focus on the hormone cortisol, which is
known to exert influence on many of the brain systems involved in memory. The concentration of cortisol escalates
over the course of the night’s sleep, in ways that we propose can help explain the changing nature of dreams across
the sleep cycle.
There is currently no convincing explanation for why we dream
or what we dream about. In this article we propose an approach
to dreaming that focuses on the relationship between sleep and
memory. We suggest that dreams reflect a biological process of
long-term memory consolidation, serving to strengthen the neural
traces of recent events, to integrate these new traces with older
memories and previously stored knowledge, and to maintain the
stability of existing memory representations in the face of subse-
quent experience (Winson 1985, 2002, 2004; Kali and Dayan 2004).
It is generally assumed that long-term memory consolida-
tion involves interactions among multiple brain systems, modu-
lated by various neurotransmitters and neurohormones. We pro-
pose that the characteristics of dreams are best understood in the
context of this neuromodulatory impact on the brain systems
involved in memory consolidation. Although a number of neu-
rotransmitters and neurohormones are likely involved, we focus
our attention in particular on the stress hormone cortisol, which
has widespread effects on memory during waking life through its
impact on many of the critical brain structures implicated in
memory function.
Our hypothesis, briefly stated, is that variations in cortisol
(and other neurotransmitters) determine the functional status of
hippocampal ↔ neocortical circuits, thereby influencing the
memory consolidation processes that transpire during sleep. The
status of these circuits largely determines the phenomenology of
dreams, providing an explanation for why we dream and of
what. As a corollary, dreams can be thought of as windows onto
the inner workings of our memory systems, at least those of
which we can become conscious.
In addition to exploring these ideas in more detail, we pro-
vide some background concerning (1) the states of sleep and the
role of various neurotransmitters in switching from one sleep
state to another, (2) how the characteristics of dreams vary as a
function of sleep state, (3) the memory content typically associ-
ated with dreaming in different dream states, and (4) the role of
sleep in the consolidation of memory.
Background to the hypothesis.
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select.docxneedhamserena
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select a question to answer for each of the sections below (Movement, Cycles and Rhythm, Visual System and Auditory System).
1.
Movement, Cycles and Rhythms
The control of movement is often divided into mechanisms of reflexes and of voluntary movement.
What is a reflex? It is a stereotyped, automatic movement evoked by a specific stimulus. It is uniform across members of a species. Some examples in humans are the patellar or kneejerk reflex, the salivary reflex, the orienting reflex, and the pupillary reflex.
In reviewing the reflex arc, pay special attention to proprioception, muscle spindles, the stretch reflex, and primary motor cortex. (Prof. Suzuki also discusses the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, but in another lecture that I have not assigned.)
Further, let's think about the cycles in our behavior. They are ancient and varied. We certainly inherited them from species that evolved earlier than we did.
We harbor a number of rhythms. Generally, we have cellular cycles that augment the day-night rhythm to regulate our behavioral cycles. There are possibly very long cycles that govern our evolution. Men and women both run on cycles, though with differences. But do our cycles still make biological sense?
Questions
(
answer one only
)
1) Can you point to any movements that do not involve reflexes--or some reflexes that do not involve movement?
2) Sleep is tied to recovery of normal function and memory formation. Why does it make sense, then, to stop for sleep just because the sun sets? Why not sleep just whenever we have a backlog of memories to form or we're under stress or sick? Does the wide variation in our daily experience require such an extreme regularity of sleep regulation? Since we don't learn or exercise the same amount each day, why do we nevertheless sleep the same amount? A number of possible answers are given in the first 10 minutes of this fascinating podcast but offer your own insights as well.
3) Furthermore, women show more pronounced cycles in sex hormones than men do, including menstrual cycles and a rather imprecise biological clock with a different origin. Is this an evolutionary leftover, no longer necessary or helpful for humans? Would you want the equivalent of a birth control pill for all of our cycles?
2.
Visual System
It’s easy to get swamped in detail about the visual system. (This animation may help.)
Videos 10 and 11 discuss the visual pathways that originate in the retina and “ascend” to the visual cortex via the thalamus.
In this week’s resources the retina is revealed as more than a screen for images. Light falls on different classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which organize light stimulation according to their pigments by intensity and wavelength. From the duplex nature of the retina there arises a tradeoff between greater acuity in the center and greater sensitivity in the periphery. The output of the retina ...
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
5. Circadian Clock and Sleep
Role of circadian clock in bees
Anticipate day–night fluctuations
Time visits to flowers
Time compensation when
referring to the sun in dance
Regulation of sleep
Molecular characterization suggests the clock of the
bee is more similar to mammals
Rothschild and Bloch (2008)5
6. “‘Hard-eyed’ creatures and insects manifestly assume the
posture of sleep; but the sleep of all such creatures is
of brief duration, so that often it might well baffle one’s
observation to decide whether they sleep or not.”
Do bees sleep?
6
(Aristotle, On Sleep and Sleeplessness 350 BC)
7. Yes they do! It seems…….
Honey bees are the first invertebrates for which a
sleep-like state was described (Kaiser, 1983)
Characteristic posture
• Flex legs
• Bringing its head to the floor
• Antennae stop moving
• Hold each others legs as they sleep
Reduced muscle tonus
Elevated response threshold (Piéron, 1913)
Sleep rebound after sleep deprivation (Sauer, 2004)7
8. Sleep stages in bees
IA-Immobile-active state FS- First sleep stage
SS-Second sleep stage TS-Third sleep stage
Rothschild and Bloch (2008)8
9. Sleep in Task- Based Castes (Age Polyethism)
Klein et al., (2008) 9
10. Bees’ Sleep Vs Mammalian Sleep
Characteristic posture
Reduced muscle tonus
Elevated response
threshold
Sleep rebound after sleep
deprivation
Persistence throughout life
Bees’ sleep+ SWS
and REM sleep
MammalianBee
10
11. Sleep Function
Energy conservation
Restoration at the cellular and network levels
Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis
Memory consolidation
Rothschild and Bloch(2008)
Research confirms, there is strong link between
learning, memory and sleep (Rasch and Born, 2013)
11
14. Well documented for humans (Born et al., 2006)
Mammals (Siegel, 2005; Capellini et al., 2009)
Birds (Jackson et al., 2008)
Sleep in Memory Processing
14
17. Navigation Memory
• RFID was used to record flights and behavior
• RFID bees behaved normally
• Bees released to unknown site
• Then those bees reached hive are sleep deprived
• And released from same site
17
19. Sleep and Navigation Memory
Bees transferred to an unknown release site
Sleep deprived: ~50% reached hive
Sleep group: 1st Release 58%, 2nd Release 83%
Menzel et al., (2012)
19
20. Sleep Duration and Navigation Task
Bees slept longer during the night following forced
navigation tasks
Not due to exhaustion
Distance didn’t affect sleep time during night
Menzel et al., (2012)
20
22. Classical Conditioning (CC) / Pavlov’s CC
Over the period of time
US CS
Extinction Learning (EL)
Continuous CS without US
CC
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Proboscis Extension
Response (PER)
No PER
Concepts of Learning
sucrose
sucrose
22
23. Classical Conditioning (CC) / Pavlov’s CC
Over the period of time
US CS
Extinction Learning (EL)
Continuous CS without US
CC
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) No PER
Concepts of Learning
sucrose
sucrose
23
Proboscis Extension
Response (PER)
24. Sleep deprivation affects extinction but
not acquisition memory in honeybees
• Sleep deprivation had no effect on retention scores
after odor acquisition
• Whereas, retention for extinction learning was
significantly reduced
• Hence, consolidation of extinction memory was
affected by sleep deprivation but not acquisition
memory
Hussaini et al., (2009)
24
32. Sleep deprivation impairs precision of
waggle dance
Slept bees (n = 7)
SD of dance angles (13.78 ± 0.91)
Sleep deprived bees (n = 6)
SD of dance angles (16.49 ± 0.98)
One angle per bee per day
Greater the SD of dance angles; lesser the directional precision
Klein et al., (2010)
32
34. Electrophysiology of Bees’ Sleep
• Neuronal activity recorded in brain regions including
the mushroom bodies
• Nocturnal resting periods - the overall spike activity
was markedly increased
• Periodical variations of spike rate were present when
no visible antennal movements occurred
• Rhythmic brain activity in sleeping bees
Schuppe, (2015 )
34
35. Conclusions
Sleep has an absolute role in memory processing
Honey bees an attractive model to study sleep,
memory and learning in a natural context
Small brain (with about 1 million neurons)
Smart learners
Learning is reinforced during sleep – humans?
BEES’ MAGIC WELL IS NOWHERE NEAR EMPTY
35
36. References
Beyaert, L., Greggers, U., Menzel, R., 2012. Honeybees consolidate
navigation memory during sleep. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 3981–3988.
Eban-Rothschild, A.D., Bloch, G., 2008. Differences in the sleep
architecture of foragerand young honeybees (Apis mellifera). J.
Exp. Biol. 211, 2408–2416.
Hussaini, S.A., Bogusch, L., Landgraf, T., Menzel, R., 2009. Sleep
deprivation affects extinction but not acquisition memory in
honeybees. Learn. Mem. 16, 698–705.
Menzel, R., 2012. The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of
cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 758–768.
Klein BA, Olzsowy KM, Klein A, Saunders KM, Seeley TD (2008) Caste-
dependent sleep of worker honey bees. J Exp Biol. 211:3028– 3040.
Eban-Rothschild, A. D., Bloch, G. (2012) Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in
Honey Bees, chapter 1.3., p. 31-46 in “Honeybee Neurobiology
and Behavior: A Tribute to Randolf Menzel”.
Kaiser, W. 1988 Busy bees need rest, too-behavioural and electromyographical
sleep signs in honeybees, J. Comp. Physiol. 163: 565–584. 36
Editor's Notes
Elevated response threshold-higher intensity stimulus is needed to produce a response
[IA] – an awake bee stays in the same place, the thorax, abdomen, and head are clearly raised above the substrate. [FS] – the abdomen and thorax are clearly raised above the substrate, and the antennae are extended at an angle of 90–180°, between the pedicle and the scape. [SS] – body is typically more adjacent to the substrate, and the antennae are extended at an angle of ~90° between the pedicle and the scape. [TS] – the muscle tonus is reduced, and the body is adjacent to the substrate. The angle between the pedicle and scape < 90°, with the antennae tips typically touching the substrate.
3 days as a cell cleaner, 4–12 of as a ‘nurse bee’, 13–20 as a ‘food storer’
(I) Encoding - up-take of the information to be stored into a neural representation. (II) Consolidation - stabilization of the memory that follows encoding and enables the retention of a memory over time. In the absence of such consolidation the information would be rapidly forgotten. Forgetting can result from a decay of the memory trace or from retroactive interference as the encoding of new information leads to an overwriting of the information encoded before. (III) Retrieval of the stored information refers to the reactivation of a stored memory in the context of more or less goal-directed behavior.
IMM-intermediate and medial mesopallium, unknown locus termed S
The bee in A was trained to a feeder close to the hive (distance 10m), The two bees in B and C were trained to a feeder 200m east of the hive. The
small triangles indicate colored tents serving as radartransparent landmarks