A summary on the Management Plan on Knuckles Conservation Area prepared by the forest department Sri Lanka in 2009
#Bhagya Karunatilake
#Tharani Dilshara
# Dinusha Prasadi
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wetland Restoration, Rehabilitation & Management Strategies for Conservation ...Sezan Sakawat
A wetland is an ecosystem characterized by the presence of water, either permanently or seasonally. It covered by various geographical areas, including coastal areas, inland regions, and even also arid environments.
The definition of the Ramsar Convention is:
“Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters”
According to the Bangladesh water act, 2013 wetland defines as "Wetland means any land where water remains at the level of surface or close to it and which inundates with shallow water from time to time, and where grows such plants that may usually grow and survive in marsh land." Rivers, floodplains, haor, baor, beel, jheel, ponds, low-lying places, etc. are commonly thought of as wetlands in Bangladesh. Wetlands also refer to inlands that flood periodically and coastal regions where water is deposited owing to tidal effect.
Side Event at the 2020 Global Landscapes Forum Bonn:
Contribution of Forests, Trees and Agroforestry to sustainable Food Security and Nutrition in a time of crisis. Presented by Terry Sunderland, James Reed and Joli Borah.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wetland Restoration, Rehabilitation & Management Strategies for Conservation ...Sezan Sakawat
A wetland is an ecosystem characterized by the presence of water, either permanently or seasonally. It covered by various geographical areas, including coastal areas, inland regions, and even also arid environments.
The definition of the Ramsar Convention is:
“Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters”
According to the Bangladesh water act, 2013 wetland defines as "Wetland means any land where water remains at the level of surface or close to it and which inundates with shallow water from time to time, and where grows such plants that may usually grow and survive in marsh land." Rivers, floodplains, haor, baor, beel, jheel, ponds, low-lying places, etc. are commonly thought of as wetlands in Bangladesh. Wetlands also refer to inlands that flood periodically and coastal regions where water is deposited owing to tidal effect.
Side Event at the 2020 Global Landscapes Forum Bonn:
Contribution of Forests, Trees and Agroforestry to sustainable Food Security and Nutrition in a time of crisis. Presented by Terry Sunderland, James Reed and Joli Borah.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
Presented by Dr R Ramasubramanian, Director, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Presentació per part de Paribesh Pradhan (Annapurna Foundation) en el marc de l’acte de clausura del projecte europeu CIRCLE 2 MOUNTain co-organitzat per l'Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic durant els dies 26 i 27 de setembre de 2013.
Climate change and biodiversity are closely linked: climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and is predicted to be a dominant driver of future biodiversity loss; at the same time, the loss of biodiversity magnifies the adverse effects of climate change.
Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
Wildlife management can be defined as the “Manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve goals such as sustainability, population increase.”
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
Presentació per part de Paribesh Pradhan (Annapurna Foundation) en el marc de l’acte de clausura del projecte europeu CIRCLE 2 MOUNTain co-organitzat per l'Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic durant els dies 26 i 27 de setembre de 2013.
Climate change and biodiversity are closely linked: climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and is predicted to be a dominant driver of future biodiversity loss; at the same time, the loss of biodiversity magnifies the adverse effects of climate change.
Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
Wildlife management can be defined as the “Manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve goals such as sustainability, population increase.”
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
Policy and implementation of mangrove strategic management planCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Muhammad Firman of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Good, MoEFCC attempting to review Forest policy after 3 decades. But found no objective goal, all old theory.
A fundamental question. Should MoEFCC have Forest policy or Environmental Policy? Forest is for conservation, just protect it and do some recovery (conservation) activity for endangered species. Nothing more. Less activity inside, more wilderness, more animals, ...
It should have environmental policy. It should list down objective methods to achieve 40% green cover, meeting INDC of 2.5 million carbon sink through additional tree cover, improvement of EPI, objective methods to improve URBAN tree cover, reducing AIR pollution, sustainable use of ground water, chemical pollution ....etc
I object using urban / farm FOREST, because Forest implies wilderness. All these urban / farm tree growing is no wild,
Major REFORM is required in MoEFCC as mentioned by Shri TSR Subramaniam HIgh level committee in 2014
Thanks
03 - NAAONB Conference 2012 - Making Space for Nature by Sir John LawtonNAAONB landscapesforlife
Sir John Lawton sets the scene by linking to AONB Management, the key points from the Report for establishing a strong and connected natural environment.
Uganda Country Experience Ecosystem-based Approaches to Climate Change Adapta...NAP Events
Presentation by: Muhammad Semambo
4a. Experience with ecosystem-based approaches under the Convention on Biological Diversity
The session will present findings from a synthesis report prepared by the CBD Secretariat on experiences with ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation (EBA) and disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). It will provide opportunities for countries to share experiences and discuss ways to mainstream EBA and Eco-DRR into NAPs and other plans and strategies. Participants will be invited to take part in a group exercise to identify gaps and needs, as well as entry points and opportunities for integrating EBA.
Planning in the region starts with a vision about what we want to be. It is the aspiration of the Filipinos particularly those from SOCCSKSARGEN Region to have a long-term vision for the region and the country as a whole to become a prosperous, predominantly middle class society where no one is poor. The challenge is how every Filipino can afford to have a “matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay by 2040.”
Presented by SPM Budisusanti at "South-South cooperation and lessons learned from Indonesia: corrective actions on its national agenda" on 10 November 2021
Asignatura: Historia de los países de habla inglesa / History of english-speaking countries.
✏ Título: Gender equality and women's empowerment
#ODS 15: vida de ecosistemas terrestres / #SDG 5: Life on land
By: Claudia Sanchez Cazallas
CaBA Startup Conference 02 - A response to the challenge from the third sectorCaBASupport
Sets the context for the Catchment based Approach, describing the decline in ecosystem functionality and the challenge that still faces the UK in achieving improvements under the Water Framework Directive. Outlines the roles of the new CaBA Partnerships, the National Steering group, and the EA in helping to shape the next round of River Basin Managment Plans, and also in achieving improvements that go beyond WFD.
ReCLAIM: Restoring Coastal Landscape for Adaptation Integrated MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Rudhi Pribadi (Lecturer, Diponegoro University) at "2023 CIFOR-ICRAF Science Week: Equity in Action - Partner Day" during the Landscape Restoration session on May 10, 2023.
Similar to Management Plan on Knuckles Conservation Area Sri Lanka (20)
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
Insect management is a key requirement in the commercial forest practices. In this presentation few insect management practices are discussed with special reference to Eucalyptus, Tectona and SMahogany species. These species are common in the plantation industry in Sri lanka
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Private sector participation in commercial forest plantation development in S...Pabasara Gunawardane
The man-made forests occupy a significant place in the national forest estate and generally fall into the category of multiple use reserved forests as defined in the Forest Policy, unless being classified in the categories of strict conservation or conservation forests due to specific reasons. At present, the forest plantations consist of even-aged monocultures, except in the case of the mixed mahogany plantations, and stocked with species such as teak (Tectona grandis), several eucalypt species (E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. robusta etc.), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) and with several other local species. Forest plantations were established for the first time in the 1870s, although most of the planting has taken place since the 1950s. Within that period, about 89,000 ha of forest plantations of varying quality have been established.
The private tree growers can be categorized as: Private individuals, Regional Plantation Companies and Private companies offering small plots of lands stocked with Teak or Mahogany seedlings to the public on long-term leases. When considering about the percentage of forest lands in relation to agricultural and other land uses it is clearly can be seen that the share of forest plantations are nearly 1.4%. However when consider about the contribution of wood sources as a percentage of total supply forest plantations accounts for 11%.
Popularizing the concept ‘Forestry as a business’ among the general public, providing required intensive management for the plantations (In order to gain profits), technical knowledge is applied intensively, introduction of novel species to the trade (Sandalwood, Aquillaria, Vanilla) and improvement in the research and development aspect are the major advantage of involvement of private sector in plantation forestry.
Providing non- legal land deeds, some planting companies can be bankrupted Due to financial instability and the investors will be affected, social and environmental impacts and risks (i.e. some private owners are not obligated to consider regional ecological concerns) and misleading future projections of growth and related statistics in order to attract more investors are the major issues of having private sector in plantation forestry.
Establishment of a planning and monitoring body for the private sector institutes, providing insurance and tax benefits for the investors can be recommended for the future improvement of the field. Much coordination will be needed with other sectors such as wildlife conservation, land use planning, water management, environmental management, the timber industry, paper manufacturing and disaster management etc. Raising the productivity of forest plantations using new technology and within the sector itself, much collaboration will be needed among all stakeholders in planning and implementation.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. A very rare strontium-rich member Apatite-(SrOH) also exists, with the Calcium partially replaced by Strontium. There is also a rare member of Apatite which has the phosphate radical (PO4) partially replaced by a carbonate radical (CO3). It is known as Carbonate-Apatite.
Sedimentary deposits have provided about 80- 90 percent of world production in the last ten years. Igneous deposits and metamorphic rock phosphates are also available. China, The USA, Morocco and Western Sahara produce rock phosphates from sedimentary origins while Russia, South Africa, Brazil produce igneous originated rock phosphates. Sri Lanka has an igneous rock phosphate mine located in Eppawala, In the Anuradhapura district of north central province of the country.
The Rock Phosphate Deposit covers an area of approximately 324 ha of land and Nearly 60 million Metric Tons of phosphates have been determined to exist. Lanka Phosphates Limited has the sole authority to mine phosphates in Eppawala.
Rocks are covered in red-brown earth and occasional vegetation is mined by open cast mining processes and the extracted rocks are crushed. In this stage rocks and crystals are separated. Crushed crystals produce High Graded Eppawala Rock Phosphates (HERP) and Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP) is produced by crushed rocks.
The solubility of Eppawala rock phosphate is low. Ground Eppawala rock phosphate is used only for perennials such as Tea, Coconut and Rubber and spice crops. It is not recommended to short term crops due to the low solubility. The requirement of soluble phosphates at the initial stages of plant growth is high. Therefore more effective phosphate fertilizers (Triple Super Phosphate [TSP] and Single Super Phosphate [SSP]) are imported to Sri Lanka in order to fulfill the requirements. Around US$ 20 million worth foreign exchange is used for the imports. Phosphate fertilizer application for agriculture in Sri Lanka is one of the lowest in Asia. Therefore Value addition to Eppawala rock phosphate will save foreign exchange. When consider about the potential industries based on Eppawala rock phosphate manufacturing of SSP and Pharmaceuticals, Biomaterials (Artificial limbs, teeth) Analytical reagents, Animal feeds, Phosphoric Acid, Detergents, Emulsifiers can be indicated.
Exploitation of rock phosphate causes severe impacts on the environment and sustainable management of rock phosphate can be recommended.
An Evaluation of EIA report of Norochcholai Coal Power Plant Sri LankaPabasara Gunawardane
The Lakvijaya power station or the Norochcholai power plant is the first coal fired power plant in Sri Lanka which is located in Narakkalli, Norochcholai in Puttalam district. It was proposed to establish in 1993 and was suspended the construction due to protests by the villagers and environmentalists. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was conducted regarding the project in 1998 and the constructions began in 2006. The phase one with a capacity of 300MW was commissioned in 2010.
Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) was the project proponent and Coast Conservation Department was the project approving agency for the project along with the central environment authority. The EIA Report (EIAR) mainly focused on the power station land, the transmission line land, marine resources and sea water quality, ground water resources and quality, cooling water effluents, solid & liquid wastes, air quality & noise and socio-economic aspects of the area.
The effects from fly ash and bottom ash, emission of SO2, NO2 & other gases, impact from discharging of warm water to the ocean, effects on livelihood of residents were the major predicted impacts of the project. Necessary mitigation measures were also suggested by the EIAR.
But, as the power plant operates, several other impacts which were not mentioned in the EIAR were also identified.
Frequent proper monitoring of emissions and impacts, conducting researches and studies on the power station and the related environment, using fly ash as a raw material for other industries and encouragement of alternative energy sources other than coal power can be proposed as recommendations.
Kalu river basin is the 2nd largest river basin in Sri Lanka which covers 2766km2 of land. Much of the catchment area of the river is located in the highest rainfall area in the country. The average annual rainfall of the area is around 4000mm. The basin has steep gradient in upper part of the land and mild gradient in lower areas.The lower flood plains suffer from frequent floods during south-western monsoon season. The lower areas are densely populated and the land is a potential area for paddy cultivation.
Kalu river basin is a highest vulnerable location for floods. Frequent flooding along the Kalu Ganga is a common phenomenon that people live around the banks of Kalu Ganga and its tributaries experience every year.
The floods occur basically due to the high amount of rainfall in the catchment area and due to the gradient differences of the river. The gradient is very low in downstream of Rathnapura to upper stream of Kalutara town. This low gradient is inadequate to provide the sufficient velocity for the water to move downstream. The narrow gap or the bottleneck in Ellagawa area of the river retains the water for several days in the Ratnapura District before it releases to Kalutara District. Heavy extraction of river sand and the lack of proper constructions of infrastructures are also major causes for floods in Kalu river basin.
Program for Hydro-Meteorological Disaster Mitigation for Secondary Cities in South and South East Asia (PROMISE) recognized Kalutara as a secondary city that suffers annually due to floods and designed program to suit the needs of the city. Hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment, Kalu Ganga river flood forecasting and warning system, Demonstration activities as a measure for disaster preparedness and mitigation, Micro credit scheme as a measure of mitigation of flood impacts on the livelihood of urban poor, Activities to build the community awareness on flood risk management are some mitigation methods for floods.
Educating people more about the floods, having a proper flood alert system & Meteorological alert system, building a series of levees to prevent flood water spilling into low lying areas building a bypass canal which will take surplus water around Ratnapura town back to the river preventing the town from getting flooded, building a reservoir at Malwala several kilometers upstream from the town, Diversion of Kalu Ganga to Ruhuna, Having proper technological construction systems are some recommendations which can be dispensed for the current situation of floods in Kalu river basin.
According to the international eco-tourism society (TIES), eco-tourism is ‘Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people’. Nature based element, Education or learning component and Requirement of sustainability are the criteria of eco-tourism.
In Sri Lanka, tourism is majorly based on beaches, archaeological sites and on large mammals like Panthera pardus kotiya and Elephas maximus maximus. Diverting tourism of Sri Lanka towards wilderness in the inside the country is an essential requirement in present. The concept of Eco-tourism based activities in the Sinharaja forest reserve was initiated by the USAID and the tourism cluster (TTC) in the early 2000. Rainforest Eco Lodge is the final outcome of this concept.
The eco lodge established in the middle of Enasalwatte tea estate which is located in the south eastern border of UNESCO world heritage Sinharaja Forest Reserve. The construction of the eco lodge was started in 2009 after a series of protests opposing the project. However the constructions were finished in late 2011 and the eco lodge started its operations in 2012.
The rainforest eco lodge is an accommodation and eco-tour provider. It mainly targets on the tourists from Europe. When comparing the eco lodge against the six principles of eco-tourism the drawbacks and the strengths of the project can be found out.
Minimization of the impact on the environment when constructing the eco lodge is in a high standard. Used shipping containers, used railway sleepers and bamboo walling were used as the materials. Renewable energy sources such as solar power is using in the site. Storm water is stored and used for the sewage systems.
Community development is also done by the eco lodge management. But the conservation activities are not sufficient as it is located in an environmentally sensitive area.
Visitors are satisfied with the service providing by the staff. Nature walks, trekking and bird watching activities are conducted by the professional naturalists in house.
Increased focus on the conservation, increasing the hygienic and safety measures by preventing mosquitos and mice naturally from the site and improving the educational facilities can be recommended.
The government should monitor the eco-tourism service providers and their activities in order to provide sustainable and ‘Eco-friendly’ eco-tourism services for the visitors.
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...Pabasara Gunawardane
Removal of valuable minerals from the earth by taking both people and equipment into depths from the earth’s surface is called underground mining.Unsupported openings, Supported openings and Caving methods are the three methods of underground mining. Main methods in Underground mining are drift mining, slope mining, shaft mining, borehole process and hard rock mining.Contamination of rivers, lakes and ground water, alteration of surface and ground water flow, erosion and instability, loss of soil, material contamination, improper sanitation, increased dust, loss of faunal and floral habitats, over use of timber resources and destruction of forests and savannah are the general environmental threats of mining.
Gem mining methods range from digging deep mines and adrift to shallow open mining and river bed mining. In Sri Lanka traditional gem mining is mainly found in Balangoda, Ratnapura, Opanayake, Deniyaya, Rakwana, Elahera and Matale areas. Legislation to minimise environmental damage caused by gem mining is included within the 1971 Act drawn up by the NGJA, reinforced by the Mines and Minerals Act of 1992. Damage to vegetation cover, plantations and paddy fields, damage to land and geomorphology, man-made structures, to streams and river banks, sedimentation and water pollution, damage to fauna, alteration of surface and ground water flow and adverse environmental health conditions are some threats of gem mining.
Graphite and gold mining also have a severe impact on the environment. Especially the impacts are affecting on soil and water.
Backfilling of mined sites, seeding with grasses, tree planting at backfilled sites with native species, shaping and contouring of spoil piles and replacement of top soil are some mitigatory measures to the land reclamation after the mining of gold, gem and graphite.
Community Based Biodiversity Conservation- Tree Planting on Deduru Oya Left BankPabasara Gunawardane
Community based biodiversity conservation is a specific branch of conservation. Regulating bodies get together with the community based organizations and perform the projects. Mainly Department of wildlife conservation, Department of forest conservation and several non-governmental organizations conduct these programs.
Deduru Oya development project is the largest irrigation project carried out in the north western province of Sri Lanka. In this project, Deduru oya environmental conservation and soil erosion prevention project was a community based tree re-planting program on the left bank of the canal. The project was organized and performed by wildlife and nature protection society (WLNPS) of Sri Lanka. Department of irrigation, School children, resident villagers and divisional secretaries were the target social groups of this project.
The project was designed and planned for 3 years. (2011- 2013) Required financial support was provided by WLNPS and the work force was provided by the school children and the irrigation department. Due to heavy drought condition which affect the plant nursery and some activities of the department of irrigations caused severe damage to the success of the project.
Lack of coordination among the participatory groups, negligence of the government institutes, lack of the experiences of the project coordinators were some of the reason s for the failure of the project.
Recruiting project coordinators with science background, having enough data on the climate and the demography of the area, Emphasizing the importance of the objectives to general public and providing more benefits to the participating communities can be indicated as recommendations for the success of these kind of community based multi stake holder projects.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Project : Management Plan For The Knuckles
Conservation Area
Time Period : 2010 – 2014
Prepared By : Forest Department, Sri Lanka
3. Contents
Background and conceptual framework
Biological Diversity
Regulation of Eco system services
Socio economic Development
Aesthetic Value
Recreation
Research and Education
Institutional and legal Framework
Operational Plan and Budget
5. A detailed management plan for the
Knuckles forest was first formulated in
1994.
Most of the activities recommended in the
plan are still being implemented.
6. Knuckles Forest Region
Covers 210km2
Located in Kandy and Matale districts of the central
province Sri Lanka
General Landscape
Area is extremely rugged, with several peaks rising
above 1500m.
Gombaniya is the highest peak with a height of
1906m.
Locally called this region as ‘Dumbara Kanduwetiya’
7. Rainfall
Highland areas of the forest range is extremely wet with an
average rainfall of 5000mm.
Lower eastern slopes are much drier with less than
2500mm.
Vegetation types
Wide range of climatic and landscape features resulted
lowland semi-evergreen forests to montane forests.
8. Watersheds
Represents most important and critical watersheds of Sri
Lanka.
Contributes to nearly 8% of the watersheds of Victoria &
Randenigala reservoirs.
Represents 80% of upper watersheds of the proposed
Moragahakanda & Kalu ganga reservoirs
9. Area above 1500m was declared as a climatic reserve in 1873
In April 2000, it was declared as the country’s first ever
conservation forest
Proposed as a Mixed Cultural & Natural World Heritage Site
10. International and National Significance of KFA
Knuckles Conservation Forest will principally be managed
to achieve the first policy objective in Forest Policy of Sri
Lanka, 1995.
In addition, it will have to be managed to achieve second &
third policy objectives to a limited extent.
Knuckles Conservation Forest has been proposed to be
inscribed as a Mixed Cultural & Natural World Heritage
Site under the World Heritage Convention.
12. Goal
To conserve Knuckles forest for posterity, with regard
to biodiversity, soil, water. Historical, cultural,
religious, scientific and aesthetic values and to
enhance contribution of forestry to the national
economy as well as to the welfare of nearby
communities.
13. Purpose
Biodiversity, soil, water and other ecosystem services are
conserved and the social welfare of peripheral
communities is enhanced through ecosystem approach.
14. Objectives
The composition, structure, functions and evolutionary
potential of biodiversity conserved.
Regulatory ecosystem services of the KCA sustained.
Livelihoods of Knuckles Buffer Zone communities improved.
Aesthetic value of the KCA conserved.
Recreational capacity of the KCA enhanced
Educational and Research opportunities provided.
Institutional and legal framework established
15. Application of the Plan
Structure
Actions proposed in the plan are set out under the
Seven criteria for Sustainability Developed in the
Montreal Process.
Scope
The plan applies within the geographic area of the
Knuckles Conservation Area and its Buffer Zone.
Operation of the Plan
Plan comes to operation on 1st January 2010 and
continues to operate until 31st December 2014.
17. Biodiversity
“Biodiversity refers to the variability among living
organisms and the ecosystem of which they are a part”
Measured or observed in 3 different
levels
GenesEcosystems
Species
18. Wide range of topographic and climate
variation in the knuckles range.
MANY NATURAL
VEGETATION
TYPESMontane forests
Sub montane forests
Semi -evergreen forests
•Man made semi natural vegetation
types
•Man influenced secondary vegetation
types
•Patches of plantation forest
19. Faunal diversity
Family Genus Species Endemic Endemic
to
Knuckle
s
National
ly
Threate
ned
Birds 26 42 128 17 - 20
Amphibi
ans
3 4 20 12 1 12
Butterfli
es
4 11 60 5 - 8
Mollusks 6 10 17 12 - 0
Mammal
s
12 17 31 4 - 9
Reptiles 4 10 53 23 1 24
Fish 4 9 15 8 3 7
21. Number of threats affecting on the biological
diversity of the knuckles conservation area
Cultivation of cardamom inside the high
elevation natural forest areas
Forest and grassland fires
Unauthorized development activities carried out
in private lands
Abiotic and biotic factors
22. OBJECTIVE: The composition, structure,
functions and evolutionary potential of
biodiversity conserved
1) Existing Forest Area Maintained
2) Declining Quality Of Biodiversity
Arrested
3) Mechanism To Monitor Biodiversity
Established
23. 1) Maintenance Of Forest Area
Proposed Activities
Change the conservation area boundary
Survey and demarcate the new boundary
Maintain and monitor the new boundary
Complete land acquisition
Re-declare Knuckles conservation area
Enforce forest low to control encroachments and any other
kind of unauthorized alteration of boundary posts
24. 2) Arresting Degradation Of Biodiversity Quality
Proposed Activities
Restore degraded forest patches
Control forest fires
Control spreading of invasive species
Manage habitats for mammals
Control and regulate collection of forest products from forest
Promote production and efficiency use of forest products
Regulate tapping of water from upper streams with
involvement CBOs
Conduct awareness programs on forest conservation
Enforce forest law
25. 3) Biodiversity Monitoring
Proposed Activities
Train Forest Department staff on biodiversity monitoring.
They can be entrusted with this task under the initial
guidance from biodiversity surveying experts.
Monitor biodiversity using permanent sample plots
Analyse monitoring data to understand the positive and
negative developments taking place with regard to
biodiversity.
Take remedial measures to mitigate negative impacts
27. Knuckles is an important watershed in Mahaweli
drainage system
Human practices causing land degradation & soil
erosion in KCA
Cardamom cultivation
Unsuitable Land use practices: Shifting
cultivation, Forest & grassland fires
28. OBJECTIVE: Regulatory ecosystem services
of the KCA maintained
1)Human induced soil erosion
controlled
2) water outflow monitored & assessed
3) Water pollution arrested
4)C sink capacity assessed & monitored
29. Proposed activities
1. Stop cardamom cultivation
2. Complete land acquisition & prevent any destructive practices in pvt.
Lands
3. Control forest fires
4. Encourage soil conservation measures in home garden in the BZ villages
5. Convert selected pine plantations into broad leaved spp. by way of under
planting with some useful species
6. Apply appropriate soil conservation measures for the existing road
network within the conservation area
7. Apply soil conservation measures in developing & maintaining nature
trails
8. Control over use of nature trails by providing alternative trails
9. Apply soil conservation measures in constructing buildings
Control human induced soil erosion
30. Assess & monitor water outflow
Proposed activities
1. Monitor water outflow at strategic locations .
Could be done in collaboration with the
Mahaweli Authority of SL or Irrigation Dpt.
2. Make data available for the policy makers,
politicians & to the general public
31. Arrest water pollution
Proposed activities
1. Conduct training programs for BZC to avoid
excessive use of agrochemicals
2. Promote organic farming in BZ
3. Conduct awareness campaigns among &
tourists to reduce water pollution
4. Enforce environmental low on water pollution
5. Discourage wastage of water among the village
communities through the mechanisms
proposed in chapter 2
32. Assess C sequestration capacity
Proposed activities
1. Assess the C sequestrations capacity of
KCA
2. Publish the results & use the data to
highlight the importance of the
conservation value of knuckles
ecosystem
34. OBJECTIVE: Livelihood of KBZ
communities improved
KBZ identified & mapped
Income generation activities of BZ communities
improved
Microfinance services in the BZ villages improved
Infrastructure & basic services developed &
improved
Traditional rights to maintain customary &
spiritual wilderness-based lifestyles protected
CBO strengthened
Outputs
35. Identification of KBZ
A key is proposed to determine the outer boundary of the
buffer zone
Proposed activities
1. Identify the KBZ using the criteria proposed
2. Map the boundary of the BZ
36. Improvement of income generation activities
Proposed activities
1. Develop & improve micro enterprises
1. Conduct PRA exercises
2. Identify & shortlist environmentally
nondestructive potential activities
3. Perform market assessment & SWOT analysis
4. Facilitate to build the links with service provides
2. Provide vocational training
1. Conduct PRA exercises
2. Identify & shortlist potential vocational training
requirements
3. Facilitate to build the links with service providers
37. Improvement of microfinance services
Proposed actions
1. Train forest officers on mechanisms of micro
financing services
2. Introduce microfinance service providers
operating in the nearby areas
3. Facilitate the selection of microfinance
institutions to work with communities
4. Assist communities to develop linkage with the
selected microfinance institutions
38. Infrastructure & basic service development
Proposed actions
1. Identify & prioritize necessary infrastructure
development needs
2. Study feasibility of identified development
3. Develop linkages between line agencies &
beneficiary organizations
4. Facilitate funding
5. Implement development activities
6. Conduct monitoring
39. Protection of traditional wilderness-based
customs
Proposed actions
1. Study & document traditional wilderness based
customs of adjoining communities
2. Develop a mechanism to ensure local
communities to perform their traditional
customs
40. Organizational strengthened
Proposed activities
1. Evaluate the organizational capacities of
Dumbara Surakinno or any other existing CBO
2. Identify the vulnerable areas which need to be
strengthened
3. Conduct capacity building programs to address
the identified issues of organizational
strengthening
42. Constraints
There is no documented inventory of the scenic areas
of Knuckles region due to difficult accesses to most of
the inner parts of KCA
Absence of comprehensive guidelines covering all
forms of developments within the conservation area
Occurrence of forest and grassland fires and the
disposal of garbage by the tourists
Some biotic factors such as forest die-back and spread
of invasive plants
43. Proposed Activities
Prepare an inventory of the areas of scenic
importance
Develop a guideline to protect scenic areas
Stop all development activities which affect scenic
beauty
OBJECTIVE: Aesthetic value of the Knuckles forest is
conserved
45. Recreation
Knuckles area is rich in many scenic,
environmental, sociological and cultural resources
.
Attract many local and foreign tourists.
46. Year Deanstone Illukkumbura
Local Foreign Local Foreign
2005 2018 64 1992 08
2006 1925 42 2110 01
2007 2131 67 2418 47
2008 1316 66 12875 48
Recorded number of visitors to KCA (2005-2008)
47. OBJECTIVE: Recreational capacity of Knuckles
conservation forest is maintained and enhanced
Accommodation facilities improved
Nature trails, access roads and access points improved
Linkages with stakeholders of tourism sector
developed
Interpretation services provided to the visitors
improved
Involvement of buffer zone communities in ecotourism
facilitated
Negative impacts of tourism on natural and socio-
cultural environment mitigated
Outputs
48. Proposed activities
1. Improvement of Accommodation facilities
Develop and improve eco lodges
Develop and improve camping sites
Hand over the management of selected eco
lodges and camping sites to Dumbara Surakinno
or other suitable CBOs
Encourage and train villagers to provide home-
stay facilities to small groups
Construct and improve dormitories
49. 2. Development of nature trails, access roads and access points
Improve and nature trails
Improve the access roads for the benefit of eco-tourism
activities
Improve the facilities of the access points for the benefit of
tourists
50. 3. Development of linkages with other stakeholders of tourism
Strengthen the link with Sri Lanka Tourist Board
Include information on Knuckles in the tourism promotion
activities carried out by the SLTB
Conduct awareness programs for local travel agencies tour
operators and major hoteliers
Disseminate information in the form of leaflets, brochures,
documentary films etc. both in country and abroad
Include Knuckles as a tourist destination in tour packages of
major tour operators
Use mass and electronic media including internet for
propaganda campaigns
51. 4. Interpretation services
Develop and improve information centers
Develop and maintain a web site or incorporate web
pages to the proposed FD web site
Develop brochures and leaflets for the benefit of
tourists
Employ guides
52. 5. Involvement of buffer zone communities in eco tourism
Hand over the management responsibility of selected
eco lodges to CBOs under a suitable agreement with the
FD
Hand over the management of selected nature trails for
CBOs
Hand over the management of selected camping sites for
CBOs
Employ guides to accompany visitors inside the forest
Encourage community members to establish and
manage sale centers, souvenir shops and food courts for
the benefit of tourists
53. 6. Mitigation of negative impacts on natural and socio-cultural
environment
Determine the carrying capacity of different ecotourism
attractions
Temporarily close down nature trails
Create awareness among tourists on water and noise
pollution
Develop a mechanism to get rid of litter efficiently from
conservation area
Minimize unauthorized collection of souvenirs from the
forest
55. Identified issues related to implementation
and coordination of research activities
1. Inadequacy of facilities for researchers
2. Absence of prioritized research plan
3. Absence of effective coordination
4. Insufficient expertise
5. Lack of dissemination and Utilization
6. Absence of mechanism to get field level officers involved
for research
56. Identified issues related to environmental education
Environmental education refers to organized effort to teach about how
natural environments function and in particularly , how human beings
can manage their behavior and ecosystem in order to live sustainably
1. Absence of an environmental educational plan
2. No curricula for educational programme
3. Absence of dedicated web site for knuckle forest
4. Inadequate infrastructure
5. Lack of trained human resources to implement quality educational
programme.
57. OBJECTIVE: Research and education
opportunities of the KCA enhanced.
Proposed Activities
• Identify priority research areas for KCA and develop a
research plan in consultation with all relevant stakeholders
• Strength the existing coordination mechanism of research
• Develop and improve research and education centers
• Conduct training programs to upgrade the capacity of forest
officers to carry out research on their own and participate
effectively in the research work carried out by the outsiders.
• Provide funds for important action researches.
58. Encourage collaborative research among various research
institutions as well as eminent individuals
Develop and environment education plan for Knuckles
taking in to account the interests of different target groups
Develop a curriculum for environmental education
programs of Knuckles
Improve infrastructure facilities to cater the needs of
environmental education
Reprint some important documents related to Knuckles
“ Knuckles Massif – a portfolio” by Prof.P.G.Cooray
60. Objective :- Establishing the institutional structure
and legal framework for management of the
Knuckles Conservation Area
Outputs
Appropriate institutional structure for management
established
Necessary infrastructure facilities developed
Human resource development programs in placed
Legislative framework for management established
Management plan monitored, evaluated and
improved
61. Proposed Activities
Establish new forest ranges in Kandy and Matale divisions each
(Deanstone,Illukkumbura)
Identify field assistant units according to the criteria
Provide facilities for new ranges to function full scale.( Providing skillful
RFO, BFOs, territorial officers)
Establish 6 beat forest offices (3 for each )
Conduct a detailed stakeholder analysis
To identify the stakeholders who involved the management plan
Analysis is carried by an awareness programme for them
Set up 2 steering committees
62. Infrastructure development
Development of infrastructure facilities for the forest officers
engaged in the conservation of Knuckles forest is a key to
obtain their maximum output.
Proposed activities
Construct buildings with necessary facilities for forest
department
Construct range forest office buildings with adequate
facilities
Construct 3 new officer quarters for Deanstone range in
Kandy division
Provide transport facilities
63. Human resource development
Following training needs have been identified
Biodiversity monitoring
Hydrological data collection
Use of PRA techniques
Development of resource management plan at village level
Guiding
Proposed activities
Conduct a assessment of training needs
Identify stakeholder for trainings
Prioritize the training activity
64. Proposed to name as Mixed cultural and National word heritage under National heritage
and wilderness area act 1988
According to that no human activities are allowed
except research education and recreation purposes
But there were conflicts among different sections
therefore within the management plan it
recommended some activities
2007 declare knuckles as a Environmental protected area-environmental act No 47 1980
By considering private states and sate lands falling
KCA
To control the unauthorized activities in the area
Forest Ordinance by forest (amendment) act No 23 1995
Didn’t indicate the provision for making regulations
with regard to the activities which are permitted
No regulations for conservation forests have been
formulated, cause for most of illegal activities
65. Proposed activities
Amend the National heritage and wilderness act taking into
account the National forest policy objectives
Prepare regulations to incorporate certain provisions to carryout
customary and traditional practices of rural communities
Declare KCA as a National heritage wilderness area, under the
amended National Heritage Wilderness area act
66. Monitoring , Evaluation and Adaptive management
Proposed activities
Survey and document the baseline condition against which
future changes will be monitored
Prepare a monitoring plan consisting of the persons
responsible for monitoring target dates for achievement of the
results, monitoring intervals and the budgets
Conduct a interim evaluation after 3 years of implementation
the plan
Change management strategies based on the research findings,
feedback of monitoring data and ongoing evaluation