1. The document reviews the historical development of risk management and population health frameworks in Canada. It analyzes frameworks from the 1980s-2000s from organizations like Health Canada, the US National Research Council, and the Canadian Public Health Association.
2. A key framework is Health Canada's 1990 risk determination framework, which includes risk assessment, risk estimation, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. It also considers risk management, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and review.
3. More recent frameworks emphasize stakeholder involvement, iterative processes, and integrating social and economic factors into risk assessment to better address population health issues.
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Week 3 Occupational Hazards & Risk Spring 2010!!sewhood
The document summarizes the environmental health risk assessment process and discusses related topics. It describes the four main steps of risk assessment: 1) hazard identification, 2) dose-response assessment, 3) exposure assessment, and 4) risk characterization. It also discusses dose-response modeling, uncertainty analysis, risk management, and criticism of risk assessment. Exposure assessment and industrial hygiene are compared, with anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control identified as important aspects of both fields.
Risk management in healthcare aims to detect, monitor, and prevent risks to patients through clinical and administrative systems and processes. In response to the IOM report "To Err is Human," healthcare organizations implement numerous risk management practices. The Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act established duties like certifying Patient Safety Organizations to collect and disseminate information on medical errors and establish a patient safety database, with the goal of improving patient safety through confidential reporting of adverse events. Risk management follows five basic steps: establishing the context, identifying risks, analyzing risks through root cause analysis, evaluating risks by scoring likelihood and impact, and treating risks through actions to reduce likelihood and impact.
Toxicological risk assessment of chemicals Biplab Sikdar
This document presents an overview of toxicological risk assessment of chemicals. It discusses the key international and federal bodies involved in chemical risk assessment like WHO, EPA, and OECD. The risk assessment process involves five steps - hazard identification, hazard evaluation/dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various factors in risk perception and comparative analyses of risk are also reviewed. The goal of risk assessment is to balance risks and benefits of chemicals and set safety limits to protect public health.
Public health aims to promote health and prevent disease in populations through systematic efforts. It covers health protection against infectious diseases and environmental threats, health improvement through education and legislation, and optimizing healthcare services. Some key areas of public health include using statistics and epidemiology to analyze population health data, assessing health needs and priorities, developing management and decision-making skills, and practicing health protection, improvement, screening and quality improvement. Public health also addresses challenges like children's health, aging populations, and health inequalities.
The Intervention Mapping Model is an iterative process for problem solving and mitigating situations, including health complications. It describes steps to eliminate health problems by integrating theory and evidence. These steps include conducting an assessment or problem analysis, creating matrices based on determinants of the condition and targeted intervention, considering theory-based intervention methods and integrative approaches, and establishing plans for adoption, implementation and sustainability through evaluation to improve the intervention. The model must be considered in its four components - social, epidemiological, educational and ecological, and administrative assessments - to effectively eliminate conditions like cancer. However, explicitly describing the different stages of an intervention can prolong the process but is still the most useful model for addressing chronic conditions as it provides the exact actions and
The document discusses environmental risk assessment and management. It defines key terms like risk, environmental risk assessment, and risk characterization. It outlines the steps in risk assessment as hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. It also discusses grading of risk from low to high. The steps in risk management are identified as risk assessment, technological feasibility assessment, economic impact analysis, consideration of public concerns and legal requirements, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and review. Risk management aims to prevent adverse effects on human health and ecological systems.
Epidemiological trends and health care implicationsania aslam
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists conduct descriptive and analytical studies to understand disease distribution and determinants. They help with study design, data analysis, and dissemination of results. The bureau of epidemiology conducts epidemiological studies to protect public health from infectious and environmental diseases. It investigates outbreaks, conducts disease surveillance, and develops prevention strategies.
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Week 3 Occupational Hazards & Risk Spring 2010!!sewhood
The document summarizes the environmental health risk assessment process and discusses related topics. It describes the four main steps of risk assessment: 1) hazard identification, 2) dose-response assessment, 3) exposure assessment, and 4) risk characterization. It also discusses dose-response modeling, uncertainty analysis, risk management, and criticism of risk assessment. Exposure assessment and industrial hygiene are compared, with anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control identified as important aspects of both fields.
Risk management in healthcare aims to detect, monitor, and prevent risks to patients through clinical and administrative systems and processes. In response to the IOM report "To Err is Human," healthcare organizations implement numerous risk management practices. The Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act established duties like certifying Patient Safety Organizations to collect and disseminate information on medical errors and establish a patient safety database, with the goal of improving patient safety through confidential reporting of adverse events. Risk management follows five basic steps: establishing the context, identifying risks, analyzing risks through root cause analysis, evaluating risks by scoring likelihood and impact, and treating risks through actions to reduce likelihood and impact.
Toxicological risk assessment of chemicals Biplab Sikdar
This document presents an overview of toxicological risk assessment of chemicals. It discusses the key international and federal bodies involved in chemical risk assessment like WHO, EPA, and OECD. The risk assessment process involves five steps - hazard identification, hazard evaluation/dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various factors in risk perception and comparative analyses of risk are also reviewed. The goal of risk assessment is to balance risks and benefits of chemicals and set safety limits to protect public health.
Public health aims to promote health and prevent disease in populations through systematic efforts. It covers health protection against infectious diseases and environmental threats, health improvement through education and legislation, and optimizing healthcare services. Some key areas of public health include using statistics and epidemiology to analyze population health data, assessing health needs and priorities, developing management and decision-making skills, and practicing health protection, improvement, screening and quality improvement. Public health also addresses challenges like children's health, aging populations, and health inequalities.
The Intervention Mapping Model is an iterative process for problem solving and mitigating situations, including health complications. It describes steps to eliminate health problems by integrating theory and evidence. These steps include conducting an assessment or problem analysis, creating matrices based on determinants of the condition and targeted intervention, considering theory-based intervention methods and integrative approaches, and establishing plans for adoption, implementation and sustainability through evaluation to improve the intervention. The model must be considered in its four components - social, epidemiological, educational and ecological, and administrative assessments - to effectively eliminate conditions like cancer. However, explicitly describing the different stages of an intervention can prolong the process but is still the most useful model for addressing chronic conditions as it provides the exact actions and
The document discusses environmental risk assessment and management. It defines key terms like risk, environmental risk assessment, and risk characterization. It outlines the steps in risk assessment as hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. It also discusses grading of risk from low to high. The steps in risk management are identified as risk assessment, technological feasibility assessment, economic impact analysis, consideration of public concerns and legal requirements, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and review. Risk management aims to prevent adverse effects on human health and ecological systems.
Epidemiological trends and health care implicationsania aslam
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists conduct descriptive and analytical studies to understand disease distribution and determinants. They help with study design, data analysis, and dissemination of results. The bureau of epidemiology conducts epidemiological studies to protect public health from infectious and environmental diseases. It investigates outbreaks, conducts disease surveillance, and develops prevention strategies.
This document summarizes work done by the Disease Control Priorities Project to develop packages of essential health interventions for universal health coverage. It discusses analyzing health systems in countries to understand gaps, and selecting interventions based on criteria like cost-effectiveness, equity, and feasibility. Two priority packages are outlined: intersectoral policies like taxes on unhealthy foods and behaviors to improve health, and healthcare services like cancer treatment and managing mental health conditions. Examples of highest priority interventions in each package are provided based on their potential health impact, cost-effectiveness, and ability to strengthen health systems and provide financial risk protection to populations.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists help with study design, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of results. Major areas of study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and treatment comparisons in clinical trials. The document then discusses the roles and responsibilities of epidemiologists at the Bureau of Epidemiology in conducting disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, occupational health monitoring, and publishing health reports and data analyses to guide public health efforts.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease and health conditions within populations. It identifies risk factors for disease and informs public health policy and clinical practice. Epidemiologists conduct descriptive and analytical studies to understand disease distribution and determinants. They help with study design, data analysis, and disseminating results. The bureau of epidemiology conducts epidemiological studies to protect public health from infectious and environmental diseases and conditions. It investigates outbreaks and conducts surveillance of reportable diseases to implement control measures.
Risk assessment involves determining the magnitude of potential losses from recognized threats and the probability of losses occurring. It is used in fields like finance, public health, and environmental decisions. In public health, risk assessment quantifies the probability of harmful health effects from activities, and most countries do not allow activities that increase health risks above thresholds. Risk assessment involves hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure quantification, and combining the results to estimate risks, which can vary within populations.
OSH practitioners need to understand factors in policy making and standard setting, and assess and manage risks in their workplace. There are models that use a 6-stage process involving stakeholders to assess and manage risks at the macro level by federal agencies. One model is a guide for workplace risk assessment with two components: risk assessment involving hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization; and risk management involving prevention/control and risk communication. The risk assessment process identifies hazards through an inventory, assesses exposure, and characterizes risks to prioritize actions. Risk management considers prevention/control costs and benefits, and involves communication, health surveillance, and continuous review.
The document provides guidelines for conducting research on health disaster response. An international panel of experts developed a consensus on research priorities and a mixed-methods approach. The priorities include assessing community preparedness before a disaster and evaluating the response and health impacts after. A mixed-methods approach using both qualitative and quantitative data is recommended to improve the quality of evidence-based research on disaster medicine.
Updated copy (introductio to environmental epidemiology & bio statistics)Nasiru Ibrahim Barda
This document provides an overview of environmental epidemiology and bio-statistics. It defines epidemiology as dealing with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health in populations. Environmental epidemiology specifically studies how environmental exposures impact human health. The objectives of epidemiology are described as public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and policy development. Environmental epidemiology aims to identify environmental hazards, populations exposed, exposure levels, health impacts, and approaches to reduce exposures.
Running head RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS1RISK MANAGEME.docxtodd521
Running head: RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS
1
RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS
7
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management
Name
University
Date
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management
Introduction
Risk is an inherent aspect that is found in each organization including the health care facilities. There is need to ensure that risk is managed in the health care facilities to facilitates them in achieving ethical and legal responsibilities that are stipulated by the organization and other health or safety organization. Health organization that manages their risk can achieve effective competitive advantages in the market.
Summary of risk management plan
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management is the type plan that I selected within a setting of a health care facility. In each organization there are some changes and development or growth that are incorporated which are directly facilitated by effective training and development programs to be effective. Employee Training and Development Programs is one of the fundamental programs that is mostly utilized by health organization to manage their risk effectively. This program is more focused to the employee and change within the organization. New employees are also subjected to training and development to properly inaugurate them to the respective roles in the health facility. The employee in general are the specific audience that the program aims to enlighten in the process of risk management (Anderson & Mapp, 1996). This program is very important aspect in risk management process in every organization that is undergoing any changes thence the motive for my selection.
Steps of risk management in health facilities
Risk management in healthcare is facilitated by corporations that are sensible of the fact that healthcare interface poses peril. Organizations aggressively trailing risk management are hence a step advanced in the hierarchy in guaranteeing wellbeing of services and endeavoring for superiority of care as compared to the establishments that do not have it (McIlroy, Kees & Kalscheuer, 1996). There are five major steps that health care facilities utilize in managing their risk and they include;
· Step 1: Create the context- this involve identification of highly sensitive areas in the health facility that may require risk management like ICU, operation room, emergency room, and coronary care units.
· Step 2: Identify risks- entails the time the management of the health facilities are aware of the risk in the organization.
· Step 3: Analyze risks- this will entail the development of proper understanding about the risk. For instance, the level of risk, probable causes, and existing measures.
· Step 4: Evaluate risks- determining whether the risk need intervention and the development of effective intervention or strategy for the risk.
· Step 5: Treat/Manage Risks- this includes the treatment of the risk and con.
HLT 308V Grand Canyon University Risk Management Program Analysis.docxbkbk37
The document analyzes a risk management program for a healthcare organization. It discusses the roles that accrediting bodies, administrative personnel, and healthcare professionals play in supporting an organization's risk management strategies and policies. It also explains how the organization's quality improvement processes contribute to its risk management program and journey toward excellence. The document provides details about the sample risk management program, including its goals, standard processes, and how it complies with accreditation requirements.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and public policy. It discusses how public policy provides the baseline structure for major sectors including health. Public policy directly influences the environment and living patterns. Epidemiological research influences public policy making but evidence is often incomplete. Health care planning involves setting objectives and choosing means to achieve them. The planning cycle assesses disease burden, identifies causes, measures intervention effectiveness and efficiency, implements interventions, and monitors programs. Some key Indian health policies and programs discussed include those targeting malaria, filariasis, leprosy, tuberculosis, blindness, and diarrheal diseases.
HLT308V GCU Joint Commission in Evaluating Quality Management Process Paper.docxbkbk37
The Joint Commission plays a role in evaluating an organization's quality management processes through audits to ensure compliance with regulations. Different administrative personnel have distinct responsibilities in establishing risk management policies focused on employee and organizational safety. A risk management program must also align with ethical standards to ensure patient well-being.
Pharmaceutical Risk Benefit Assessment DIA AbstractLona Vincent
This document describes the development of an integrated framework for quantitative risk-benefit assessment of drugs. It aims to address the issue of some drugs being withdrawn from the market due to unfavorable risk profiles found in post-marketing safety data. The framework leverages existing qualitative models and presents a novel quantitative approach. It will classify measurement methods, demonstrate assigning importance to parameters, and exhibit the framework's predictive value by applying it to past drugs to improve decision making.
This chapter evaluates strategies to reduce major health risks discussed in Chapter 4. It examines interventions that target individuals at high risk as well as population-wide strategies. Individual-based approaches focus on those most likely to benefit but may only impact a small portion of the population. Population-wide strategies have greater potential to improve overall population health. The chapter analyzes available evidence on costs and effectiveness of selected interventions to identify those that provide substantial health gains relative to their costs in different settings. Government intervention may be needed to achieve full risk reduction potential for behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use due to addictive nature and time/risk perception factors.
Running Head HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMHEALTH RISK MANAGE.docxwlynn1
Running Head: HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Samantha Howard
Grand Canyon University: HLT-308V (HLT-308V-O500)
February 10, 2019
1. Summary Description
Risk management is one of the most appropriate tools in scientific governance and approaches necessity to perform comprehensive analyses with the intention to uncover causes of adverse events (Cagliano, A. C., Grimaldi. S., Rafele C. 2011). According to Kavaler & Spiegel (2003), health risk management includes the assessment of risks and the definition of mitigation strategies for these risks. The risk assessment includes both the identification and evaluation of the risk`s impact while risk mitigation minimizes the impact of the risks. Therefore, a healthcare organization should have qualified risk managers for the assessment, development, implementation, and monitoring of risk management plans. My risk management program will focus on new employees. This will seek to foster the utilization of risk assessment and risk management tools in new fields of application including policy making and provision of a platform between the insurance communities.
1. Risk management plan to the new employees
The process of risk management in a healthcare organization basically has five steps which include the context establishment, risks identification, risks analysis, and risk evaluation and management (Kavaler, F., & Spiegel, A. D. (2003). Since the healthcare industry is an essential sector that impact every living individual, the offered services in this industry is very significant to the world`s health market competition. Therefore, for a successful risk management program, a person should be aware and knowledgeable of the risk involved.
New employee will be required to go through the organization structure and understand leader within the organization, the different position function in the risk management program and how-to communication and escalation policies. They will gain knowledge of risk exposure and the available polices that are in place to reduce them. All these are prerequisite to new workers in the understanding of the healthcare organization`s risk management plan.
Secondly, the risk management program will be explained to the new workers regarding program analysis and what steps the organization has in place for identification, management, mitigation and transfer of risks.
This program of risk management will entail four categories. These include total avoidance of risks by the organization which can be implemented by putting policies that are geared towards preventing the chances of losses. Secondly risk mitigation which will aim at reducing the impact of the risks of the organization. This will be done by setting out a plan on how to deal with the risk in case it occurs. Thirdly risk acceptance will aim at the effect that the organization will incur through insurance and policies for budgeting. Last.
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health and
diseases or disorders in man and its application in controlling health problems.
Epidemiology has by tradition two major areas.
First is the study of infectious diseases that spread to large populations, i.e., epidemics.
The second is the study of chronic diseases.
Epidemiological studies help to solve such health problems and provide a basis for
improving living conditions of the people.
During its progress and development, epidemiology has made available precise and
strict methodologies for the study of diseases.
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in humans, It is traditionally
divided into two basic areas namely:
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the relationship between dose administered of a drug
and the serum or blood level achieved, it deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in
populations.
Epidemics is the study of chronic/ infectious diseases in large populations.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large
number of people.
It involves the examination of a single individual or large groups of people followed for
many years.
It involves gathering & analysis of information in order to identify possible causation &
related factors, that can be applied in clinical practice to group of people & also to
individuals undergoing treatment.
This document summarizes the findings of the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study on comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risks. Some key findings include:
- These 79 risks accounted for 57.2% of all deaths and 41.6% of all disability-adjusted life years globally in 2013.
- The six individual risks or risk clusters that caused the most disability-adjusted life years were dietary risks, high blood pressure, childhood malnutrition, tobacco smoke, air pollution, and high BMI.
- Risk patterns varied significantly between regions and countries, with factors like childhood malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water being top risks in sub-Saharan Africa compared to high blood pressure, BMI, and tobacco
Be it with regard to natural, accidental or intentional means, public health has always been under threat. As is the case with the current COVID 19 pandemic, public health preparedness to prevent, respond to and recover is key for securing country’s overall development and growth.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to public health. It defines public health as the science and art of preventing disease and promoting health through organized community efforts. Public health involves health promotion, disease prevention at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, and addresses major disciplines like nutrition, environmental health, and health education. Public health outcomes are influenced by human biology, environment, lifestyle, and the health care system. Evaluation of public health programs assesses their impact and helps inform management and policy decisions to improve programs and increase their effectiveness.
This document outlines a framework for conducting risk assessments that maximize their utility for decision-making. The framework involves 3 phases: 1) Problem formulation to identify the problem, potential risk management options, and necessary assessments; 2) Planning and conducting risk assessments oriented towards evaluating management options; 3) Risk management analysis of options considering health, environmental and other impacts. The goal is for risk assessments to systematically and early on evaluate options to best inform subsequent risk management decisions.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
This document summarizes work done by the Disease Control Priorities Project to develop packages of essential health interventions for universal health coverage. It discusses analyzing health systems in countries to understand gaps, and selecting interventions based on criteria like cost-effectiveness, equity, and feasibility. Two priority packages are outlined: intersectoral policies like taxes on unhealthy foods and behaviors to improve health, and healthcare services like cancer treatment and managing mental health conditions. Examples of highest priority interventions in each package are provided based on their potential health impact, cost-effectiveness, and ability to strengthen health systems and provide financial risk protection to populations.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It informs public health policy and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention. Epidemiologists help with study design, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of results. Major areas of study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and treatment comparisons in clinical trials. The document then discusses the roles and responsibilities of epidemiologists at the Bureau of Epidemiology in conducting disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, occupational health monitoring, and publishing health reports and data analyses to guide public health efforts.
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease and health conditions within populations. It identifies risk factors for disease and informs public health policy and clinical practice. Epidemiologists conduct descriptive and analytical studies to understand disease distribution and determinants. They help with study design, data analysis, and disseminating results. The bureau of epidemiology conducts epidemiological studies to protect public health from infectious and environmental diseases and conditions. It investigates outbreaks and conducts surveillance of reportable diseases to implement control measures.
Risk assessment involves determining the magnitude of potential losses from recognized threats and the probability of losses occurring. It is used in fields like finance, public health, and environmental decisions. In public health, risk assessment quantifies the probability of harmful health effects from activities, and most countries do not allow activities that increase health risks above thresholds. Risk assessment involves hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure quantification, and combining the results to estimate risks, which can vary within populations.
OSH practitioners need to understand factors in policy making and standard setting, and assess and manage risks in their workplace. There are models that use a 6-stage process involving stakeholders to assess and manage risks at the macro level by federal agencies. One model is a guide for workplace risk assessment with two components: risk assessment involving hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization; and risk management involving prevention/control and risk communication. The risk assessment process identifies hazards through an inventory, assesses exposure, and characterizes risks to prioritize actions. Risk management considers prevention/control costs and benefits, and involves communication, health surveillance, and continuous review.
The document provides guidelines for conducting research on health disaster response. An international panel of experts developed a consensus on research priorities and a mixed-methods approach. The priorities include assessing community preparedness before a disaster and evaluating the response and health impacts after. A mixed-methods approach using both qualitative and quantitative data is recommended to improve the quality of evidence-based research on disaster medicine.
Updated copy (introductio to environmental epidemiology & bio statistics)Nasiru Ibrahim Barda
This document provides an overview of environmental epidemiology and bio-statistics. It defines epidemiology as dealing with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health in populations. Environmental epidemiology specifically studies how environmental exposures impact human health. The objectives of epidemiology are described as public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and policy development. Environmental epidemiology aims to identify environmental hazards, populations exposed, exposure levels, health impacts, and approaches to reduce exposures.
Running head RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS1RISK MANAGEME.docxtodd521
Running head: RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS
1
RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ANALYSIS
7
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management
Name
University
Date
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management
Introduction
Risk is an inherent aspect that is found in each organization including the health care facilities. There is need to ensure that risk is managed in the health care facilities to facilitates them in achieving ethical and legal responsibilities that are stipulated by the organization and other health or safety organization. Health organization that manages their risk can achieve effective competitive advantages in the market.
Summary of risk management plan
Employee Training and Development Programs in Risk Management is the type plan that I selected within a setting of a health care facility. In each organization there are some changes and development or growth that are incorporated which are directly facilitated by effective training and development programs to be effective. Employee Training and Development Programs is one of the fundamental programs that is mostly utilized by health organization to manage their risk effectively. This program is more focused to the employee and change within the organization. New employees are also subjected to training and development to properly inaugurate them to the respective roles in the health facility. The employee in general are the specific audience that the program aims to enlighten in the process of risk management (Anderson & Mapp, 1996). This program is very important aspect in risk management process in every organization that is undergoing any changes thence the motive for my selection.
Steps of risk management in health facilities
Risk management in healthcare is facilitated by corporations that are sensible of the fact that healthcare interface poses peril. Organizations aggressively trailing risk management are hence a step advanced in the hierarchy in guaranteeing wellbeing of services and endeavoring for superiority of care as compared to the establishments that do not have it (McIlroy, Kees & Kalscheuer, 1996). There are five major steps that health care facilities utilize in managing their risk and they include;
· Step 1: Create the context- this involve identification of highly sensitive areas in the health facility that may require risk management like ICU, operation room, emergency room, and coronary care units.
· Step 2: Identify risks- entails the time the management of the health facilities are aware of the risk in the organization.
· Step 3: Analyze risks- this will entail the development of proper understanding about the risk. For instance, the level of risk, probable causes, and existing measures.
· Step 4: Evaluate risks- determining whether the risk need intervention and the development of effective intervention or strategy for the risk.
· Step 5: Treat/Manage Risks- this includes the treatment of the risk and con.
HLT 308V Grand Canyon University Risk Management Program Analysis.docxbkbk37
The document analyzes a risk management program for a healthcare organization. It discusses the roles that accrediting bodies, administrative personnel, and healthcare professionals play in supporting an organization's risk management strategies and policies. It also explains how the organization's quality improvement processes contribute to its risk management program and journey toward excellence. The document provides details about the sample risk management program, including its goals, standard processes, and how it complies with accreditation requirements.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and public policy. It discusses how public policy provides the baseline structure for major sectors including health. Public policy directly influences the environment and living patterns. Epidemiological research influences public policy making but evidence is often incomplete. Health care planning involves setting objectives and choosing means to achieve them. The planning cycle assesses disease burden, identifies causes, measures intervention effectiveness and efficiency, implements interventions, and monitors programs. Some key Indian health policies and programs discussed include those targeting malaria, filariasis, leprosy, tuberculosis, blindness, and diarrheal diseases.
HLT308V GCU Joint Commission in Evaluating Quality Management Process Paper.docxbkbk37
The Joint Commission plays a role in evaluating an organization's quality management processes through audits to ensure compliance with regulations. Different administrative personnel have distinct responsibilities in establishing risk management policies focused on employee and organizational safety. A risk management program must also align with ethical standards to ensure patient well-being.
Pharmaceutical Risk Benefit Assessment DIA AbstractLona Vincent
This document describes the development of an integrated framework for quantitative risk-benefit assessment of drugs. It aims to address the issue of some drugs being withdrawn from the market due to unfavorable risk profiles found in post-marketing safety data. The framework leverages existing qualitative models and presents a novel quantitative approach. It will classify measurement methods, demonstrate assigning importance to parameters, and exhibit the framework's predictive value by applying it to past drugs to improve decision making.
This chapter evaluates strategies to reduce major health risks discussed in Chapter 4. It examines interventions that target individuals at high risk as well as population-wide strategies. Individual-based approaches focus on those most likely to benefit but may only impact a small portion of the population. Population-wide strategies have greater potential to improve overall population health. The chapter analyzes available evidence on costs and effectiveness of selected interventions to identify those that provide substantial health gains relative to their costs in different settings. Government intervention may be needed to achieve full risk reduction potential for behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use due to addictive nature and time/risk perception factors.
Running Head HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMHEALTH RISK MANAGE.docxwlynn1
Running Head: HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Samantha Howard
Grand Canyon University: HLT-308V (HLT-308V-O500)
February 10, 2019
1. Summary Description
Risk management is one of the most appropriate tools in scientific governance and approaches necessity to perform comprehensive analyses with the intention to uncover causes of adverse events (Cagliano, A. C., Grimaldi. S., Rafele C. 2011). According to Kavaler & Spiegel (2003), health risk management includes the assessment of risks and the definition of mitigation strategies for these risks. The risk assessment includes both the identification and evaluation of the risk`s impact while risk mitigation minimizes the impact of the risks. Therefore, a healthcare organization should have qualified risk managers for the assessment, development, implementation, and monitoring of risk management plans. My risk management program will focus on new employees. This will seek to foster the utilization of risk assessment and risk management tools in new fields of application including policy making and provision of a platform between the insurance communities.
1. Risk management plan to the new employees
The process of risk management in a healthcare organization basically has five steps which include the context establishment, risks identification, risks analysis, and risk evaluation and management (Kavaler, F., & Spiegel, A. D. (2003). Since the healthcare industry is an essential sector that impact every living individual, the offered services in this industry is very significant to the world`s health market competition. Therefore, for a successful risk management program, a person should be aware and knowledgeable of the risk involved.
New employee will be required to go through the organization structure and understand leader within the organization, the different position function in the risk management program and how-to communication and escalation policies. They will gain knowledge of risk exposure and the available polices that are in place to reduce them. All these are prerequisite to new workers in the understanding of the healthcare organization`s risk management plan.
Secondly, the risk management program will be explained to the new workers regarding program analysis and what steps the organization has in place for identification, management, mitigation and transfer of risks.
This program of risk management will entail four categories. These include total avoidance of risks by the organization which can be implemented by putting policies that are geared towards preventing the chances of losses. Secondly risk mitigation which will aim at reducing the impact of the risks of the organization. This will be done by setting out a plan on how to deal with the risk in case it occurs. Thirdly risk acceptance will aim at the effect that the organization will incur through insurance and policies for budgeting. Last.
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health and
diseases or disorders in man and its application in controlling health problems.
Epidemiology has by tradition two major areas.
First is the study of infectious diseases that spread to large populations, i.e., epidemics.
The second is the study of chronic diseases.
Epidemiological studies help to solve such health problems and provide a basis for
improving living conditions of the people.
During its progress and development, epidemiology has made available precise and
strict methodologies for the study of diseases.
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in humans, It is traditionally
divided into two basic areas namely:
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the relationship between dose administered of a drug
and the serum or blood level achieved, it deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in
populations.
Epidemics is the study of chronic/ infectious diseases in large populations.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large
number of people.
It involves the examination of a single individual or large groups of people followed for
many years.
It involves gathering & analysis of information in order to identify possible causation &
related factors, that can be applied in clinical practice to group of people & also to
individuals undergoing treatment.
This document summarizes the findings of the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study on comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risks. Some key findings include:
- These 79 risks accounted for 57.2% of all deaths and 41.6% of all disability-adjusted life years globally in 2013.
- The six individual risks or risk clusters that caused the most disability-adjusted life years were dietary risks, high blood pressure, childhood malnutrition, tobacco smoke, air pollution, and high BMI.
- Risk patterns varied significantly between regions and countries, with factors like childhood malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water being top risks in sub-Saharan Africa compared to high blood pressure, BMI, and tobacco
Be it with regard to natural, accidental or intentional means, public health has always been under threat. As is the case with the current COVID 19 pandemic, public health preparedness to prevent, respond to and recover is key for securing country’s overall development and growth.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to public health. It defines public health as the science and art of preventing disease and promoting health through organized community efforts. Public health involves health promotion, disease prevention at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, and addresses major disciplines like nutrition, environmental health, and health education. Public health outcomes are influenced by human biology, environment, lifestyle, and the health care system. Evaluation of public health programs assesses their impact and helps inform management and policy decisions to improve programs and increase their effectiveness.
This document outlines a framework for conducting risk assessments that maximize their utility for decision-making. The framework involves 3 phases: 1) Problem formulation to identify the problem, potential risk management options, and necessary assessments; 2) Planning and conducting risk assessments oriented towards evaluating management options; 3) Risk management analysis of options considering health, environmental and other impacts. The goal is for risk assessments to systematically and early on evaluate options to best inform subsequent risk management decisions.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
RM.ppt
1. Risk Management &
Population Health
Case Study of Canada
Prepared By:- Mohammad Abu Mahfouze
Master Security of Information System
AABFS
Supervised By;- Dr. Lo’ai Tawalbeh
2. Introduction
Health policy development has focused on individuals and the
role of medical care in preventing and treating disease and
injury .
Recent attention to health inequities and social determinants
of health has raised the profile of population health and
evidence-based strategies for improving the health of whole
populations
This presentation reviews a historical developments in the
fields of risk management and population, health and
proposes a joint population health risk management
framework that integrates the key elements of both fields
3. Risk science has started at the 1970s, and since that time it has
been developed into powerful tool for managing technological
change.
Modern risk analysis took shape with the application of
probabilistic risk assessment methods in the evaluation of reactor
safety.
As a result of the air pollution in urban areas in Canada
associated with motor vehicle and industrial emissions has been
linked to adverse health effects, which raised the important of
the policy questions about pollution management .We still know
little about the potential risks from genetically modified
organisms, including foods, therapeutic products, and best
control products.
Introduction
4. The evolution in thinking about how to manage health and
environmental risks associated with modern technology and
technological change. In 1983, the U.S. National Research
Council (NRC) issued a pioneering report on Risk
Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the
Process
This work proposed a comprehensive framework for
assessing and managing health and environmental risks that
has influenced the development of risk management policy.
This and subsequent frameworks provide guidance both on
scientific approaches to characterize risks, and on policy
options for managing them.
Introduction
5. The concept of population health has also emerged over the
past 30 years, during which it became accepted that changes
in lifestyle or social and physical environments may have a
greater impact on population health than the health system.
Although risk management and population health evolved
largely independently, both approaches offer firm bases for
guiding evidence-based health policy
Introduction
6. An Integrated Framework for Risk Management and Population
Health (1983)
Figure 1. U.S. National Research Council framework for risk assessment(1983).
7. EVOLUTION OF RISK MANAGEMENT
The NRC (1983) report, commonly referred to as the “Red
Book,” gave the first structured description of the health risk
assessment and management process, and has been widely
endorsed throughout the world. The framework consists of three
components: Research, Risk assessment, and Risk
management (Figure 1).
Risk assessment : is defined as characterization of the potential
adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards.
8. Risk assessment involves four steps
1. Hazard identification : is the process of determining
whether exposure to an agent can increase the incidence of
a health condition
2. Dose-response assessment: is the process of characterizing
the relation between the dose of an agent administered or
received and the incidence of an adverse health effect in
exposed populations; it expresses incidence as a function of
exposure to the agent.
9. 3. Exposure assessment : is the process of measuring or
estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human
exposures to an existing agent or of estimating
hypothetical exposures that might arise from the release of
new chemicals into the environment .
4. Risk characterization: is the process of estimating the
incidence of a health effect under the various conditions of
human exposure described in the exposure assessment
Risk assessment involves four steps
10. Risk Management
Risk management: refers to the process of evaluating
alternative regulatory options and selecting among them.
The results of risk characterization are used to identify
potential options that are then evaluated in terms of
expected public health, economic, social, and political
consequences.
The responsible agency then makes a decision and
implements the selected option.
11. The limitations of the NRC framework are that it is better
suited to dealing with environmental agents than other
health hazards; it only considers regulatory options; it
contains no provision for monitoring, evaluating, or
revising the risk management strategy; nor is stakeholder
involvement explicitly addressed .
So it was not the best framework .
Risk Determination Diagram
12. Health and Welfare Canada 1990 Framework
In 1990, Health Canada developed a risk management
framework that defined and described the general process
used to assess and deal with health risks, then it was
updated at 1993(Health and Welfare Canada 1993).
The Risk Determination Framework consists of two major
components: Risk assessment and Risk management .
13. Health and Welfare Canada 1990-1993 Framework
Figure 2. Health Canada health risk determination framework (1990, 1993).
14. A- Risk assessment consists of four steps:
1. Hazard Identification: is the process of determining
whether exposure to an agent can increase the incidence of
a health condition .
2. Risk Estimation :is the process of characterizing the
relation between the dose of an agent administered or
received and the incidence of an adverse health effect in
exposed populations; it expresses incidence as a function
of exposure to the agent.
15. 3. Exposure Assessment: is the process of measuring or
estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human
exposures to an existing agent or of estimating
hypothetical exposures that might arise from the release of
new chemicals into the environment
4. Risk Characterization : is the process of estimating the
incidence of a health effect under the various conditions of
human exposure described in the exposure assessment.
Risk assessment consists of four steps:
16. B- Risk management
Risk management : Refers to the process of evaluating
alternative regulatory options and selecting among them. The
results of risk characterization are used to identify potential
options that are then evaluated in terms of expected public
health, economic, social, and political consequences. The
responsible agency then makes a decision and implements the
selected option.
17. Risk Management consist of four steps
1. Decision: Is the process of choosing between the options .
2. Implementation : Is the process of creating the option that
we had choose .
3. Monitoring and Evaluation : Is the process of controlling
the option to be sure that we achieved our aim .
4. Review : Is the process of choosing other option in case we
didn’t have the best results.
18. Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA)
In 1989, a National Advisory Panel on the Risk/Benefit
Management of Drugs was appointed by the Canadian
Public Health Association (CPHA), to review risk/benefit
methodology applied to the field of prescription drug use
and to develop a framework for use in risk management.
The panel built on the 1993 Health Canada Risk
Determination Framework as a starting point to develop its
Benefit/Risk/Cost Determination Framework (CPHA 1993).
This added the assessment and management of benefits and
costs within the risk determination paradigm
19. The intent of this expanded framework was to examine
benefits, risks, and costs in a formal manner, and to use
standard procedures to calculate a net benefit/risk/cost
value for the drug under examination. Changes in
quality-adjusted life expectancy was proposed as a
utility based measure of health benefit associated with
therapeutic intervention; however, this refined measure
of risk has limited the broader applicability of the
framework.
Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA)
20. The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management
The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management developed by the U.S.
Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk
Assessment and Risk Management (1997) is designed to
assist risk managers, such as government officials, private
sector businesses, and individual members of the public in
making good risk management decisions about
environmental health risks (Figure 3). The framework is
sufficiently general to encompass a wide variety of
environmental health risk issues, with the level and effort
invested being scaled to the importance of the problem, the
potential severity and economic impact of the risk, level of
controversy surrounding it,
21. Figure 3. U.S. Presidential/Congressional Commission Framework for Environmental
Health Risk Management (1997).
22. The framework is intended primarily for risk decisions
related to setting standards, controlling pollution, protecting
health, and cleaning up the environment. The framework
consists of Six Steps: Define the problem and put it into
context; Analyze the risks associated with the problem
in context; Examine options for addressing the risks;
Make decisions about which options to implement; Take
actions to implement the decisions; and Conduct an
evaluation of the results of the action
The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management
23. These steps are implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders. In this framework, risk management is used
both to encompass the process of analyzing, selecting,
implementing, and evaluating actions to reduce risk, and to
describe the entire process. The framework emphasizes the
importance of considering health and environmental
problems in a broad context rather than evaluating
individual risks associated with single agents in specific
environmental media, ensuring stakeholder involvement to
the extent appropriate and feasible during all stages of the
risk management process, and adopting an iterative
approach that affords the flexibility to revisit early stages of
the process as new information becomes available.
The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management
24. The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management
Health Canada has recently revised its approach for dealing
with health risks (Risk Management Framework Project
Team, Health Protection Branch Transition and Health
Canada, 2000). The proposed Decision-Making Framework
consists of a series of inter-connected steps that may be
grouped into three phases: Issue Identification (identify
the issue and put it into context); Risk Assessment (assess
potential risks and benefits—where appropriate); and Risk
Management (identify and analyze regulatory and non-
regulatory options; select a strategy; implement the
strategy; and monitor and evaluate the results).
25. The Framework for Environmental Health Risk
Management
The framework portrays the involvement of interested and
affected parties throughout the process, including partners,
the public, and other stakeholders. The framework is similar
in structure to that developed by the U.S.
Presidential/Congressional Commission, although many
aspects of the framework have been developed in more
detail.
The Health Canada framework focuses on examining and
integrating other types of information (social, cultural,
ethical, and economic factors as well as perceived risk) into
the risk assessment process when there is a demonstrated
influence on the level of risk for specific populations.
26. EVOLUTION OF POPULATION HEALTH
Public health addresses environmental conditions that exert
widespread effects on the health of populations. The U.S.
Institute of Medicine (IOM 1988, p. 7) has defined public
health as: “fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions
in which people can be healthy.” Public health interventions
include sanitation, the protection of drinking water; mass
immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases and the
control of microbiological, radiological, and chemical
hazards. The IOM views the application of scientific
knowledge to disease prevention and health promotion in an
organized community effort as the aim of public health
services.
27. EVOLUTION OF POPULATION HEALTH
Health promotion was defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as “the process of enabling people
to increase control over, and to improve their health”
(WHO 1986, p. 1). Arising out of the health education
movement, it focused less on physical factors that cause
specific diseases than did public health, and more on
changing broad aspects of lifestyles .
Population health has been defined as “a conceptual
framework for thinking about why some populations are
healthier than others, as well as the policy development,
research agenda, and resource allocation that flow from it”
(Young 1998,p. 4).
28. EVOLUTION OF POPULATION HEALTH
The distinction between population and public health
continues to be a point of discussion ,Whereas public health
focused traditionally on environmental factors that
influence disease, including sanitation and infectious
disease control, population health takes into account all of
the factors affecting the health of populations. The IOM
(2002) foresees closer linkages between the fields of public
and population health, suggesting that public health can be
enriched by the incorporation of population health
principles.
29. EVOLUTION OF POPULATION HEALTH
In an article entitled Achieving Health For All: A
Framework for Health Promotion, Epp (1986) proposed a
new approach to health that would meet emerging health
challenges. The report first emphasized the importance of
inequities in health and of reducing inequities in the health
of low versus high income groups. Epp cited the disturbing
evidence that, despite Canada’s equitable health services
delivery system, people’s health remained directly related to
their economic status. Epp’s second health promotion
challenge was to increase prevention efforts by finding new
and more effective ways of preventing injuries, illnesses,
chronic conditions, and disabilities .
30. Figure 5. Federal, Provincial, and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population
Health Framework for Population Health (1994).
31. Conclusion
Although it is now widely recognized that a variety of
determinants can influence our health, the conceptualization
of health and the determination of how health can be
achieved and how health inequalities and inequities can be
reduced remains complex.
An integrated approach provides a stronger foundation for
evidence-based population health risk management
decision-making by encouraging a more consistent,
systematic and comprehensive evaluation of population
health issues.