rizal.docx

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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN GEN. ED 07 (THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL)
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 (Rizal Law)
The study of Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s life, works
and writings has been mandated by Republic
Act no. 1425 known as Rizal Law enacted on
June 12, 1956 and took effect on August 16,
1956. This was sponsored by Sen. Jose P.
Laurel Sr. as Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Education.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE
LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS
NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING
THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a
need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our
heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national
hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion
their lives and works that have shaped the national character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring
source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their
formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and
subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of
citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included
in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private:
Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions
of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall
be used as basic texts.
CHAPTER 1

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The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to
adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this
Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and
textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act,
promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to
carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate
rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the
provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but
not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said
rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in
the Official Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and
universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the
original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the
list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools,
colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the
number of books, depending upon the enrolment of the school, college or
university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation
of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose
Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to
be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and
Barrio Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or
repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code,
prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and
other person engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby
authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the
National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
By integrating Rizal in the curriculum, this would benefit the Filipino youth
as well as the whole nation to acquire the following traits incorruptible,
confidence, direction, courage and determination, high sense of relationship,
nationalism and patriotism.

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Department of Education (Dep Ed) Order No. 2 Series of 1996 directs
the Committee on Education for the inclusion of the Rizal Course as a 3-unit
lesson with the following aims and purposes:
1. THE LAW AIMS AND DESIRES TO re-establish that the Filipinos
themselves be imbued with the principles of freedom and a sense of
nationalism. The rational of which is to perpetuate the memories of our hero s
death and sacrifices.
2. The law aims to honor the heroes particularly Dr. Jose P. Rizal and to
remind us of his and his two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo that
paved the way to the nationalism and patriotism of the entire country.
3. The law aims to cultivate and inculcate among the students in all
schools the character development, Self - discipline, civic consciousness and
to teach the duties of citizenship which became the primary reasons for the
enactment of the law for reforms and changes.
To take one’s interest of and to comprehend fully and satisfactorily the
life, works and writing of Dr. Jose P. Rizal, our national hero, it is indeed
indispensable to gain knowledge of the background of world history and the
Philippines during his times. The 19th century of violent blow of the winds in its
history, most particularly in Asia, Europe and America. It was a rigid pour of
events that emanated beyond ones control like sea tides that ruthlessly inflicted
the human lives and fortunes of mankind.
On June 19, 1861, Rizal was born, as the titanic chaos exploded on April
12, 1861 which resulted into the American Civil War (1861 - 1865) that rage
indignantly in the United States over the issue of Negro slavery Compelling
President Abraham Lincoln to proclaim the Emancipation of Negro slaves in
September 22, 1861.
Rizal s time was deemed to be the height of the maladministration of
Spain and its decay that obscured the Philippine skies. The Filipino people
suffered intensely beneath the bondage of Spanish misrule for they were ill-
fated victims of the evils, injustice, prejudices and sudden collapse of colonial
power. Among these baneful features were the following:
1. Instability of Colonial Administration
2. Corrupt Spanish Officials
3. No Philippines Representation to the Spanish Courts
4. Human rights Denied to the Filipinos
5. No equality before the law
6. Maladministration of justice
7. Racial Discrimination
8. Frailocracy/secularization of Filipino Priest
9. Forced Labor / excessive Taxes

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Criteria in
choosing the
national hero
He
should be
a Filipino
He is a
peace-
loving
person
He has
high
ideals
and love
of country
He died
for the
country
as a
martyr
DR. JOSE P.
RIZAL WAS
CHOSEN AS
THE
GREATEST
PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
HERO
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo was a man of
many talents.
The Noli Ma Tangere and El Filibusterismo provided the
ember that awaked Filipino nationalism and paved the way
for the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
He proved that the “Pen is Migther than Sword” to
redeem a people from their political slavery.
10. Haciendas owned by Friars and Spanish Officials
11. The abuses of the Guardia Civil, Church Officials and Political
Leaders
Dr. Jose Rizals writing summarize his nationalistic and patririotics
philosophy as well as his keen sense of awareness of the Filipino people s need
for nation building.
A tribute to a man and hero should be our rationale, because we believe
that Dr. Jose Rizal was an exponent of the roots of our nationhood
The framers of the Rizal law Envisioned that by studying his life,
dissecting his teachings and literary works, the youth may gain inspiration and
might personally involve themselves in nation-building.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL WAS CHOSEN AS THE GREATEST PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL HERO
Dr. Otley Bayer, an
anthropologist and
technical members of the
panel of the Phlippine
Commission recommended
the following criteria in
choosing the national hero.

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He was the first Filipino to unite
and awaken the Filipino people to
peacefully rise for independence.
He is model for being a
peacemaker by his complete self -
denial his complete abandonment
of his personal interest and to
think only of his country and
people.
He was a towering figure in the
propaganda campaign from 1882 -
1896.
He was a martyr at Bagumbayan
where he willingly died for our
country.
THE REASONS WHY
RIZAL WAS CHOSEN
AND DECLARED AS
THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL HERO
REASONS WHY RIZAL WAS CHOSEN AND
DECLARED AS THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL HERO

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Napoleon I who was a great conqueror and ruler said. “There are
only two powers in the world the sword and pen; and in the end
former is always conquered by the sword and pen and the end the
former is always conquered by the latter.”
Sir Thomas Browne said “Scholars are men of peace; they bear no
arm, but their tongue are sharper than the sword. Their pens carry
further and give a louder report than thunder. I rather stand in the
shock of a basilisk than in the fury of a merciless pen”.
What is most admirable in Rizal according to Rafael Palma: “Is
his complete self –denial, his complete abandonment of his
personal interest in order to think only of his country. He could
have been whatever he wished to be , considering his natural
endowments, he could have earned considerable sum of money
from his profession, he could have lived relatively rich happy,
prosperous, had he not dedicated himself to public matters. He
preferred to live far from his family and to sacrifice his personal
affection for an ideal he had dreamed of following his conscience.
He did not have great means at his disposal to carry out his
campaign; He contented himself with what he had. He suffered the
cold winter of Europe, hunger, privation and misery but when he
raised his eyes to heaven and saw his ideals, his hope was reborn,
he soon felt, comforted and resumed the task of bearing the cross
OTHER COUNTRIES CHOOSE THEIR NATIONAL HEROES
Warriors and generals who serve their cause with the sword, distilling,
blood and tears are the heroes of occidental nation. The hero of the Filipinos
served his cause with the pen.
In some countries, they chose their national heroes from soldier-
generals, who fought for the country’s Liberty and independence in the
battlefield with their called mighty “swords”.
Some of them were George Washington of USA, Joan of Arc of France,
Simon Bolivar of Venezuela, Jose de San Martin of Argentina, Jimmo Tenno of
Japan and other.
While in the Philipiines, Jose Rizal, the Philippine national hero was a
pacifist and a civilian who served his cause with the pen through which his
writings had awakened Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the
Philippine Revolution.
What other great men said about the pen and sword.

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The day of his birth and day of his execution are fittingly commented by all
classes of people throughout the country and other Filipinos abroad.
No other Filipino Hero can surpass Rizal in the number of monuments
erected in his honor, in towns, barrios, and schools.
His name is a byword in every home and his picture in printed and used
in postage stamps.
The money paper/coins with his image have the widest circulation that
the poorest of the poor can take hold.
Streets, boulevards, educational institution and persons were named
“Rizal”.
His Noble thoughts and teachings had been frequently invoked and quoted
by speakers.
The union of Manila and Morong to be a province was named after the
illustrious Filipino hero thus the Rizal province was established.
SPAIN
AND THE
PILIPPINE
IN
RIZAL’S
TIME
Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest.
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first Spanish
settlement in 1565 in Cebu.
The Spanish conquerors forced them to adopt foreign ways
and Spanish Catholicism that they never understood.
They lost hire ancestral lands to the “conquistador” by the
encomienda system.
Changes in the form of government and laws took place.
HONORS ACCORDED TO RIZAL A THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL HERO

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• He exercised extensive powers as the head of the
state and the church.
• He issued executive orders and proclamations.
• He was commander-in-chief of the military, and he
also exercised legislative powers with his “cumplase”
by which he could decide which law or royal decree to
implement of disregard
• He enjoyed judicial powers as an ex-officio president
of the Royal Audencia.
• His religious duty gave him the prerogative to
nominate priest to ecclesiastical positions and to
control the finances of the missions.
Governor
General
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The King and the other officials issued royal decrees governing the
Philippines through the Ministry of Colonies (Ministro de UltraMar) based in
Madrid. It helped the Spanish monarch manage the affairs of the colonies and
govern the Philippines though the centralized government in manila exercising
the three powers, the executive, legislative and religious power.
The Governor General, was appointed by the Spanish King headed the
central administration. He was the king’s representative in the government
matters and was the Vice-Royal Patron in terms of religious matters.
The Governor General was assisted by the Lieutenant General (General
Segundo Cabo) and advisory group such as the Board of Authorities, Council
of Administration and Secretariat of the Central Government.
Next to the Central government was the provincial government or
alcaldias run by civil governors, the city government called “cabildo or
ayuntamiento” administered by mayor and a vice mayor who were both chief
executives and chief judicial magistrate. It should be noted that the above
positions are occupied by the Spaniards.
The local government composed of barangay headed by the”
governadorcillo” (later called capitan). This is the highest position in the
government to which a native Filipinos could be appointed. He was elected at

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Governor General
• His prerogatives often gave him the
opportunity to reward his favorites and
relatives and to penalize those who had
displease him.
• He oftentimes lacked the moral strength to
resist corruption for material
advancement.
• He filled in some positions in the
government from the highest bidder thus
many officials exploited their offices to
recover their expenses and to enrich
themselves.
Alcalde Mayor • He controlled the principal trade.
• He bought the people's rice and other
products at low price and sold them back
to the natives at high prices.
• He collected all the products to complete
his needed quota even in time of poor
harvest or crops failure, thus leaving the
farmers with no seeds for next planting.
More for taxes were collected than
required by law and pocketed the excess
collections.
the beginning of every year by the “principalia” made up of the incumbert ex-
cabesa de barangay, the smallest unit of government.
The barangay or barrio headed by the “cabeza de barangay” whose
main responsibility was to collect taxes and tributes from the families. For his
services, he received two percent (2%) of the tax proceeds, and four percent
(4%) of the “sanctorum” or tax paid to the church each year to cover the cost
of three fiestas namely; All Saints Day, Holy Thursday and Corpus Christi.
To ensure that the revenues collected will be submitted, the cabeza’s
properties were deemed mortgaged to the state for the entire duration of his
term that ran for three years
ABUSES OF THE GOVERNMENT
The provincial government
where the alcalde mayor was
the administrator, judge, and
military commander was the
most corrupt branch of the
government.
The excessive powers and
privileges of the governor
general made him weak and
undisciplined.

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EDUCATION
SYSTEM
DURING THE
SPANISH
REGIME
The parochial schools were established with Spanish
missionaries as the teachers.
The friars occupied the dominant positions.
The friars decided what to be taught to the children.
Learning in every level was by rote or memorization and the
students memorized the contents of the book that they did not
understand.
The students were taught in the native dialect although there
was a law requiring the children to be taught in Spanish. The
Spaniards believed that learning Spanish would make the
Filipino people to opposed Spanish rule.
Religion was the most important subject.
The natives were reminded that had they had inferior
intelligence and they were fit only for manual labor.
The children attended classes on the ground floor of the
convent, or in a stable in the casa real or in the darkest corner
in the pueblo’s town hall.
The friars maintained these miserable schools to repress
human intellect rather than to cultivate and develop them.
The Filipinos must keep in the dark. Thus, this explained why
books read by the Filipino people had to pass rigid censorship
by church authorities as well as the government.

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At the end of the Spanish period, the University of Santo Tomas (UST)
was the only institution of university level in Manila. It was established in 1611
solely for the Spaniards and mestizos. It opened its doors to Filipino students
four decades before the end of the Spanish regime, thus Jose Rizal and other
heroes had come to study. The official secondary schools for boys were San
Juan de Letran College and Ateneo de Manila. Secondary Education for girls
was established in Manila; pioneered by Santa Isabel College, La Concondia,
Sta. Catalina College, Sta. Rosa and Asilo de Lookan.Although the Spanish
colonial administration issued the education decree of 20 December 1863
stating, “that each major town of in the Philippines should establish at least one
primary school for boys and another for girls, that the medium of instruction is
Spanish”, the friars did not implement this decree because they believed that if
Filipinos will be educated, it might be inspired by new ideas of freedom and
independence as well as justice.
Another noble intention of Spain to improve
the Educational System in the Philippines was the
Moret Decree of 1870. This decree intended to
secularize higher education in the colony; again the
friars opposed the idea of the government’s control
over education.
INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
The political instability in Spain adversely affected Philippine affairs
because it brought about frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies and a
periodic rigodon of colonial officials. For instance, from 1849-1898, the
Philippines was ruled by forty-five governor-generals, each serving an average
term only one year and three months. At one time, from December 1853 to
November 1854- a period of less than a year, there were four governor
generals.
The frequent change of colonial officials hampered the political and
economic development of the Philippines. Hardly had one governor-general
begun his administration when he was soon replaced by his successor.
Naturally, no chief executive, no matter how able and energetic he was, could
accomplish much for the colony.
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS

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PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES
The first period of the Philippines representation in the Spanish Cortes
(1810-1813) was fruitful with the beneficent results for the welfare of the colony.
However, the second period of representation (1820-1823) and the third period
(1834-1837) were less fruitful in the parliamentary work.
Unfortunately, the representation of the overseas colonies (including the
Philippines) in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837. Since then, Philippine
conditions worsened because there was no means by which the Filipino people
could expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials. Many Filipino
patriots valiantly pleaded for the restoration of the Philippine representation in
the Cortes. Spain ignored the fervent plea of Graciano Lopez Jaena and his
compatriots. Their grievance was embittered by the fact that Cuba and Puerto
Rico were granted representation in the Cortes by the Spanish Constitution of
1876. Until the end of Spanish rule in 1889, Philippine representation in the
Cortes was never restored.
4.2 HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS
Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other
constitutions, the people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of association, and other human rights. The Spanish who
cherished these human rights or constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to
the Filipinos in Asia.
General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), a boastful and ruthless governor general,
aroused the anger of the Filipinos by executing the innocent Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, the “Martyrs of 1872”.
Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) a good Moro fighter, but he was an inept and
weak administrator.
General Fernando Primo de Rivera, governor general for two terms (1880-1883) and
(1897-1898), enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila
which he scandalously permitted to operate.
General Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891), a cruel and corrupt governor general of
Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a
millionaire. He received huge bribes and gifts of diamonds for his wife from wealthy
Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese law. The Filipinos scornfully called him “tyrant”
because of his brutal persecution of the Calamba tenants, particularly the family of Dr.
Rizal. The Cubans contemptuously cursed him as “The Butcher” because of his
ruthless reconcentration policy during his brief governorship in Cuba in 1896, causing
the death of thousands of Cubans.
General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897), an able militarist but heartless governor
general, was widely detested by the Filipino people for executing Dr. Jose Rizal.

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4.3 NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
The Spanish missionaries, who introduced Christianity into the
Philippines as early as in the 16th century, taught that all men, irrespective of
color and race, are children of God and such they are brothers, equal before
God. In practice, the Spanish colonial’s authorities, who were Christians, did
not implement Christ’s precepts of the brotherhood of all men especially during
the last decades of Hispanic rule. They arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned
Filipinos as inferior beings, not their Christians brothers to be protected but
rather as their subjects to be exploited. The Filipinos were abused, brutalized,
persecuted, and slandered by their Spanish master. They could not appeal to
the law for justice because the law, being dispensed by the Spaniards, was only
for the white Spaniards.
MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Dr. Rizal and his family were victims of Spanish injustice. Twice, first in
1871 and second in1891, Dona Teodora (Rizal’s mother) was unjustly arrested
and jail on flimsy grounds. Rizal himself was deported in July, 1892 to Dapitan
without benefit of a trial. His brother Paciano and his brother-in-law were exiled
to various parts of the archipelago without due process of law. Like Fathers
The courts of
justice in the Philippines
during Rizal’s time were
notoriously corrupt. They
were courts of injustice,
as far as the brown
Filipinos were
concerned. The Spanish
judges, fiscals
(prosecuting attorneys)
and other court officials
were inept, venial, and
often time of law
Justice was costly, partial, and slow.
Poor Filipinos had no access to the courts because they
could not afford the heavy expenses of litigation.
To the Filipino masses, litigation on court was calamity.
The expenses incurred even in a simple lawsuit often
exceeded the value of the property at issue, so that in
many instances the litigants found themselves
impoverished at the end of the long tussle.
Criminal cases dragged on for many years during which
period either the delinquents took to flight, or the
documents were lost.

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•Spaniard or a mestizo, no matter how stupid or Mongol
born, always enjoyed political and social prestige in
the community.
•Racial prejudice was prevalent everywhere--- in
government offices, in the courts of justice, in the
armed forces, in the social circles, and even in the
educational institutions and in the ecclesiastical
hierarchy.
4.5
RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION
•The Spanish political philosophy of union of Church
and State arose a unique form of government in
Hispanic Philippines called "frailocracy"
(frailocracia), because it was a government by friars.
•The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, and
Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational
life of the Philippines, and later in the 19th century,
they came to acquire tremendous political power,
influences and riches.
•The friars practically ruled the Philippines through a
facade of civil government. The colonial authorities,
from the governor general down to the alcaldes
mayores, were under the control of the friars.
•He could send a patriotic Filipino to jail or denounce
him as a filibuster (traitor) to be exiled to a distant
place or to be executed as an enemy of God.
4.6 FRAILOCRACY/
SECULARIZATION
OF FILIPINO
PRIEST
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, Rizal was executed—a
noble victim of Spanish miscarriage of justice.

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•The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny was the
Guardia Civil (Constabulary) which was created by the
Royal Decree of February 12, 1852, as amended by
another Royal Decree on March 24, 1888, for the
purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the
Philippines.
•It was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined
Guardia Civil in Spain.
•They later became infamous for their rampant abuses,
such as maltreating innocent people, looting their
carabaos, chickens and valuableelongings and raping
helpless women.
•Both officers (Spaniards) and men (Natives) were ill
trained and undisciplined, unlike the Guardia Civil in
Spain who were respected and well-liked by the
populace.
4.9
THE ABUSES OF
GUARDIA CIVIL,
CHURCH
OFFICIALS AND
POLITICAL
LEADERS
Jose Rizal actually witnessed the atrocities committed by the Guardia
Civil on the Calamba folks. He himself and his mother had been victims of the
brutalities of a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
It was natural that Rizal directed his stinging satire against the hated
Guardia Civil. Through Elias in Noli Me Tangere, he exposed the Guardia Civil

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as bunch of ruthless ruffians good only “for disturbing peace and
persecuting honest men.”
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following statements
correctly by writing the answer on the space provided
before the number.
1. He is n anthropologist who recommended the criteria in choosing the
Philippines National Hero to the technical members of the Philippine
Commission.
2. Name the two powerful novels of Dr. Jose Rizal that
awakened Filipino Nationalism and paved the way for the
Philippine Revolution.
3. He is the Philippine National Hero considered as a pacifist and
a civilian who served his cause with the pen which his writing
hand had awakened. Filipino nationalism and paved the way
for the Philippine Revolution.
Chapter I Exercises

17
4. He is the great man and leader who mentioned that, “Scholars
are men of Peace; they bear no arms, but their tongue are
sharper than sword. Their pens carry further and giver a
louder report than thunder”.
5. He is the Spanish colonizer who imposed and established the
first Spanish settlement in 1565 in Cebu.
6. It is the governing body which helped the Spanish monarch
manage the affairs of the colonies and govern the Philippines
through the centralized government in Manila and issued
through Royal decrees.
7. Name the educational institution that was established in 1611
solely for the Spaniards and mestizos which opened its doors
to Filipino students four decades before the end of the
Spanish regime; thus Jose Rizal and other heroes had come
to study.
8. He is the beautiful and ruthless governor general that aroused
the anger of the Filipinos by executing the innocent Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora in 1872.
9. It is a unique form of government in Hispanic Philippines
which resulted in the Spanish political philosophy of the union
of church and state.
10. It is the sum of money to be paid to the government to be
exempted from the Polo and compulsory labor imposed by the
Spanish colonial authorities.
II. TRUE OF FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. Dr. Jose Rizal proved that: “sword is mightier
that Pen” to redeem a people from their
political slavery.
2. The most admirable in Rizal according to Jose Palma: is his
complete self-denial his complete abandonment of his
personal interest in order to think only of those of his country.
3. One of the reasons why Rizal was chosen and declared as the
Philippines National Hero because he was the first Filipino to write and
awaken Filipino people to peacefully fight for independence.

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1. Explain the reasons why Dr. Jose Rizal was chosen
and declared as the Philippine National Hero.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
4. The heroes of occidental nations are warriors and generals who served
their cause with the pen while the heroes of the Filipinos who served
their cause with the sword.
5. Dr. Jose Rizal said that, “There are only two powers in the world, the
sword and pen; and in the end the former is always conquered by latter”.
6. No other Filipino hero can surpass Rizal in the number of monuments
erected in his honor, in towns, barrios, school and some places of the
world.
7. The barangay or barrio during Spanish era was headed by the “Cabeza
de barangay” whose only responsibility was to collect taxes and tributes
from the families.
8. The Spaniards believed that learning Spanish would cause the Filipino
people to oppose Spanish rule.
9. Spain ignored the fervent plea of Graciano Lopez Jaena and his
compatriots and their grievances; hence, they were embittered by the
fact that Cuba and Puerto Rico were granted representation in the
Cortes by the Spanish constitutions of 1876.
10. The union of Manila and Rizalinto a province after the illustrious Filipino
brought about the establishment of the Rizal province.
III. ESSAY

19
2. Compare and contrast the educational system during
the Spanish period to our present education system.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
___
3. Enumerate and discuss briefly the reasons behind
the Filipino revolts against the Spanish Government.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
____________________________________
4. Identify and explain briefly at least four (4) virtues of
Rizal that you should possess as a student.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
___
JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY TREE AND HISTORY
The wisdom and sacrifices of Jose Rizal for the country earned him the
title of the greatest Malayan who ever lived. It was an honor he rightfully
deserves. Up to this day, no Asian has surpassed Rizal’s ingenuity and extreme
intelligence.
The fact that he is the national hero of the Philippines is just one of side
of him. The life and times of Rizal though short is an endeavor that scholars
CHAPTER 2

20
and scientist alike find worthy to study and analyze. What is about the union of
Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo (Rizal’s parents) that produce Jose
Rizal? As well-known Rizalist, Dr. Austin Craig was the first to trace Rizal’s
family roots and discover his Chinese ancestry.
Rizal’s Chinese ancestors, a Chinese immigrant and business tycoon
Don Domingo Lamco, (Chinese name: Cue Yi-Lam) of Laguna was the great-
great grandfather of Jose Rizal. Lamco is originally from Amoy, China who
came to the Philippines in the mid-17th century. This is where he met his wife,
Inez de la Rosa daughter of Augustin Chinco an immigrant trader from
Chuanchow.
To prevent conflict and hostility with the Spanish authorities, he decided
to drop the name Lam-co and adapted a Spanish surname. As merchants, they
chose the name “Mercado” because it means market. Lamco started the
businesses of the Mercado clan. He was a successful entrepreneur in spite of
the discrimination experienced by Chinese traders from Spaniards.
In June,1697, Lamco was baptized in the Catholic church of Manila’s
Parian Chinese ghetto and moved to Biñan, Laguna. He was 35 years old at
the time. His financial state improved in Biñan and he became a Chinese
community leader. Lamco’s son Francisco Mercado and grandson Juan
Mercado married Chinese mestizas and both served as distinguished mayors
of Biñan for five terms.

21
Don Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) was
born in Biñan, Laguna.He studied Latin
Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
After their parent’s death, Francisco and two of
his sisters moved to Calamba. He became a
tenant farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.
Doña Teodora Alonso Y Realonda (1829-1911)
was born in Meisika Sta. Cruz Manila. She
studied at Colegio fe Sta. Rosa in Manila. She
was woman of refined culture and character, with
exemplary literary talents, the fortitude of Spartan
woman and with business ability, she managed
their store.
Juan’s wife Cirila Alejandra was the daughter of an immigrant trader and
Domingo Lamco baptismal godson Siong-co. They are the parents of Rizal’s
father. When Rizal’s father was born, the family transferred to Calamba. The
house they built was the first stone house in the whole town.
Jose Rizal’s brother, Paciano was identified with one of the martyred
priest, Jose Burgos, so the family changed their surname from Mercado to
Rizal.
Recent genealogical findings revealed that Rizal also had Spanish,
Japanese, and Negrito acncestry. Teodora’s (Rizal’s mother) great grandfather,
Eugenio Ursua was a descendant of Japanese settlers.
Ursua married a Filipina named Benigna and their union produced
Regina Ursua. Atty. Manuel de Quintos, a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinan
married Regina and their daughter is named Brigida. Brigida married half-caste
Spaniard named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo. They are the parents of Teodora and
Rizal’s grandparents.
JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY
The Rizal family belonged to the “Principalia” an aristocratic town of
distinguished families.
THE HEROE’S PARENTS
Jose Rizal described his father in his diary:
“My father was a model of fathers had given us an education commensurate
with our small fortune; and through thrift he was able to build a stone house;
erect a little nipa house in the middle of our orchard under the shade of some
trees and others.”
Rizal lovingly described his mother:

22
“My mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture: she knows literature and
speaks Spanish better than I. She even corrected my poems and give me wise
advices when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read
many books.”
Both parents greatly influenced Rizal as shown in his character, “From
his father he inherited a profound sense of dignity and self-respect, seriousness
and from his mother the dreamer and bravery for sacrifices and her literary
prowess”.
Don Francisco Mercado Rizal and Doña Teodra Alonso Y Realenda
were blessed with eleven (11) children: two (2) boys and nine (9) girls. They
were as follows in order of their birth.
1. Saturnina Rizal
(1850-1913)
1. He eldest child of the Rizal children, nicknamed
“Neneng” who was married to Manuel T. Hidalgo
of Tanauan, Batangas. Hidalgo and Rizal sent
frequent correspondence while the latter was in
Europe.
2. Paciano Rizal
(1851-1930)
1. He was the second child and oldest brother of
Rizal. He was Rizal’s confidant, and he was the
one who convinced Rizal to study in Europe
without their parent’s permission. Paciano

23
constantly advised his brother Jose Rizal
through letter while in Europe. After Rizal’s
execution in December 1896 at Bagumbayan, he
joined the Philippine Revolution and became a
combat General. He returned to his farm in Los
Baños, where he lived as a gentleman farmer
and died at the age of 79.
3. Narcisa Rizal
(1852-1939)
1. The third child and whose nickname is “Sisa” and
was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father
Leoncio Lopez) a school teacher in Morong,
Bataan.
4. Olympia Rizal
(1855-1887)
1. The fourth child with a nickname “Ypia”, who was
married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator
form Manila and was blessed with five children.
She died while giving birth in 1887.
5. Lucia Rizal
(1857-1919)
2. Who married Mariano Herbosa (nephew of
Father Casañas). Herbosa died of Cholera and
was denied of Christian burial being the brother-
in-law of Jose Rizal.
6. Maria Rizal
(1859-1945)
3. Nicknamed “Biang” and was married to Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Biñan Laguna. The couple was
blessed with five (5) children.
7. Jose Rizal
(1861-1896)
4. Nicknamed “Pepe” the greatest Filipino hero,
and peerless genius. He became the National
Hero of the Philippines. He had a common law
relationship with Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl
from Hong Kong. He had a son but died few
hours after birth. Rizal named him after his
father.
8. Conception Rizal
(1862-1865)
5. Nicknamed “Concha” who died at the age of
three. Her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa Rizal
(1865-1945)
6. Nicknamed “Panggoy”. She was epileptic and
died spinster at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad Rizal
(1868-1951)
7. Nicknamed “Trining”. She was the last of Rizal
children to survive and died as spinster too and
died at the age of 83.

24
11. Solidad Rizal
(1870-1929)
8. The youngest whose nickname is “Choleng”
married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba and
blessed with five children.
Jose Rizal loved his sister that he usually wrote letter to them while in
the Philippines and foreign countries. He emphasized his ideas about women
and their righteous place in the society. He also compared the Filipina to
European women as to their dignity. Once of his letters before he left the
Philippines for Cuba 1896 stated thus:
“I urge you take care, serve and love our parents as you would like your
children later to take care of you, serve and love you in your old age. May you
live united, forgive one another’s faults, and avoid misunderstanding, the
natural thorns of life because it is displeasure for parents to see that their
children not living in harmony”.
RIZAL’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
THE BIRTH OF RIZAL
Jose Rizal, the 7th child of the Rizal
family, was born on June 19, 1861
Wednesday between 11:00 and 12:00
night in the town of Calamba, province of
Laguna, Philippines. His mother almost
died during her delivery because Jose’s
head was big. As he recounted in his
student memoirs:
“My coming out this vale of tears would have cost my mother
and her life, had she not vowed to the Virgin of Antipolo to take me
to her sanctuary by the way of pilgrimage”.
He was baptized in the Catholic Church in Calamba on
June 22, 1861 by the parish priest, Father Rufino Collantes. His godfather was
Father Pedro Casañas, a close friend of the Rizal family. Father Collantas was
impressed by the big head of baby Jose. He told them “Take good care of this
child, for someday he will become a great man”. The name “Jose” was chosen
by his mother to honor of
San Jose (St. Joseph) whose feast was March 19.
His complete name was JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL
ALONZO Y REALONDA. The name Protacio was taken from the Catholic
calendar which was a practice during the Spanish time, that when a child is
born, he/she is named after the saint of the day. The surname Mercardo which
means market in English was adopted in 1731 by his paternal great-
grandfather, Domingo Lamco a full-blooded Chinese merchant.

25
Added surname Rizal was given by Don Francisco which is closer to the
Spanish word Racial which means “luntiang bukirin” related to his work as
hacienda owner/farmer. Alonzo was the surname of Rizal’s mother and
Realoda was used by Doña Teodora which is the surname of her godmother.
JOSE RIZAL’S CHILHOOD YEARS
Jose Rizal, as a young boy had beautiful, fruitful and pleasant memories
as well as sorrow. He grew up in a happy home. He could remember the
tenderest care of his parents because he was frail, sickly and undersized boy.
His father built a nipa hut in the garden for him to play in the daytime. At the
age of three (3), he enjoyed watching in the garden the insects, the maya,
culiawan, maria capra, pipit the martin and other birds. He listened “with
excitement and wonder” to their twilight songs and sounds.
Another childhood memory was the daily praying of Angelus of 6:00pm
in their altar as all of them gathered for prayers.
At the “azotea” on a moonlit night, the aya (nursemaid) would tell stories
about fairies, legends, tales of buried treasures, and other fabulous stories.
Sometimes if he did not like to eat his supper, the Aya would threaten him that
aswang, tikbalang, nuno or the turbaned Bombay will come to take him away.
He is brought for a walk for the relief-giving breeze, to see the fruit
bearings trees, flowers, birds. The scenic beauty of his hometown Calamba,
the legendary Mt. Makiling and the distant Antipolo with the shrine of the
miraculous Lady of Peace and Good Voyage.
At the age of three (3) he began to join religious processions, novena in
the church and and at the age of five (5) he was able to read the Spanish Bible
with the help of his mother.
When Rizal was nearly 7 years old (June 6, 1868), his father took him
for a pilgrimage to Antipolo in order to fulfil his mother’s vows which was made
when Jose was born. Doña Teodora could not accompany them because he
had given birth to Trinidad. It was the first trip of Rizal across Laguna de Bay
and his first pilgrimage to Antipolo.
After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, they went to Manila,
to visit his sister Saturnuna at the La Concordia College in Santa Ana.
THE HERO’S FIRST SORROW
The Rizal children were bound together by the ties of love and care. Jose
loved most his little sister Concha (Concepcion) who has next to him.
Unfortunately, Concha died at the age of three and for the first time he shed
tears for love and grief, which is said to be his first sorrow.

26
THE STORY OF THE MOTH
Of all the stories told by Doña Teodora to Jose, the story of the moth
made the profoundest imprint of him which he recalled after some years.
“My Mother was teaching me how to read in Spanish” The Children’s
Friends (El Amigo de Los Niños). This was a rare book and old copy. This night
my mother became impatient with hearing me read so poorly. I did not
understand Spanish and so I could not read with expression. She took the book
and read it to me but I was watching the flame with some little moths circling
around the flame. Soon as my mother noticed that I was not interested. She
stopped and said to me, “I once opened my eyes on hearing the word story.
She told me “The story of the moth”.
Once upon a time, an old moth had warned her daughter against the
flame, so beautiful, so inviting, yet fatal and deceitful fir it destroyed whoever
came too close. She herself said, she was once been tempted by it; she had
barely escaped with half-burnt wings. The frightened young moth promised to
obey, but was soon asking herself: “now why should my mother try to give me
such a scare? Why should I close my eyes to such a pretty sight? These old
people are such cowards! They thinks every fly is ‘an elephant, any old dwarf a
giant. What harm can it do to me, whatever she says, if I come near the flame,
so long as I am careful? What I am, a little silly? What a story I shall have for
all other girls if I, being very careful of course, take a closer look. “No sooner
said that done, and the silly little moth went fluttering around the flame. At first
she only felt pleasantly warm; this encouraged her and she flew closer and
closer until at last, dazzled by flame, fell and perished in it.
As she put me to bed, my mother said: “See to it that you do not behave
like the young moth. Don’t be disobedient, or you may get burned as it did.” I
do not know whether I answered or not.
The story revealed to
me the things until then
unknown. Moths no longer
were, for me, insignificant
insects. Moths talked, they
knew how to warn. They
advised just like my mother.
The light seemed to me
more beautiful. It had grown
more dazzling and more
attractive. I knew why the
moths circled the flame. The
tragic fate of the young
moth left a deep impact on
Rizal’s mind, and like that
young moth he was fated to
die as a martyr for a noble
ideal.

27
RIZAL’S MENTORS
Doña Teodora, Rizal’s mother was his first teacher. Barely three (3)
years old. Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother. He was taught how to
read and wright in Spanish.
As he grew older, his parents employed private tutors to give him lessons
at home. The first was Maestro Celestino and the second, Maestro Lucas
Padua. Later, and old man named Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s
father, became the boy’s tutor. This old teacher lived at the Rizal home and
instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. Unfortunately, he did not live long. He
died five months later.
After Monroy’s death, the hero’s parents decided to send their gifted son
to a private school in Biñan.
At about this time, two of his mother’s cousin frequented Calamba. Uncle
Manuel Alberto, seeing Rizal frail in body, concerned himself with the physical
development of his young nephew and taught the latter love for the open air
and developed in him a great admiration for the beauty of nature, while Uncle
Gregorio, a scholar, instilled into the mind of the boy love for education. He
advised Rizal: “Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be
swift as well as thorough; be independent in thinking and make visual pictures
of everything.”
Rizal possessed a God-given talent for literature. His mother who was a
lover of literature noticed his poetic inclination, hence, she encouraged him to
write poetry.
Since childhood, Rizal showed an unusual talent in art and literature. He
scribbled verses on loose sheets of paper and on the textbooks of his sisters.
His mother, who was a lover of literature, noticed his son’s inclination and gift
for writing poetry. At the age of eight years old, Rizal wrote his first poem in the
native language entitled, “Sa aking Mga Kabata – To My fellow children”.
TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
Whenever people of a country truly love
The language which by heav’n they were taught to use
That country also surely liberty pursue
As does the bird which soars to freer space above
For Language is the final judge and referee
Upon the people in the land where it holds sway;
In truth our human race resembles in this way
The other living beings born in liberty.
Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue
Is worse than any beast or evil smelling fish.

28
To make our language richer ought to be our wish
The same as any mother loves to feed her young.
Tagalog and the Latin language are the same
And English and Castillian and the angels’ tongue;
And God, whose watchful care o’er all is flung,
Has Given us His blessing in speech we claim,
Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know
Had alphabet and letters of its very own;
But these were lost – by furious waves were overthrown
Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago.
This poem reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment. In poetic verses,
he proudly proclaimed that a people who truly love their native language will
surely strive for liberty like “the bird which soars to freer space above” and that
Tagalog is the equal of Latin, English, Spanish, and any other language.
Father Leoncio Lopez, the old and learned parish priest of Calamba
fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty.
At an early age, Rizal was already exposed to the injustices and
brutalities of Spanish authority in the Philippines particularly the Guardia Civil
who were supposed to protect the people from harm. Rizal wondered why these
abuses were happening especially to the poor. Years later, he related:
I spent many, many hours of my childhood down on the shore of the
lake, Laguna de Bay. I was dreaming of what might be over on the other side
of the waves. Almost every day, in our town, we saw the Guardia Civil lieutenant
injuring some unharmed and inoffensive villagers. The villager’s only fault was
that while at a distance he had not taken off his hat and made his bow. The
alcalde treated the poor villagers in the same way whenever he visited us.
We saw no restraint put upon brutality. Acts of violence and other excess
were committed daily… I asked myself if, in the lands which lay across the lake,
the people lived in this same way. I wondered if there, they tortured any
countryman with hard and cruel whips merely on suspicion. Or ever yonder
also, in order to live in peace, would one have to bribe tyrants?
Rizal, young as he was, grieved deeply over the unhappy situations of
his beloved fatherland. The Spanish misdeeds awakened in his boyish heart a
great determination to fight tyranny.

29
before the number.
1. The old parish priest of Calamba who fostered Rizal to value intellectual
honesty and scholarship.
2. The first native poem written by Rizal when he was eight (8)
years old.
3. An old man and former classmate of Rizal’s father who taught
Rizal Spanish and Latin.
4. The complete name of the Philippine National Hero.
5. The priest who baptized Rizal in the Catholic Church in
Calamba on June 22, 1861.
6. The name that was taken from the catholic calendar which
was a practice during Spanish time, that when a child is born,
he/she is named after the saint of the day.
7. The name of the saint whose feast day is celebrated every
March 19 that gave the mother of Rizal to derive his name.
8. A woman of refined culture and character, who studied at
Colegio de Sta. Rosa, with exemplary literary talents, with
business ability and was considered the great mother of Rizal.
Chapter 2 Exercises

30
9. A great man who took Latin and Philosophy at the Colegio de
San Jose, became a tenant farmer of the Dominican-owned
hacienda, hardworking and independent minded.
10. A well-known Rizalist who was the first to trace Jose Rizal’s
family roots and discovered the Chinese ancestry of Rizal.
1. Of all the stories told by Doña Teodora
to Rizal, the story of the moth made
the profoundest imprint of him.
2. Both of Rizal’s parents greatly influenced his character.
“From his father he inherited a profound sense of
dignity and self-respect; and from his mother, the
dreamer, bravery for sacrifices and literary prowess.
3. The sacrifices and wisdom of Jose Rizal for the country gave
him the title of the Greatest Malayan.
4. The Rizal surname was given by Doña Teodora Alonzo which
is closer to the Spanish word “Ricial” which means “luntiang
bukirin” related to his work as hacienda owner.
5. At the age of four (4), Rizal joined religious processions,
novena in the church and at the age of five (5), he was able
to read the Spanish Bible with the help of his mother.

31
1. Explain the message of the letter given by Rizal to
his beloved sisters before he left the Philippine for
Cuba in 1896.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
2. Enumerate and explain briefly the importance and
similarities of your family and parents to Rizal’s family
and parents.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6. Doña Teodora was the first teacher of Rizal and by three (3)
years old, Rizal learned the alphabet, and also how to read
and write in Spanish.
7. The Rizal family belonged to the “principalia”, the aristocratic
section of the town composed of distinguished families.
8. Josefa was the most beloved sister of Rizal who was next to
him and died at the age of 3 and for the first time he shed
tears for love, grief and said to be his first sorrow.
9. Jose Rizal was the 8th child of the Rizal family, was born on
June 19, 1861 Wednesday between 11:00 and 12:00 night in
Calamba, Laguna.
10. When Rizal was nearly seven (7) years old, his mother took
him for a pilgrimage to Antipolo in order to fulfill the vow his
mother made when Jose Rizal was born.
III. ESSAY

32
3. Explain the important lesson that we can learn
from “the Story of the Moth” particularly in dealings
with our parents’ advice and reminders
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
____________________________________
4. Explain the message of the poem, “To My fellow
Children” giving importance to nationalism and national
identify.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
___
JOSE RIZAL’S ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
EDUCATION AT BIÑAN, LAGUNA
In June of 1896, Paciano, Rizal’s brother accompanied him to Biñan tp
continue his studies. They proceeded to their aunt’s home where Jose will stay.
Paciano brought Rizal to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino
Cruz, his older brother’s former teacher. The school, which was made if Nipa
doubled as the house of the Maestro. At once, Jose Rizal was assigned a seat
and was asked and replied at once: “Do you know Spanish? “A little Sir” Do you
know Latin? “A little Sir” The boy in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher’s
son laughed at Jose’s answers. The teacher sharply stopped all noises and
begun the lessons of the day.
CHAPTER 3

33
The Jesuit’s
system of
education
The Jesuit’s system of education was more advanced.
Its discipline was rigid and the methods are varied.
It promoted physical culture, humanities and scientific
studies.
It also establishes vocational courses in agriculture,
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz was a disciplinarian. He was a tall man,
lean and long-neck, with a sharp nose and a body slightly bent forward. He
used to wear a sinamay shirt woven by deft hands of Batangas women.
In afternoon of his day in school, when the teacher was having his siesta,
Jose met the bully, Pedro. He was angry for making fun of him during his
conversation with teacher in the morning.
Jose challenged pedro to a fight. The latter readily accepted, thinking
that he could easily beat the Calamba boy who was smaller and younger.
The two boys wrestled furiously in the classroom, much to the glee of
their classmates. Jose, having learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tiyo
Manuel, defeated the bigger boy. Because of this, he became popular among
his classmates.
After the class in the afternoon, a classmate named Andres Salandanan
challenged him to an arm-wrestling match. They went to a sidewalk of a house
and wrestled with their arms. Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and nearly
cracked his head on the sidewalk.
In succeeding days, he had other fights with boys of Biñan. He was not
quarrelsome by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.
Jose spent his leisure hours with teacher Justiniano’s father in-law, a
master painter named Juancho. He took the opportunity to become an
apprentice together with his classmate Jose Guevarra. Sooner they became
the class’s best painters.
Jose Rizal led a frugal and methodical life in Biñan. His time was well
budgeted form 4 o’clock in the morning such as hearing mass, eating time,
studies and leisure time at times he played in the street with friends and other
boys when there was the moon. He concentrated on his studies diligently and
he excelled in Spanish, Latin and all subjects.
Having finished his studies in Biñan, Rizal returned to Calamba on board
the motorboat “Talim”. His parents planned to transfer him to Manila to
continue his studies.
EDUCATION AT THE ATENEO DE MANILA
On June 10, 1872, Paciano accompanied Rizal to take the entrance
examination at College of San Juan de Letran and passed it. Don Francisco
changed his mind and decided to send Rizal to Ateneo Municipal.
Paciano accompanied Rizal to Manila to enrol at the Ateneo Municipal.
Father Magin Fernando, the school registrar, refused to admit him for these
reasons: he was late for registration and he was sickly and small for his age.
With the intercession of Perez Burgos, a nephew of Father Burgos, he was
admitted to the Ateneo that was located in Intramuros within the walls of Manila.

34
Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech. Being a newcomer
and with little knowledge of Spanish, and an externo (non-boarders), he was
placed in the Carthaginian Empire. The other group was the “Roman Empire”
consisting of the internos (boarders). Within the empire, the students aspired
for the position by answering the questions for the day’s lesson. If a student
made three (3) mistakes he could lose his position. Any student might be at the
end of the line, but if he studies hard and was brilliant, he could become an
“emperor”. The two groups “Roman Empire” and “Carthaginian Empire”
were in constant competition for supremacy in the class.
Jose Rizal progressed well in his studies that after a month he became
the “emperor” and was considered the brightest pupil of the class. He was
awarded a prize, namely, “a religious picture” which he was so proud of
because it was the 1st prize he ever received at Ateneo.
He spent his leisure hours by taking private lessons to improve his
Spanish at Sta. Isabel College. He paid three pesos for the Spanish Lessons.
At the end of the school year on March 1873, he returned to Calamba
for the summer vacation. He did not enjoy his vacation because his mother was
in prison at Sta. Cruz. Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that
she and her brother, Jose Alberto tried to poison the latter’s wife. After her
arrest, Doña Teodora was forced to walk from Calamba all the way to Sta. Cruz,
a distance of 50 kilometers. She was imprisoned for two and half years.
In his second year in Ateneo (1873-1874), nothing unusual happened to
Rizal. Once again, he received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal
as a diligent student and voracious reader. Rizal kept reading fiction, non-fiction
and novel like the Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas. His imagination
was stirred by the sufferings of Edmond Dantes (the hero), his escape from the
dungeon of Chateau d’ If, and his finding a buried treasure on the rocky island
of Monte Cristo and his revenge on his enemies who had offended him.
Rizal also read Travels in the Philippines written by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a
German scientist-traveller who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860. The book
consisted of the keen observation of the defects of Spanish colonization and

35
that America would come to succeed her as a colonizer. Through his readings,
he discovered the wisdom of books and its influences on his search for
knowledge.
Another book that his father bought was the Universal History by Cesar
Cantus which a risk source of historical facts about the world. He used to read
this while studying in Ateneo.
On his fourth year in Ateneo, Jose Rizal was inspired to study hard and
to write poetry by one of his professors, Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a
great educator and scholar. Rizal had a highest affection and respect for Father
Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in Ateneo.
Rizal’s formal lessons at the Ateneo gradually gained him proficiency
both in the art of rhetoric and in the art of independent thinking.
He expressed his ideas on the value of education in his poem “Through
Education The Country Receives Light” (Por la Education Recibe Lustre la
Patria). He stressed that responsible education instills in the youth, noble ideas
and sublime virtues. Learning infuses truth, and discipline brings peace, glory
and tranquillity to the nation.
Por la Education Recibe Lustre la Patria. “Through Education the
Motherland Receives Light” (1 April 1876). This poem shows Rizal’s higg
regard for education. He strongly believed in the important role which education
plays in the development and progress of a nation.
Wise education, vital spirit,
Instills an enchanting virtue,
She elevates the country to the lofty seat
Of immortal dazzling glory
And as the gently puff of the fresh breeze
Again turns green the hue of fragrant flower
Thus education, with learned hand,
Beneficently exalts the human being.
For her the mortal sacrifices
His existence and placid repose;
For her born are seen art and science

36
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – A tender
poem in honor of Calamba, the hero’s natal town.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education
(Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education).
3. Por la Education Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through
Education the Country Receives Light).
4. Ed Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prison de
Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and
the Imprisonment of Boabdil). This martial poem described the
defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last Moorish sultan of Granada.
That crown the human with beautiful laurels;
And as a from the eminence of lofty mountain
Springs pure torrent of the wavy river;
Thus education without measure gives
To the country were peace securely dwells.
Where wise education raises a throne
Vigorous youth robustly grows,
That subdues error with firm resolve
And with noble ideas exalts itself
The cervix of vice she breaks;
Black crime before her pales;
Barbarous nations she tames.
And of savages champions she makes.
In sapphire may her deeds be carved;
Let the country a thousand honors pay her;
For in her son’s noble breast
Virtue transplanted vigorous flowers;
And in the love of good ever strong
Rulers and masters shall see
The people noble who with faithful happiness
Ever seek Christian education
And like the golden morning sun sheds
Resplendent rays of gold,
And like the beautiful golden and scarlet dawn
Scatters its refulgent colors;
Thus virtue of pleasure to the living,
And to beloved illustrious country
Immortal splendor and luster she offers.
There were other poems written by Jose Rizal while in Ateneo as inspired by
Father Sanchez: “to make full use of his God-given talents in poetry and open
his mind to the rich influence of the world’s literature”.
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics – religion, education,
childhood memories, and war. They were as follows:

37
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – This year
praises Columbus, the discoverer of America.
2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – This poem related
how King John of Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure to
finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.
3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great
Misfortune) – This is a legend in verse of the tragic life of
Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell
Dialogue of the students) – This was the last poem written by Rizal in
Ateneo; it is a poignant poem of farewell to his classmates
A year later, in 1877 he wrote more poems. It was his last year in Ateneo.
Among the poems written that year were:

38
LAST YEAR OF RIZAL AT ATENEO (1876-1877)
He excelled in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the schools
term. He proudly offered all his excellent ratings and medals to his parents,
a way to repay them for their sacrifices and love. He was considered, the
most brilliant Ateneo of his time, he was truly the “Pride of the Jesuits”. His
scholastic records at the Ateneo from 1872 to 1877 were as follows:
1872 – 1873 1873 – 1874
SUBJECT RATING SUBJECT RATING
Arithmetic Excellent Greek 2 Excellent
Greek I Excellent Latin 2 Excellent
Latin I Excellent Spanish 2 Excellent
Spanish I Excellent Universal Geography Excellent
1874 – 1875 1875 – 1876
Arithmetic & Algebra Excellent French I Excellent
Greek 3 Excellent Geometry &
Trigonometry
Excellent
History of Spain and
the Philippines
Excellent Rhetoric & Poetry Excellent
Latin 3 Excellent
Spanish 3 Excellent
Universal History Excellent
1876 – 1877
SUBJECT RATING
Botany & Zoology Excellent
Mineralogy &
Chemistry
Excellent

39
The academic excellence of
Rizal and his literary skills qualified
him for membership in two exclusive organizations of Ateneo, namely, “The
Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Science” where he
became the “prefect”.
He also joined the Marian Congregations; (Sodality of our Lady and
Apostleship of Prayer) where he became the secretary of the Marian
Congregations.
RIZAL’S STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 1877- 1882
For higher studies, after graduation from Ateneo, he pursued his studies
at the University of Sto. Tomas. The Bachelor of Arts course during the Spanish
times was equivalent only to the high school and Junior College Courses today.
His mother Doña Teodora was opposed to his son’s pursuing higher
education in Manila because she was reminded of the fate of intelligent Filipinos
like the priests GOMBURZA.
Don Francisco believed of the great future that awaited to his son whose
intelligence was among the “best” during that time.
During his first year at UST he studied simultaneously at Ateneo taking
up vocational course leading to the title of “perito agrimensor” (expert
surveyor) with grades of “Excellent” but was not given the title because he
was still 17 years old.
He finally decided to take up medicine with the advice of Fr. Pablo
Ramon, the Director of Ateneo de Manila with the intention and desire to cure
Doña Teodora’s failing eyesight.
EXPERIENCE OF SPANISH BRUTALITY
Rizal experienced his first taste of Spanish Brutality when he was in
Calamba spending summer vacation after a long tedious study as medical
students of UST.
One night while he was walking alone along a dark street, Rizal failed to
recognize the Spanish civil guard, passing by his side, thus, he did not bow,
salute or greet the man. At a striking distance, the civil guard (Guardua Civil)
whipped Rizal mercilessly at the back with a stingray tail (buntot pagi). He
suffered from the wounds inflected on his back that lasted for two weeks before
it was completely healed. He could not accept such brutal treatment. When the
incident was reported to the Captain General Primo de Rivera, he was even
Philosophy 1 Excellent
Philosophy 2 Excellent
Physics Excellent

40
reprimanded and even told Rizal that he should be thankful for being still alive
and spared by the civil guard.
RIZAL’S ARTISTIC WORKS
While at UST, Jose Rizal showed his literary prowess. In the year 1879,
the Artistic-literary Lyceum of Manila (Liceo Artistico Literario) a society whose
members were the artists in literature held a contest in poetry writing and
composition.
The contest is opened to natives or mestizos. Rizal showed his literary
prowess. In the year 1879, the Artistic-literary Lyceum of Manila (Liceo Artistico
Literario) a society whose members were the artist in literature held a contest
in poetry writing and composition.
The contest is opened to natives or mestizos. Rizal joined the contest
and submitted his poem “To the Filipino Youth” (A La Juventud Filipina). It is
an inspiring poem of very significant form. Rizal pleaded to the Filipino youth to
rise from their complacency and how their talents and skills.
TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH / A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA
Unfold, oh timid flower!
Lift up your radiant rainbow,
This day, Youth of my native strand!
Your abounding talents show,
Resplendently and grand,
Fair hope my Motherland! Soar high, oh genius great,
And with noble thoughts filled their mind;
The honor’s glorious seat,
May their virgin mind fly and find
More rapidly than the wind.
Descend with the pleasing light
Of the arts and sciences to the plain,
Oh Youth, and break forthright
The links of the heavy chain
That your poetic genius enchain.
See that in the ardent zone,
The Spaniard, where shadows stand,
Doth offer a shining crown,
With wise and merciful hand
To the son of his Indian land.
You, who heavenward rise
On wings of your rich fantasy,
Seek in the Olympian skies

41
The tenderness poesy,
More sweet that divine honey;
You of heavenly harmony,
On a calm unpredictable night,
Philomel’s match in melody,
That in varied symphony
Dissipate man’s sorrow’s blight;
You at th’ impulse of your mind
The hard rock animate
And your mind with great pow’r consigned
Transformed into immortal state
The pure mem’ry of genius great;
And you, who with magic brush
On canvas plain capture
The varied charm of Phoebus,
Loved by the divine Apelles,
And the mantle of Nature;
Run! For genius’ sacred flame
Awaits the artist’s crowning
spreading far and wide the fame
Throughout the sphere proclaiming
With trumpet the mortal’s name
Oh, joyful, joyful day,
The Almighty blessed be
Who, with loving eagerness
Sends your luck and happiness
After the expert reading and scrutiny, discussion of all the entries, the
Board of Judges had chosen Rizal’s poem as superior and had won the first
prize and recognition. The prize consisted of a feather shaped silver pen
decorated with a gold ribbon.
The following year, the Liceo again sponsored another competition
celebrating the centenary of the death of Miguel de Cervantes, the national poet
of Spain. Again he joined and won the first prize for his play; The Council of the
Gods (El Consejo de los Dioses).
This presented a discussion among the Olympian gods and goddesses
as to who the greatest poet was between Homer, Virgil, or Cervantes. Jupiter
was the final judge. The evaluation showed that the works of the three poets
were of equal value. Critics and readers praised the work lavishly. They
awarded the first prize to Rizal’s work due to its superiority and quality. The
second was awarded to a Spanish writer. The two prize winning works proved
that an “Indio” could write as well as a Spaniard, or even better.

42
The allegory gave a parallel among Homer, Vigil and Cervantes. The
gods discussed the merits of the great writers. The decision was to give the
trumpets to Homer, the lyre to Virgil, and the laurel to Cervantes. At the end,
the naiads, nymphs, satyrs, and other mythological characters dancing and
gathering laurels for Cervantes.
Another literary piece that Rizal penned was the zarzuela; JUNTO al
PASIG (Beside the Pasig) which was staged by the Ateneans on December 8,
1880 on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception.
OTHER LITERARY WORKS OF RIZAL
To the Philippines (A Filipinas) – a sonnet that Rizal dedicated to the
Society of Sculpture in 1880.
AL M.R.P. – Birthday greetings to the very reverend Father Pablo Ramon, S.J.
Rizal gave honors to the kind priest who raised his spirit and intelligence. He
wrote the poem in January 25, 1881.
The study of Rizal at University of Sto. Tomas (UST) was not
meaningful and fruitful just like when he was at Ateneo. He found the
atmosphere at UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at the
Dominican institution of higher learning. The professor were hostile ot him, the
method of teaching was farm from the brilliant method at Ateneo and prejudice
and racial discrimination was prevalent.
Because of his situation, Rizal failed to win high scholastic honors.
Although his grades in the first year of the Philosophy courses were all
“excellent” they were not impressive in the four years of his medical courses.
His scholastic records were as follows:
Philosophy & Letters 1877 – 1878 Medicine 1878 – 1879 – 1st year
Cosmology &
Metaphysics
Excellent Anatomy I Good
History of Philosophy Excellent Chemistry Excellent
Theodicy Excellent Dissection I Good
Natural history Good
Physics Fair
Medicine 1879 – 1880 – 2nd year Medicine 1880 – 1881 – 3rd year

43
before the number.
1. He was the priest that Rizal considered as the best professors
in Ateneo.
2. He prophesied that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines, and America will succeed her as a colonizer.
3. He was considered the brilliant Atenean of his time and Pride
of the Jesuits.
Anatomy 2 Good General Pathology Good
Dissection 2 Good Surgery Good
Physiology Good Therapeutics Excellent
Private Hygiene Good
Public Hygiene Good
Medicine 1881 – 1882 – 4th year
SUBJECT RATING
Medical Pathology Good
Obstetrics Good
Surgical pathology Excellent
Chapter 3 Exercises

44
4. The teacher of Rizal in Biñan who was a disciplinarian and
also a former teacher of Paciano.
5. The first prize winning poem of Rizal while at UST which he
pleaded to the youth to rise from their complacency and use
their talents and skills.
6. The book written by Dr. Feodor Jagor consisting of his keen
observation of the defects of Spanish Colonization in the
Philippines.
7. The novel read by Rizal that his imagination was stirred by the
hero’s (Edmond Dantes) sufferings and his revenge on his
enemies.
8. The school registrar of Ateneo Municipal who refused, to
admit Rizal because he was sickly and undersized for his age.
9. The poem written by Rizal which stressed that education
instills in the youth noble ideas and sublime virtues toward the
development and progress of a nation.
10. The school in Manila where Rizal first took the college
entrance examination.
1. The book Universal History that Rizal’s father
bought was a rich source of historical facts about
the world.
2. Jose Rizal was inspired by the Dominican fathers to make full use
of his God given talents in poetry.
3. When Rizal finished his medical course at UST, all his grades were
excellent.

45
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4. While in Ateneo, Jose Rizal became the “emperor” and was considered
the brightest pupil in class.
5. Doña Teodora was not spared the brutalities of the Guardia Civil and
was imprisoned for two and half years.
6. Being a man, Jose Rizal was not qualified to join the Marian
Congregations which is one of the exclusive organizations at Ateneo.
7. Jose Rizal as a young boy was by nature quarrelsome that’s why he is
always involved in fights in school.
8. Jose Rizal offered all his excellent ratings and medals to his parents to
repay them to their sacrifices and love.
9. The guardia civil was reprimanded by the captain general when Rizal
reported to him that he was whipped mercilessly when he failed to bow,
to salute and to greet him.
10. The grouping of the class with certain ranks/ position to be maintained
by its member is a good motivation to make the students to study hard.
IV. Diagramming. Make a brief historical sketch of Rizal’s Education using the
flowchart below.

46
1. Name at least three of the qualities or virtues of
Rizal as a student which you can also put to practice
while you are here in our institution.
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2. Describe fully how Jose Rizal as a student spent his
money and leisure time wisely. What about you?
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IV. ESSAY
JOSE RIZAL TRAVELS AND STUDIES
CHAPTER 4

47
FIRST TRAVEL DECISION TO GO ABROAD
Jose Rizal continued his four years of the medical course at the
University of Santo Tomas (UST). The academic freedom that he had enjoyed
while at the Ateneo was weakened by the racial prejudice and limitation at the
UST. Nevertheless, he finished his course for he wanted to treat the failing
eyesight of his mother. His general average was creditable but he found the
classroom inadequate for his academic curiosity. He them decided to continue
his studies in Spain.
Aside from continuing his studies abroad, he intended to observe the life,
culture, industries, government and laws of the European nations in order to
prepare himself in his obsession to liberate the Filipino people from Spanish
tyranny.
The plan was not known to his parents because they would surely
disapprove of his leaving for Spain. His older brother Paciano, his two sisters,
Saturnina and Lucia, his uncle Antonio Rivera and other friends supported him.
TRAVEL FOR SPAIN
On May 1, 1882, he began writing
farewell to his friends and family. Using
the name Jose Mercado, Jose Rizal’s
departure for Spain was made possible.
His brother Paciano gave him some
money, while Saturnina gave him a
diamond ring and a Jesuit priest gave him
letter of recommendation from the Ateneo
authorities to the Jesuit father in
Barcelona, Spain.
On May 3, 1882, Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer ship
SALVADORA bound for Singapore. He was the only Filipino and the rest were
Spaniards, British and Indian Negroes. He got along famously with his fellow
passengers, some of them older than him, whom defeated in chess. Even the
ship Captain, Donato Lecha from Asturias, Spain had made friends with Rizal.
After five days of sailing, the Salvadora reached the English Colony of
SINGAPORE. He registered at Hotel dela Paz. His two days stopper were spent
most of the time in visiting the historic places, temples, botanical garden, art
galleries and the status of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles ( Founder of Singapore
in 1819).

48
FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO, SRI-LANKA (CEYLON)
From Singapore he boarded the DJEMNAH,
A French steamer bound for Europe on May 11,
1882. French was mostly spoken on board. To
his surprise. The Frecsh he learned at the
Ateneo could not be understood. He gradually
improved his facility of the language by
conversing daily with the passengers.
On May 17,
1882, Djemnah made its stopover at the POINT
GALLE. He noted, “ Point Galle, a seacoast
town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) which
is picturesque but lonely, quiet and at the same
time sad.” The ship then headed north and on
May 18, docked at COLOMBO, capital of
Ceylon. Rizal wrote, “Colombo is more
beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore,
Points Galle and Manila”.
TRIP THROUGH SUEZ CANAL
The Djemnah continued to voyage crossing
the Indian Ocean to the CAPE OF
GUARDAFUL, the barren coast of Africa
which for Rizal was an inhospitable land but
famous, The next stopover was in ADEN.
This was the first time Rizal stepped in Africa
soil and saw camels. From Aden, the
Djemnah arrived at the PORT SAID in the
CITY OF SUEZ. The Red Sea Terminal suez
Canal Rizal was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking “A
babel of tongues” Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish etc..
From PORT SAID, the ship traversed the suez Canal and on June 11,
arrived at NAPOLCOM ( Now NAPLE, Italy). Passengers were allowed to move
around the place and Rizal never wasted time to explore the first European
territory in his sight. He was pleased because of its business activities, its lively
people, its panoramic beauty like Mt. Vesuvius, the Castle of Saint. Telmo, and
other historic sights.
After the brief stop at Napoli, the ship proceeded to MARSEILLES and
arrived at the French harbor on June 12, 1882. He visited the famous chateau
d’ If where DANTES, the hero of “THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO” was
imprisoned. He enjoyed reading this novel of Alexander Dumas when he was
at the Ateneo. In the afternoon of June 15, Rizal left Marseilles by train bound
for BARCELONA. The train crossed PYRENEES and stropped for a day at
PORT BOU for passport inspection and they finally reached BARCELONA on

49
June 16, 1882, the second largest city of Spain and the greatest city of
Cataluña.
Jose Rizal’s first impression of the city was not favorable for he
happened to stay upon his arrival at a dirty inn wherein the staff and guest were
indifferent to him. However, as he had stayed in the city this impression had
changed and found Barcelona to be really great city. The people were
courageous, open-hearted and hospitable, and most of all the atmosphere of
freedom and liberalism in Ateneo welcomed him. He was given a party at their
favorite café in PLAZA DE CATALUÑA, with customary exchange of toast. The
acquaintances, the attractions of the city and the good customs of the Spanish
people were the opposite of the in the Philippine.
While in Barcelona, Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled, LOVE OF
COUNTRY (AMOR PATRIO) which was his first article written in Spin’s soil
under the penname LAONG LAAN. He sent this to his friends BASILIO
TEODORO MORAN, publisher of DIARIONG TAGALOG, the first Manila
newspaper that published both Spanish and Tagalog. This AMOR PATRIO was
published on August 20, 1882 in two texts. The Tagalog text was the translation
made by MARCELO H. DEL PILAR. In this essay, he urged the Philippines to
love the love the Philippines, their fatherland. He wanted them to be free, to be
people with dignity and honor according to God’s plan and not slaves. He was
requested by his friend to write more articles because it had caused a sensation
to the readers because of its nationalistic fervor. In response to the request , he
wrote the second article for Diariong Tagalog LOS VIAJES (TRAVELS). His
third article entitled REVISTA DE MADRID ( REVIEW OF MADRID) was
returned to him for Diariong Tagalog had stopped publication because of lack
of funds.
IN MADRID
With unwavering determination, prodigious
energy and talent, he left Barcelona on November
3, 1882. He enrolled at the Central University of
Madrid ( Universidad Central de Madrid) for the
Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters. He followed
systematic and well-organized schedule of study
because he wanted to learn so much within a short
time. To enhance his artistic talents he also took up
lessons in painting and sculpture at the Academia
de Bella Artes de San Fernando ( Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando) as
well as lessons French, German and English under private.
During his free hours, he practiced fencing and shooting or he attended
lectures on art galleries and museums, and read books on all subjects including
military engineering. He rigidly budget his money and time. He lived frugally,
with immense capacity for work. He was a voracious reader who could stay until
midnight reading fiction and non-fiction novels, which a habit he acquired early
in life at home. With the many books he had read, two books left a deep

50
impression on him that heightened his sympathy for the oppressed and
unfortunate people. These were Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Hariet Beecher Stowe
and The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue.
Rizal joined the Hispano Philippine Circle ( Circulo Hispano-Filipino), a
society of Spaniards and Filipinos shortly after his arrival in Madrid. Upon the
request of the members of this society, he wrote a poem entitled, THEY ASK
ME FOR VERSES (ME PIDEN VERSES) which he personally declaimed during
the New Year’s Eve reception in Madrid last December 31, 1882. In this sad
poem, he poured out the cry of his agonizing heart, his loneliness and sadness
of being alone in a foreign land.
They Ask Me for (Mi Piden Versos)
He was wrote this poem in 1882 while he was enrolled in the Universidad
de Madrid. Addressed to his mother, he bared his loneliness and sadness of
being alone in a foreign shore. He showed also the physical and emotional
strains of his crusade for freedom.
He lamented that he did not have “love, fervor and eagerness” anymore
for he left them “ neath the sky of so flowery a region” the Philippine.
During his first summer vacation in Madrid from June 17 to August 20,
1883 he went to Paris which is the famous capital of France. Like all tourists,
Rizal was attracted to the sights of Paris like the beautiful boulevards (Champs
Elysses), the arch of Triumph, the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Invalides
(containing the tomb of Napoleon the Great). He also observed closely the
French way of life, visiting museums, the world famous Louvre; botanical
garden in Luxembuirg; Laennee Hospital and Sariboisiere Hospital where he
observe Dr. Nicaise treating his patients.
Among the significant developments in Rizal’s Life in Madrid was his
becoming a mason. He came in close contact with the Spanish liberals and
republicans who were mostly masons. He was impressed by the Spanish
masons openly and freely criticized and attacked the government and the
church which could not be done in the Philippines for they will be jailed or
executed if they do so. He discovered the political possibilities of becoming a
Mason so he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid with the Masonic
name DIMASALANG. Two reasons impelled him to join masonry; to secure
freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines for they use
the Catholic religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power and wealth
and persecute the Filipino patriots; second, to utilize freemasonry as his shield
to combat these problems in the Philippines and for more mature contacts and
enlightenment as he was writing his Noli Me Tangere. He had been awarded
the diploma as Master Mason on Feb. 15, 1892. After joining the masons, Rizal
naturally ceased going to mass and wandered far from the faith. He continued
to have faith in Divine Providence, a testimony to the deep imprint of
Catholicism in his soul.
While in Madrid, the Filipinos including Rizal were having financial
problems. However, they were inspired by the victory of Juan Luna and

51
Resurrection Hidalgo. Luna’s painting, “Spolarium” won first prize gold medal
while Hidalgo’s painting, “Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace” was a
awarded second prize silver medal in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
Madrid. It was an Exalting moment for the Filipinos colony in Madrid and Rizal
was invited to give the principal speech held in the evening of June 25, 1884. It
was attended by prominent Spanish artists, newspapermen, statesmen and
Filipinos. He salute Luna and Hidalgo as the two glories of Spain and the
Philippines Speaking in sonorous Castilian, he held his audience spellbound.
He concluded with refined sarcasm the abuse and blindness of some Spaniards
who could not comprehend an university genius. He significantly conducted his
memorable speech by offering a toast to Luna and Hidalgo to parents whose
sons were in Europe. The magnificent speech of Rizal was greeted with
ovations, for they have not heard such speech from the lips of a brown Filipino
which was almost peerless in mobility of thoughts, in Spanish rhetoric
eloquence and sincerity of feelings.
RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN SPAIN
Rizal followed a systematic and well-organized schedule of study. He
completed his medical course and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884 that made
him a full-pledge physician, qualified to practice medicine. The next academic
year ( 1884-1885) he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of
Doctor of Medicine but was not awarded his Doctor’s Diploma for he did not
submit the thesis as a requirement for graduation nor paid the corresponding
fees. At the same time, he was also awarded the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters on June 19,1885 with the rating of “ Sobresaliente”
(excellent). The degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred on him
posthumously in 1961 during the centenary of his birth.
RIZAL IN PARIS AND BERLIN (1885-1887)
With Rizal’s relentless search for
relevant education and advance studies, he
went to Paris, France and Berlin, Germany
to specialize in ophthalmology because be
wanted to cure his mother’s eyes ailment. On
his way to Paris he stopped at Barcelona to
visit his friend, Maximo Viola, a medical
student who belonged to a rich
family in San Miguel, Bulacan and Don Miguel
Morayta, the owner of La Publicidad. He
arrived in Paris in October of 1885 and
stayed there for four months as an assistant to
Dr. Louis de Weckert a leading French
Ophthalmologist. After four

52
months and concentrated study, he learned the medical techniques of an eye
operation.
During his stay in Paris, he visited the studio of Juan Luna, the home of
Pardo de Tavera and Felix Ressurecion Hidalgo. They had long hours of
discussion on the many problems of art and learned techniques of his own. He
help Luna by posting as a model in several paintings like “The Death of
Cleopatra” where he posed as the Egyptian priest. In another of Luna’s great
painting, ”The Blood Compact”, he posed as Sikatuna with Dr. Trinidad Pardo
de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi.
RIZAL IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG, BERMANY
His limited allowance and his
desire to learn more about eye
ailments prompted him to go to
Germany, where the cost of living
was cheaper than in Paris. On
February 2, 1886, he reached
Heidelberg, a historic city in
Germany famous for its old
university. He worked at the
University Eye Hospital under the direction and supervision of Dr. Otto Becker
a distinguished renowned German ophthalmologist. He attended the lectures
of Doctor Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the University. During weekends,
Rizal visited scenic spots around Heidelberg, the famous Heidelberg Castle,
the romantic Neckar River, the old churches. He noticed that the German
Catholics and Protestants practiced ecumenism for they lived together in
harmony and cordially. Half of the town churches was used by Catholics and
the other by the Protections.
During his stay in Heidelberg he lived with a Protestant pastor Dr. Karl
Ullmen, who became, who became his good friend. The two had many friendly
conversations on the merits of Catholicism and Protestantism Rizal a mason by
this time, ably defended Catholicism. In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated
by the blooming flowers along the banks of the Neckar River. Among them was
his favorite flower – the light blue “forget me Not”.
“A Las Flores de Heidelberg “To The Flower of Heidelberg” (April 22,
1886) was written during his stay in the city of Heidelberg, Germany. He was
inspired by the pretty flowers strewn along the banks of the Neckar River. In his
poem, he revealed his longings for his native land. Rizal sent his message of
love and faith in the Philippines.
FIRST LETTER TO PROFESSOR FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT
Rizal’s pride in his linguistic talent was heightened when he wrote in a
German letter to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of Ateneo of

53
Leitmeritz Austria on July 31, 1886. He knew that his Austrian Ethnologist was
interested in Philippine languages.
With the letter, sent the book which he mentioned and was entitled
ARITHMETICA ( Arithmetic) in our language Spanish and Tagalog by university
of Santo Tomas press in 1868 authored by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, a native
of Sta. Cruz Laguna. Blumentritt was impress by Rizal’s letter and the
reciprocated by sending Rizal two books as a gift. This marked the beginning
of their correspondence, and their friendship that lasted all their lives Blumentritt
became the best friend of Rizal. Rizal was fortunate to see the fifth celebration
of the University of Heidelberg on August 6, 1886. It was three days before
departure, and he was sad because he had come to love the beautiful and its
hospitable people, which he lamented; if he would be able to return to his place
again.
FROM GENEVA, SWITZERLAND TO ITALY
On June 19, 1887, in Geneva, Switzerland,
Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday. After two
weeks, then he toured Italy. He visited the
famous cities of Venice, Turin Milan,
Florence and Rome. In Rome, it was
regarded as an “ Eternal City” and the “ City
of Caesars”. The Vatican is the “ Seat of
Authority of the Roman Catholic Church” and
regarded as “City of Pope”. Rizal stayed in
Rome for almost one week and headed
back home.

54
before the number.
1. The name used by Dr. Jose Rizal when he traveled in Spain.
2. The nationalistic essay written by Dr. Jose Rizal while in
Barcelona wherein he used Laong Laan as his pen name.
3. The school in Madrid, Spain where Dr. Jose Rizal enrolled for
the Licentiate in Medicine and Philosophy and letters.
4. The title of the poem personally declaimed by Rizal during the
New Year’s Eve reception in Madrid Dec. 31, 1882, wherein
he poured out the cry of his agonizing heart, loneliness and
sadness of being alone in a foreign land.
5. Rizal third article that was returned to him for Diariong
Tagalog had stopped publication because of lack of funds.
6. The poem written by Rizal which revealed his longings for his
native land and inspired him by the pretty flowers growing
along the banks of the Neckar River.
7. A distinguished renown German ophthalmologist in the
University Eye Hospital who directly supervised Rizal during
his stay at Heidelberg, Germany.
8. An Austrian Ethnologist and Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz
who was interested to study Philippine languages, wherein
Rizal gave him a German letter of appreciation and a valuable
book written by his countrymen.
9. The school in Spain, Madrid where Jose Rizal enrolled to
enhance his artistic skills in painting and sculpture.
Chapter 4 Exercises

55
10. The painting of Resurrecion Hidalgo which was awarded
second prize silver medal in the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid.
1. The academic freedom that Rizal had enjoyed
while at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran was
weakened by the racial prejudice and limited
findings at the University of Sto. Tomas (UST).
2. Rizal wrote that “Colombo” is more beautiful, smart and elegant
than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila”.
3. Rizal was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking “A
babel of tongues” such as Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, French, Italian and
Spanish.
4. On June 12, 1882, when Rizal arrived at the Pearl Harbor he visited the
famous Chateau d’ If where Dantes, the hero of “The Count of Monte
Cristo” was imprisoned.
5. The third article of Rizal entitled “Amor Patrio” was returned to him for
Diariong Tagalog which had stopped because of lack of funds.
6. The magnificent speech of Rizal was greeted with ovations, for they have
not heard such speech from the lips of a brown Filipino which was almost
peerless in mobility of thoughts, in Spanish rhetoric eloquence and
sincerity of feelings.

56
1. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Rizal to
go Spain.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
2. Explain how Rizal gave honor and glory to both Spain and
Philippines in his speech given on the victory of Juan Luna
and Resurrecion Hidalgo during the National Exposition of
Fine Arts in Madrid.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
7. During the stay of Rizal in Berlin, he visited the studio of Juan Luna the
home of Pardo de Tavera and Felix Ressurrecion Hidalgo to discuss the
problems of art and learned techniques of his own.
8. Dr. Jose Rizal completed his medical course and was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Cental de Madrid on
June 21, 1884 that made him a full-pledged physician.
9. On May 3, 1882, Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora
bound for Berlin.
10. The plan of Rizal on leaving for Spain was supported by his older brother
Paciano, his two sisters, Saturnina and Lucia, his uncle Antonio Rivera
and other friends.
IV. ESSAY

57
IV. Diagramming. List three places that Rizal visited that you would also want
to visit too. Briefly explain why did you chose these places.
THE GREAT NOVEL AND THE FIRST HOMCOMING
THE NOVEL; NOLI ME TANGERE
As a man obsessed with freedom and liberty for the Filipino people,
Rizal proposed a book wring project to the Filipino members of the Circulo
Hispano Filipino. The book would deal on the socio-cultural and political
aspects of life in the Philippines. When details were discussed during the
meeting, most of the members wanted to write about the characters and
activities of the Filipino women. Most of them were not interested in Rizal’s
proposed project. With this, Rizal decided to write the book by himself. He did
not lose hope, using his talent and writing, skills he started to write his
masterpiece, the “ Noli Me Tangere”. He joined the Brotherhood of Masons for
more mature contacts and enlightenment to complete the book.
He managed to finish the first half of the noli Me Tangere in Madrid. He
continued writing in Paris where he was inspired through the immortal
declaration of the rights of man, that had been passed and being implemented.
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
___________________
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
___________________
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
___________________
CHAPTER 5

58
The Noli Me Tangere was printed in Berlin
because Rizal was short of funds. He was
charged P300.00 for 2,000 copies. His friend
Maximo Viola offered to pay the amount and the
book was finally released in March 1887.
Rizal studied Hebrew to enable him to interpret the
Bible its original text and be better prepared to
defend any controversial religious issues that Noli Me
Tangere might arise.
“Noli me tangere” is a Latin phrase that Rizal took from
the Bible meaning : Touch me not.” In John 20:13-17, the
newly-risen Christ says to Many Magdalene. “Touch me
not; I am not yet ascended to my Father, but go to my
brethren, and say unto them I ascend unto my Father
and Father, and to my God and your God”.
Noli Me Tangere ( The Social Cancer as the alternative English
title) is a Spanish-language novel written by Jose Rizal that is
credited with the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos
of Rizal’s time. It was published in 1887 in Berlin. The novel is
commonly referred to by its shortened name Noli. The English
translation of Charles Derbyshire was titled The Social Cancer.
He finished it in Germany where scientific research and philosophy were free
from the church and state.
SUMMARY OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan Crisostomo Ibarra
came back to the Philippines after a 7 year absence. In his honor, Captain
Tiago threw a get-together party, which was attended by friars and other
prominent figures. In an unfortunate incident, Former curate father Damaso
belittled and slandered Ibarra. But Ibarra brushed off the insult and took no
offense; he instead politely excused himself and left the party because of an
allegedly important task.
The day after the humble party, Ibarra went to see Maria Clara, his love
interest, a beautiful daughter of Captain Tiago and an affluent resident of
Binondo, Manila. Their long-standing love was clearly manifested in this
meeting, and Maria Clara cannot help but reread the letters her sweetheart had
written her before he went to Europe. Before Ibarra left for San Diego,
Lieutenant Guevara, a Guardia Civil, revealed to him the incidents preceding
the death of his father, Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich haciendero of the town.

59
According to the Lieutenant, Don Rafael was unjustly accused of being
a heretic, in addition to being a filibuster- an allegation brought forth by Father
Damaso because of Don Rafael non partition in the Sacraments, such as
Confession and Mass. Father Damaso’s animosity against Ibarra’s father was
aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael helped out on a fight between
a tax collector and a student fighting, and the former’s death was blamed on
him, although it was not deliberate. Suddenly, all of those who thought ill of him
surfaced with additional complaints. He was imprisoned, and just when the
matter was almost settled, he got sick and died in jail. Still not content with what
he had done, Father Damaso arrange for Don Rafael’s corpse to be dug up and
transferred from the Catholic cemetery to the Chinese cemetery because he
thought it inappropriate to allow a heretic such as Don Rafael a Catholic burial
round. Unfortunately, It was raining and because of the bothersome weight of
the cadaver, the men in charge of the burial decided to throw the corpse into
lake.
Revenge was not in Ibarra’s plans; instead he carried through his father’s
plan of putting up a school, since he believed that education would pave the
way to his country’s progress (all over the novel the author refers to both Spain
and the Philippines as two different countries which form part of a same nation
or family , being Spain the mother and the mother and the Philippines the
daughter). During the inauguration of the school, Ibarra would have been killed
in a sabotage had Elias-a mysterious man who had warned Ibarra earlier of a
plot to assassinate him-not saved him. Instead the hired killer met an
unfortunate incident and died. The sequence of events proved to be too
traumatic for Maria Clara who got seriously ill was luckily cured by the medicine
Ibarra sent her.
After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a luncheon during which Father
Damaso uninvited and gate-crashing the luncheon, again insulted him. Ibarra
ignored the priest’s insolence, but when the latter slandered the memory of his
dead father, he was no longer able to restrain himself and lunged at Father
Damaso, prepared to stab the latter for his imprudence. As a consequence,
Father Damaso excommunicated Ibarra. Father Damaso took this opportunity
to persuade the already-hesitant father of Maria Clara to forbid his daughter
from marrying Ibarra. The friar wished Maria Clara to marry a Peninsular named
Limares who just arrived from Spain.
With the help of the Captain-General, Ibarra’s ExCom munition was
nullified and the Archbishop decided to accept him as a member of the Church
once again. But as fate would have it, some incident of which Ibarra had known
nothing about was blamed on him, and he was wrongly arrested and
imprisoned. But the accusation against him was overruled because during the
litigation that followed, nobody could testify that he was indeed involved.
Unfortunately, his letter to Maria Clara somehow got into the hands of the jury
and was manipulated such that it then became evidence against him.
Meanwhile, in Captain Tiago’s residence a party was being held to
announce the upcoming wedding of Maria Clara and Linares. Ibarra with the
help of Elias, took his opportunity and escaped from prison. But before leaving,

60
Noli Me
Tangere
Noli Me Tangere was Rizal’s first novel
Rizal was 26 years old during the publication of Noli Me
Tangere.
Noli Me Tangere was historically significant and was
instrumental in establishing the Filipino’s serve of national
identity.
Noli Me Tangere indirectly influenced a revolution although
the author, Jose Rizal, actually advocated for direct
representation to the Spanish political affairs.
The Noli Me Tangere was written in Spanish, the language
of the educated at a time when Filipinos were markedly
segregated by diverse native languages and regional
cultures.
The Noli Me Tangere created so much controversy that only
a few days after arrival, Governor-General Emilio Terrero
summoned him to the Malacañang Palace and told him of
the charges saying that the Noli Me Tangere was full of
subversive ideas.
Noli Me Tangere was instrumental in creating a unified
Ibarra talked to Maria Clara and accused her of betraying him, Thinking that
she gave the letter he wrote her to the jury, Maria Clara explained to Ibarra that
she will never conspire against him but that she was forced to surrender
Ibbara’s letter to her in exchange for the letter written by her mother even before
she, Maria Clara, was born. The letters were from her mother, Pia Alba, to
Father Damaso alluding to their unborn child; and that she, Maria Clara, was
therefore not the daughter of Captain Tiago, but of Father Damaso,
Afterwards, Ibarra and Elias boarded a boat and left the place Elias
instructed Ibarra to lie down and the former covered the latter with grass to
conceal the latter’s presence . As luck would have it, they way spotted by their
enemies. Elias thought he could outsmart them and jumped into the water. The
guard rain shots on the person in the water, all the while not knowing that they
were aiming at the wrong man.
Maria Clara, Thinking that Ibarra has been killed in the shooting incident, was
greatly overcome with grief Robbed of hope and serve disillusion, she asked
Father Damaso to confine her into a nunnery. Father Damaso reluctantly
agreed when Maria Clara threathe1ned to take her own life demanding :” the
nunnery or death”. Unbeknown to her, Ibarra was still alive and able to escape.
It was Elias who had taken the shots. It was Christmas Eve When Elias woke
up in the forest, gravely wounded and barely alive. It was in this forest that Elias
found Basilio and his lifeless mother, sisa.

61
“My book made a lot of noise, everywhere, I am asked about it. They wanted to
excommunicate me because of it……. I am considered a German spy, an
agent of Bismarck they say I am a Protestant, a freemason, a sorcerer, a
dammed soul and evil. It is whispered that I want to draw plans that I have a
foreign passport and that I wonder through the streets by night…..”
THE FIRST HOMECOMING
With all beautiful memories of his five years of travel to foreign Lands,
Rizal could never forget the Philippines, his Fatherland. During the time he was
abroad, he studied, acquired knowledge and learned the languages foreign
nations, enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western world, but he
remained at heart a true Filipino with an endorsing love for the Philippines and
very strong determination to serve and die in the land of his birth the Philippines.
He decided to return to Calamba for three reasons: (1) to operate on his
mother’s eye; (2) to help his family and the Filipino people; to find out for himself
how the Noli Me Tangere ands his other writings were affecting the Filipinos
and Spaniards in Philippines. Last but not the least; (3) he wanted to find out
why Leonora Rivera remained silent while he was in Rome. On June 29, 1887,
Rizal wrote to his father about his homecoming. He expected to be in the
Philippines by the 15th to 30th of August 1887.
Rizal boarded the steamer Djemnah on July 3, 1887, the same ship
which brought him to Europe 5 years ago, Rizal was the only Filipino among
the passengers (Englishmen, German, Chinese, French and also Japanese)
who could speak many languages, so he had a good time acting as interpreter
for his companions. He also got along well with the other passengers by playing
chess.
Reaching Saigon, he transferred to another steamer Haiphong which
was bound for Manila on August 2, 1887. He reached Manila on August 6, and
was welcomed heartily by his parents, relatives and friends. He found Manila
the same as when he left it 5 years ago. He stayed in the city for a short time
to visit his friends. He returned to Calamba on August 8. He wrote to Blumentritt.

62
“ I had a pleasant voyage, I found my family enjoying good health and
happiness. It was great seeing each other again. They shed tears of joy and I
had to answer their thousands of question at the same time”.
Amidst the happy and peaceful aura of his arrival, his family was worried
for his safety. Thus, Paciano did not leave him to protect him from any enemy
assault. His own father would not let him go out alone for something else might
happen.
In Calamba, Rizal built a medical clinic with his mother as his first patient
who was almost blind. He treated his mother’s eyes but could not be operated
on because her eye contracts were not yet ripe. His coming back as a doctor
spread far and wide. He was called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from
Germany. His professional fees were reasonable, even “gratis: for the poor He
opened a gymnasium for young folks to introduce European sports,
gymnastics, fencing and shooting so as to discourage time being spent in
cockfights ( sabong) and gambling.
TROUBLE IN NOLI ME TANGERE
A few weeks after his stay in Calamba, he received a letter from the Gov.
General Emilio Terrero requesting him to come to Malacañang Palace to
explain about the subversive ideas contained in the Noli Me Tangere. Rizal
went to see the Governor General. He denied the charges and explained that
he merely exposed the truth but he did not advocate subversive, pleases by his
explanation and curious about the controversial book the Governor General
asked for a copy. Rizal promised to give him one. The Governor General
minded Spaniard and knew that Rizal’s life was in danger because the friars
were powerful, he assigned a cultured Spanish lieutenant named Don Jose
Taviel de Andrade as his bodyguard. Governor General Terrero read the Noli
Me Tangere and found nothing wrong with it. Nonetheless, he had it banned
when reports were submitted to him by the Commission of Censorship calling
for its outright censorship. The banning of the Noli Me Tangere made it more
popular; causing everybody among the masses to read the moved at night
secretly.
THE ATTACKS OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Salvador Fort printed copies of the Commission’s report and Fr. Jose
Rodriquez printed eight pamphlets under general heading “Questions of
Sumpreme Interest (Custiones de Sumoditues)”. Many Filipinos were focused
to buy but they did not believe these Anti-Rizal pamphlets. The Noli Me Tangere
was also attacked in the senate of the Spanish Cortes. It was also vociferously
attacked by the Spanish academician. Vicente Barrantes who was once a
ranking official of the Philippines.
DEFENDERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE

63
Marcelo H. del Pilar;
Graciano Lopez Jaena;
Mariano Ponce;
Dr. Antonio;
Ma. Regidor;
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt;
Dr. Miguel Morayta
Don Segundo Moret, a former Minister of the Court;
Father Sanches of Ateneo upheld and praised the Noli in public.
Rev. Father Vicente Garcia
Rizal cannot be an “ ignorant man” as Fr. Rodriguez alleged.
Because he was graduate of Spanish universities and was a
recipient scholastic honors.
Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain because what Rizal
attacked in the Noli Me Tangere were the bad Spanish officials
and not Spain, and the bad corrupt friars and not the Church.
Father Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli Me Tangere
commited a mortal sin. Since he (Fr. Rodriguez) had read the novel
therefore he also committed mortal sin
The Noli Me Tangere had its great defenders who bravely came out to
prove the merits of the novel and to enlighten the unkind attackers. They were
the reformers in foreign lands like:
Rev. Father Vicente Garcia is a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian
of the Manila Cathedral and a Tagalog Traslator of the famous Imitation of
Christ by Kempis wrote a defense of the Noli Me Tangere under the pen name
Justo Desiderio Magalang. This was published in Singapore as an appendix to
a pamphlet dated July 18, 1885. He blasted the attacks and arguments of Fr.
Rodriguez with the following counter argument.
Rizal cried with overwhelming gratitude to Father Garcia’s Brilliant defense
of his Noli Me Tangere. Rizal wrote a letter to Barrantes to defend himself and
to expose Barrantes’ ignorance of the Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty
which is unworthy of an academician. While the controversy over the Noli was
ranging in fury, Rizal was untouched in Calamba because he was with a
bodyguard. Because both of them are young, educated and cultured with same
interest so they became friends.
While Rizal was in Calamba, his help was sought by the folks for their
grievances against the hacienda management and they were calling for the
central government to impose certain reforms. After thorough study of the
conditions of the Calamba hacienda.

64
With the Dominician order owned since 1883, he wrote down his findings
which the tents and the tree officials of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888
and was submitted to the governor general for action.
1. The hacienda of the Dominican order comprised not only the lands
around Calamba but the town of Calamba.
2. The profits of the Domincan order continuously increased because of the
arbitrary increase of the rentals being paid by the tenants.
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the
celebration of the town fiesta; for the education of the children and for
the improvement of agriculture.
4. Tenants who had spent much labor clearing the lands were rejected from
their lands for flimsy reasons.
5. High rates of interview were charged from the tenants for delayed
payment of rentals and when the rentals could not be paid, their
carabaos, tools and homes were confiscated.
This report further heightened the anger of the friars and they pressured the
governor general to deport him. Governor Terrero refused for there is no valid
charge against Rizal in court. Governor General Terrero advised Rizal to leave
the Philippines for his own good and homes were confiscated.
1. His presence in Calamba is endangering the safe and happiness of his
family and friends.
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause
efficiently by writing in foreign countries.
Before Rizal left Calamba in 1888, his friends from Lipa requested him to
write a poem to commemorate the town’s elevation to a city (villa) by virtue of
the Becerra Law of 1888.
He wrote the poem dedicated to the industrious folks of Lipa entitled Hymn
to Labor (Himno Al Trabajo). He finished it and sent it to Lipa before his
departure from Calamba.

65
before the number.
1. Character in Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere representing a Filipino
who acquired ideas through his education in Europe.
2. The first novel of Dr. Jose Rizal which awakened the minds of
Filipinos under the Spanish rule.
3. The antagonist of Rizal’s novel who represents the
unChristian works of the Catholic friars.
4. The character in Noli Me Tangere who married the Filipina
woman of religious upbringing and orientation.
5. A poem of Rizal for the people in Lipa to commemorate a city
in Batangas.
6. The pen name used by the Tagalog translator of the famous
Imitation of Christ in his defense for “Noli me Tangere”.
7. He represented the Filipino masses who suffered from
Spanish brutalities and abuse due to his weakness in the
novel.
8. The character who argued with the belief of the Catholic
Church and social changes in Rizal’s novel.
9. The friend of Rizal who offered to pay the amount for the
printing Rizal’s first novel, “Noli Me Tangere”.
10. Official who invited Rizal to Malacañang to talk about the
subversive ideas of Rizal’s novel.
Chapter 5 Exercises

66
1. The academic freedom that Rizal had enjoyed
while at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran was
weakened by the racial prejudice and limited
findings at the University of Sto. Tomas (UST).
2. Rizal wrote that “Colombo” is more beautiful, smart and elegant
than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila”.
3. Rizal was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking “A
babel of tongues” such as Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, French, Italian and
Spanish.
4. On June 12, 1882, when Rizal arrived at the Pearl Harbor he visited the
famous Chateau d’ If where Dantes, the hero of “The Count of Monte
Cristo” was imprisoned.
5. The third article of Rizal entitled “Amor Patrio” was returned to him for
Diariong Tagalog which had stopped because of lack of funds.
6. The magnificent speech of Rizal was greeted with ovations, for they have
not heard such speech from the lips of a brown Filipino which was almost
peerless in mobility of thoughts, in Spanish rhetoric eloquence and
sincerity of feelings.
7. During the stay of Rizal in Berlin, he visited the studio of Juan Luna the
home of Pardo de Tavera and Felix Ressurrecion Hidalgo to discuss the
problems of art and learned techniques of his own.
8. Dr. Jose Rizal completed his medical course and was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Cental de Madrid on
June 21, 1884 that made him a full-pledged physician.
9. On May 3, 1882, Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora
bound for Berlin.

67
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Give at least five (5) out
of ten (10) defenders of
NOLI ME TANGERE.
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Give the three (3) counter
arguments of Rev. Father
Vicente Garcia in the
attacks and arguments of
Fr. Rodriguez.
1. Describe and explain how Jose Rizal, gained the
friendship of the passengers of the steamer Djemnah
even if he was the only Filipino on board.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
2. Among the characters of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere who
among them would you like to be in relation to you as a
students? Why?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________
10. The plan of Rizal on leaving for Spain was supported by his older brother
Paciano, his two sisters, Saturnina and Lucia, his uncle Antonio Rivera
and other friends.
IV. ESSAY
IV. Enumeration.

68
RETURN TO EUROPE
1. Realizing that Rizal’s family and friends’ safety were at risk; and that his
fight against the Spaniards had better chance of winning if he had to
abroad, he finally decided to sail back to Europe.
2. Before his departure, he gave the poem dedicated to the industrious
workers of Lipa City which was the Himno al Trabaho (Hymn to Labor).
EAST ASIA
1. On February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal sailed to HongKong as
a frustrated being who wanted the utmost reform is his native land.
Terrero’s former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varranda, followed Rizal in
the said British colony, and was believed to be commissioned by the
Spanish authorities to spy on the hero.
2. After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Oceanic, he
left Hongkong and sailed to Japan where he was invited by secretary
Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation. His instinct told
him that it was a bait – a way for the Spanish officials to keep track of
his activities. Since it was economical to stay at the legation and he
believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it. Rizal was
impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly observed the life,
customs and culture of the people.
3. He had fallen in loved not only with the view but more to its women,
particularly with the 23- year old O-Sei-San (a.k.a.. USUI Seiko).
SAIL TO THE WEST
1. Rizal was almost tempted to settle in Japan with OSei-Sanbut on April
13, 1888, Rizal board the English Steamer, Belgic bound for the United
States, reaching the land on April 28.
CHAPTER 4

69
2. He visited San Francisco, left it on the second day for Oklahoma, then
to Sacramento, then to Reno, and finally to New York.
3. On May 16,1888 the ship, City of Rome sailed for Liverpool and where
he decided to stay in London until March 1899, Rizal chose to stay in
London so that he could improve his English skills, study and do an
annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las islas Filipinas and
because he believed that the said English city was a safe place for him
to carry on the reform he wanted for the Philippines.
4. He stayed at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor’s home and boarded at the Beckett
family where he fell in love with Gertrude.
INGREAT BRITAIN
1. In London, Rizal received both good news and bad news from home.
The good news that Rev. Vicente Garcia was defending his Noli from the
attacks of the friars.
2. The bad news was the Filipino signatories of the “Petition of 1888” and
the tenants of the Calamba agrarian trouble were facing persecution;
that his brothers-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo and Mariano Herbosa, were
exiled to bohol and was denied Christian burial, respectively; and his
friend, Laureano Viado, a UST medical student was imprisoned for
possessing a copy of his Noli.
3. Rizal also made used of his time in writing Filipino and Spanish Friends,
they founded the Asociacion Hispano Filipino which aimed for unionism
and reforms. After ten months, Rizal left London and departed for Paris.
IN FRANCE
1. In Paris, Rizal continued his study on various languages and practiced
his artistic skills, and finish two status. “ The Beggar” and “ The Maid
With A Basket.”
2. He organized a social club called Kidlat Club which brought together
young Filipinos residing in France Soon, the members of the said culb
founded a nes Filipino society – the Indios Bravos, an organization which
envisioned Filipinos being recognized by Spain for being excellent in
various fields of knowledge.
By January 1890, Rizal’s annotation of the Sucesos was finally printed
and published by the Garnier Freres.

70
IN BELGIUM
1. With his roommate, Jose Albert, Rizal celebrated Christmas in Paris.
2. Shortly after New Year, he visited London for the last time and on
January 28, 1890, left Paris for Brussels.
3. With Albert, they left the extravagant and gay social life in Paris and
stayed in a boarding houses owned by the Jacoby sisters in Brussels.
4. Rizal continued contributing for La Solidaridad under the pseudonyms
Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.
5. From Calamba, Rizal received letters telling that the agrarian trouble in
the province was getting worse. And as such he decided to go home.
But instead of going home a letter from paciano told him that hey already
lost the case against the Dominicans and they were in need of a lawyer
who would defend their family and the families in Calamba from Madrid.
6. Rizal traveled to Madrid to seek justice but in vain-he could not find the
right person andf the heard that his family was already evicted from their
land in Calamba and other family members were banished to Mindoro
and Manila.
IN SPAIN
1. Rizal had many misadventure in Madrid. For one, he challenged Antonio
Luna and Wenceslao Retana in a duel. With Luna, it was about the
latter’s frustration with his unsuccessful “love affair” with Nellie Bousted,
and so gave negative remarks with Retana who had insulted Rizal and
his family by writing, in La Epoca, an anti-Filipino newspaper that the
Rizal family in Calamba was evected from their lands because they did
not pay their rent.
2. It is also from this city where Rizal heard the news of Leonor Rivera’s
marriage with Henry Kipping, an Englishman, which terribly broke his
heart.
3. Another marked events in Madrid was the Marcelo H. del Pilar-Jose
Rizal rivalry for leadership in the Asociation Hispano Filipino.
4. A faction emerged from the Filipino in Madrid, the Rizalitas and
Pilaristas, Rizal and del Pilar’s compatriots, respectively, during the
organization’s election.
5. Losing the election, Rizal decided to go back home, fearing that his
presence may result to bigger and stronger faction among the Filipino in
Madrid. But instead of going straight to Hong Kong he went back to
Brussels to finish his second novel, the El Filibusterismo.
EL FILIBUSTIRISMO

71
Noli Me Tangere Identity
• It is a romantic novel.
• It is a “work of the heart” and “a
book of feeling”.
• It has freshness, color, humor,
Lightness and wit
• It contains 64 chapters.
• Noli is longer that Fili
El Filibusterismo Identity
• It is a political novel.
• It is a “ work of heal” and a “
book of the thought”.
• It contains bitterness, hatred,
pain, violence and sorrow.
• It contains 38 chapters.
• El Filisterismo is shorter that Noli
Jose Rizal wrote his second novel which was a continuations of the Noli Me
Tangere in Brussels and he finished it in Biarritz, Madrid, Inspired by the
magnificent place and the his romance with Nellie Bousted.
1. On March 29, 1891 the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he
finished the manuscript of El Filibusterismo and he completed the evision
on May 30, 1891, ready for printing.
2. He searched for a cheaper printings shop and he did find a publisher F.
MEYER-VAN LOOPRESS, No 66 Viaanderen Street that published his
books in an installment basis.
3. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and early partial
payments during the printing of the novel.
4. He had received some funds from Basa and Rodriguez Arias.
5. Printing was suspended because of insufficient funds and then Valentin
Ventura in Paris helped him because he learned about Rizal’s
predicament. He immediately sent the necessary funds for printing.
6. On September 18, 1891, the novel came off the press in ghent. He
immediately sent copies to Basa, to Sixto Lopez in Hong Kong, to his
friends Valintin S. Ventura in Paris and to his friends in the Philippine.
7. The novel was praised to the skies by Filipino patriots in foreign lands
and in the Philippines of the Filipino colony of Barcelona published a
tribute La Publicidad, a Barcelona newspaper, eulogizing, the novel’s
original style which is comparable only to sublime Alexander Dumas and
may well be offered as “ a model, a precious jewel in the decadent
literature of Spain”’
8. The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo Regimen, serialized the novel
in its issues of October, 1891.
9. Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to the martyrs, Father Gomez, Burgos,
and Zamora. Their martyrdom, which Paciano related to him when he
was a boy in Calamba was never forgotten.
COMPARISON OF NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo vary in many aspect, although
they are written by the same author and are supposed to be dealing with the
same story and have the same characters.

72
Jose Rizal’s original intention was to make the El Filisterismo longer than
the Noli Me Tangere. However, El Filisterismo is shorter that Noli.
There were many options as to which is the superior novel-the Noli or
the Fili.
1. Rizal himself considered the Noli as the superior to the Fili. As novel.
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Retana, Rizal ‘s first Spanish biographer, also
believe that Noli is superior.
2. Blumentritt, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Dr. Rafael Palma against the
opinion of Rizal. They believed the Fili is the superior to the Noli. In Lopez
Jaena’s letter he said that the fili was superior because of its exquisite
delicate, literary style, its easy and correct dialoque, its phraseology,
vigorous and elegant and its profound ideas and sublime thoughts.
However Jaena advised Rizal to write another novel because he was not
satisfied with fili as political novel.
The issue of which is the superior novel is purely academic. Noli and Fili are
good novels from the point of view of history. Both Depict with realistic colors
the actual conditions of the Philippines and Filipinos the decadent days of
Spanish rule. Both are instrumental in awakening, the spirit of Filipino
nationalism and are responsible in paving the ground for Philippine Revolution
that thought about the downfall of Spain. Neither the Noli nor the Fili is superior
to one another, Mariano Ponce told Rizal that Fili was indeed excellent novel
but it was marvelous like all the brilliant production of his pen. He also said that
it was a true twin of the Noli.
before the number.
1. The women to whom Rizal fell in love with when he stayed in
Japan.
2. The book of Ateneo Morga which talked about the great
historical event in the island of Philippines.
3. The poem written by Rizal whom he dedicated to the
industrious worker in Lipa City, Batangas.
4. The organization founded in June 12, 1889 by Rizal, with his
Filipino and Spanish friends. It aimed for union and reform of
Filipino and Spanish.
Chapter 6 Exercises

73
5. The two pen names used by Jose Rizal in his writing for La
Solidaridad.
6. The club organized by Rizal for the union of young Filipinos in
France.
7. The publisher which printed and published the annotation of
Rizal to the book of Morga “Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas”.
8. An anti-Filipino newspaper where Wenceslao Retana wrote
that Rizal family in Calamba had been evicted from their lands
because they did pay their rents.
9. The school in Spain, Madrid where Jose Rizal enrolled to
enhance his artistic skills in painting and sculpture.
10. The painting of Resurrecion Hidalgo which was awarded
second prize silver medal in the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid.
1. Jose Rizal admired the cleanliness, courtesy and
industry of Japanese.
2. Rizal stayed in London to improve his English skills and to finish his
annotation to the book of Morga.
3. On April 28, 1888, Rizal boarded Belgic bound for United States.
4. Jose Rizal continued his study in Spain on various languages and
practiced his artistic skills.

74
5. Rizal had seen that the treatment of Americans to the White and Black
is unreasonable.
6. The two statues finished by Rizal were “The Beggar” and “The Man with
a Basket”.
7. The annotation of the sucesos was printed and published on February
1890 by the F. Meyer Publishing.
8. Rizal organized “Kidlat Club” to unite young Filipinos in France.
9. The annotation of Morga’s book was written in museum of Great Britain.
10. “Kidlat Club” is an organization which envisioned Filipinos for being
versatile, recognized by Spain.

75
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
NOLI ME TANGERE
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
1. Explain the significance of La Solidaridad in Rizal’s
life and to the Filipinos.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
2. Discuss and explain briefly the implications and lessons
learned from Rizal’s novel “El Filibusterismo” to you as
student.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________
IV. ESSAY
IV. Enumeration. List down the identities of the two (2) novels of Dr. Jose Rizal.

76
TRIP BACK HOME
BACK IN HONGKONG
After the El Filisterismo was published Rizal left Europe. Abroad the S.S.
Melbourne, he sailed to Hongkong where he lived for sever months. His
reasons for venturing to Hong Kong were the following.
1. To leave behind his rivalry with Marcelo H. del Pilar;
2. To facilitate a Propaganda Movement in Hong Kong; and
3. To be proximate to his family in the Philippine.
On November 20, 1891, Rizal arrived in Home Hong Kong and was cordially
welcomed by the Filipino resident in the city, particularly his friend Jose Ma.
Basa. He resided at No. 5 D Aguilar Street No.2 Rednaxela Terrace and
opened a medical clinic there. Rizal had a continued correspondence with his
family in Calamba and has been aware of the unsettled agrarian problem.
Through a letter from his brother-in-law, Manuel t. Hidalgo, he had been
informed of the deportation of twenty-five persons in Calamba, Including the
Rizal family. This news made Rizal even more desperate to return to Manila,
but his sorrow was replaced by surprise when his family visited him in
HongKong and celebrated the 1891 Christmas with him.
While in Hong Kong, Rizal practiced his medical career. With the help of his
friend, Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, they built a large clientele and opened a
medical clinic where he was recognized as an excellent eye surgeon. He was
equally supported and aided both morally and financially by his family and
friends with chosen career.
PLAN FOR FILIPINO COLONY IN BORNEO
Another marked event during Rizal’s stay in Hong Kong was his plan to
move the landless Filipino to Borneo and transform the said wilderness into a “
New Calamba” through the so called Boneo Colonization project. In April 1892,
he visited Borneo and negotiated with the British authorities who were willing to
provide 100,000 acres of land for the Filipinos. Many Filipino patriots found this
project amusing, thus promoted the said project. However, there was a number
who objected it, one of which was Rizal’s brother-in-law, hidalgo. Twice did
Rizal wrote a letter addressed to Governor General Eulogio Despujol informing
his Borneo colonization project, with whom he received no response. Instead,
Despujol commanded the Spanish consul-general in Hong kong to notify Rizal
that such project was very unpatriotic, and by immigrating Filipinos to Borneo,
the Philippines will surely be lacking of laboratories.
Despite the much opposition from friend and relatives, he decided to
return to Manila on the following reason:
CHAPTER 7

77
LA LIGA
FILIPINA
AIMS WERE:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous,
and homogenous body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce;
and
Study and application of reform.
1. to discuss with Governor General Despujol his Borneo colonization
project;
2. to form the La Liga Filipina in the Philippines; and
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete’s allegations on him and his family in
Calamba were wrong.
Before his departure, he wrote three more letters – the first addressed to his
parents and friends; the second one, to the Filipinos; and the last to Governor General
Eulogio Despujol. Instead of having the protection he desired, Rizal and his sister,
Lucia, fell into the Spanish trap- a case was secretly filed against Rizal, and Despujol
ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, to verify whether the patriot had naturalized
himself as a German citizen or not. Therefore, the siblings sailed across the China Sea
without prior knowledge of what awaits them in the Philippines.
LA LIGA FILIPINA
1. Rizal return to the Philippines in July, 1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filifina,
this constituted a forward step in the reformist ideas of the times in the sense
that the new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform
movement.
2. Andres Bonifacio is one of the founders of the organization.
As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self
– help society dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid; loaning capital and
setting up cooperatives. These were innocent, even naïve objectives that could
hardly alleviate the social ills of those times, but the Spanish authorities were
so alarmed so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, merely four
days after the Liga was organized for allegedly found in his baggage bundle of
leaflets entitle “Poor Friar” which were against the Dominicans priests who

78
acquired riches contrary to their vow of poverty. Rizal was held in Fort Santiago
for about a week and then was deported to Dapitan.
With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became inactive until, through
the efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was recognized.
Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of the Supreme Council.
RIZAL’S MEANINGFUL LIFE IN DAPITAN
3. Rizal had an exemplary and meaningful life in Dapitan.
4. On July 1892, he traveled to Dapitan under Delgas passing Mindoro and
Panay. Reaching the Place after two days, Rizal was handed to Captain
Carnicero, the Spannish commandant of Dapitan.
5. Rizal had lived in the place for four years. Dapitan is a remote town in
Mindanao which is under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits. He
stayed and lived in the house of Captain Carnicero. The relation between
Carnicero (warden) and Rizal (prisoner) was warm and friendly, they ate
together and they had many friendly conversations, Captain Carnicero
admired Rizal’s fine qualities and personalities. He came to know that
Rizal was not a common fellow, much less a filibuster, the captain gave
Rizal complete freedom to go anywhere and gave good reports on his
prisoner to Governor General Despujol.
6. Rizal was grateful to the kindness and generosity of the Spanish
Captain. He even wrote a poem on his birthday. “A Don Ricardo
Carnicero” on August 26, 1892.
7. On September 21, 1892. The lottery ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by
Captain Carnicero ,Jose Rizal and Francisco Equiror (from Dipolog) won
the second prize of P20,000.00 in the government-owned Manila lottery.
Rizal’s mother, sisters, Trinidad, Maria, Narcisa and his nephews had
taken turns to visit him in Dapitan. Father Francisco Sanchez, his favorite
teacher at the Ateneo de Manila, had also come to Dapitan to bring him back
to Catholic fold. But all of his efforts were in vain. Despite his failure to convince
Rizal , he enjoyed Rizal’s company; He assisted Rizal in beautifying the town.
Rizal had a long and scholastic debate with Father Pastells on religion.
In all his letters to Fr. Pastells, he revealed his anti - catholic ideas which he
had acquired in Europe and embitterment for his persecutions of the friars.
Father Pastells tried his best to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism. Despite
their religious differences, they remained good friends.

79
• he rendered fee medical services to the poor
especially to those patients from Talisay and
Dapitan
• he provided them with medicines which himself
had concocted and prepared them with medicines
which himself had of local medical plants.
• Mr. George Taufer of Hong Kong came for
treatment of his eye accompanied by his adopted
daughter, Josephine Bracken.
• He operated the right eye of his beloved mother in
July 1894. Doña Teodora’s sight was fully
restored.
RIZAL AS A
PHYSICIAN
• He obtained from Ateneo the title of expert
surveyor ( Pertilo agrimensor) and he supplement
his training as surveyor by reading Engineering
books.
• he applied his knowledge of engineering by
constructing a system of waterworks in Dapitan
which was completed in 1895 with the help of his
students people.
• He was able to accomplish this without any aid
from the government, with inadequate tools,
meager materials, and very limited finances.
JOSE RIZAL
AS AN
ENGINEER
• On 1893, he established a school that existed
until the end of his exile in July 1896.
• It all started with 3 pupils then enrollment
increased to 16 pupils.
• They worked in the garden, field, and construction
projects in the community.
• He gave the boys vocational and academic
trainings, Rizal taught the boys Reading, Writing,
Languages (Spanish, and English) Geography,
History, Mathematics ( Arithmetic and Geometry),
Industrial work, Nature and Study, Morals and
Gymnastics.
JOSE RIZAL
AS A
TEACHER IN
DAPITAN
On November 3, 1893, he was visited by the spy of the friars who
introduced himself as a friend and a relative named. Pablo Mercado. In the
course of their conversation, thy spy offered his services as a confidential
courier of Rizal’s letters and writings for his friends in Manila. Rizal became
suspicious but he hospitably invited the strange visitor considering the late hour
of the night and the heavy rainfall. The next day Rizal learned that the impostor
was still in Dapitan, he reported to the “ commandacia” about the spy’s mission
to Captain Juan sitges (who succeded Captain Carnicero) as commandant of
Dapitan. Upon his arrest and subsequent investigation, the stranger’s real
name was known as “ Florencio Namanan”, who was hired by the Recollect
friars for the secret mission. He was tasked to spy on Rizal’s activities. The spy
was released and the result of investigation was sent to Gov. General Blanco.
Rizal then Requested for a copy of the proceedings of the turn of events. The
incident of the secret mission of the spy was not an attempt to assassinate Rizal
but was merely to spy, a plot masterminded by the friars.

80
• He found Mindanao a rich virgin field for collecting
specimens. With his pupils, they explored the
jungles and coasts for specimen of insects, birds,
snakes, lizards, frogs, shells and plants.
• For his four – year exile in Dapitan, he built up a
rich collection of concology which consisted of
346 shells representing 203 species.
• He discovered some rare specimen which were
named in his honor by the scientist e.q. Draco
Rizal (a flying dragon) Rhacoporus Rizali (a rare
frog.), etc.
• He also conducted anthropological,
ethnographical, Archaeological, geological, and
geographical studies.
JOSE RIZAL
AS A
SCIENTIST/
HIS
CONTRIBUT
ION TO
SCIENCE
• He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay where he
built his home, his school and hospital.
• He planted the land with copra, coffee,
sugarcane, coconuts.
• He acquired more lands until his total holdings
reach 70 hectares with 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000
coconuts and other fruit trees.
• He introduced modern methods of agriculture
which he had observed in America and Europe.
• He encourage the Dapitan farmers to discard
their primitive way of farming and adopt the
modern agricultural method.
JOSE RIZAL
AS AN
ENGINEER
• In 1887, Rizal’s first invention was known while in
Calamba. He invented a cigarette lighter,
“sulpukan” made of wood which he sent to
Blumentritt. “it’s mechanism is based on the

81
• While in Dapitan, in partnership with Ramon
Carreon, Rizal made profitable business
ventures in fishing, copra, hemp industries
and lime manufacturing. At one deal, they
made a profit of P200.00.
• To break the Chinese monopoly on business
in Dapitan, he organized the Cooperative
Association of Dapitan Farmers in January 1,
1895. He prepared the constitution and by
laws. Among its purposes were “to improve
the farm products, obtain better outlets for
them, collect funds for their purchase…. Help
the producers and workers by establishing a
store wherein they can buy prime
commodities at moderate prices”.
• Rizal invited Saturnina to come to Mindanao
for could profitably engage in the textile,
jewelry and hemp business. He requested his
brother-in-law, to buy a big net and he bring
along two good Calamba fishermen to teach
the Dapitan folks better methods of fishing.
RIZAL AS A
BUSINESSMAN
• He had known 22 languages.
• In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan, subanun and
Malay languages.
• He was a born polyglot. He learned different
languages when he traveled abroad. Among
them were Latin, Greek, English, French,
German, Arabic, Japanese, Portuguese,
Swedish, Russian and Filipino dialects such as
Tagalog and Ilokano.
JOSE RIZAL
AS ONE OF
THE
WORLD’S
GREAT
LINGUISTS

82
OTHER PROJECTS OF RIZAL IN DAPITAN
To the best of his God given talents and so awaken civic consciousness
of the people in Dapitan, Rizal did all he can for the town. He knew that “Malaria”
was spread by mosquitoes which thrive in swampy places, thus he spent many
months draining the marshes to get rid of malaria. With the P500 that an English
patient paid him, it was used for the lighting system consisting of coconut oil
lamps placed in the dark streets. The beautification of Dapitan was one of
Rizal’s concerns with the help of his former Jesuit teacher Father
Sanchez. Together, they remodeled the town plaza to enhance its beauty. In
front of the church, he made a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones
and grass. This map which still exists today was used by Rizal as a motivating,
devise in the teaching of geography to his pupils. With the aid of the map, he
discussed with the townspeople and visitors the position of Dapitan and its
relation to the rest of Mindanao.
JOSE RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN IN DAPITAN
While in Dapitan, after the day’s hard work, Rizal was offers sad. He
missed his family and the death of Leonora Rivera caused him much pain.
Taufer who came all the way from Hong Kong with his adopted daughter
Josephine Bracken to seek the services of the ophthalmic surgeon. Rizal and
Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight. After a month’s love affair,
they agreed to marry but Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refuse to marry
them without permission of the bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer learned of
their marriage he could not endure the thought of losing his adopted daughter
Josephine, he nearly committed suicide. Accompanied by Josephine to Manila,
the blind man went home uncured because his eyed ailment is incurable,
Josephine stayed with Rizal’s family and later she returned to Dapitan. Since
no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands together and
married themselves in the eyes of God and lived as husband and wife. They
lived happily in Dapitan and was blessed with a son who survived only for three
hours after birth and was buried in Dapitan. The boy was named Francisco in
honor of Jose Rizal father.
Who was Josephine that made Rizal’s life happy.
She was an Irish girl sweet eighteen, slender, blue eyed, hair chestnut
blond, dressed with elegant simplicity. He was born in Hong Kong on October
3, 1876 of Irish parents. Her mother was Elizabeth James MacBride who died
in childbirth and her father James Bracken, a corporal in the British garrison.
She was adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind.
RIZAL AND KATIPUNAN

83
While Rizal was still mourning the loss of his son, a revolution was being
planned be the Katipunero led by Andres Bonifacio. Dr. Pio Valenzuela was
named emissary to Dapitan in order to inform Dr. Jose Rizal of their plans of
the revolution for freedom’s sake. He brought with him a blind man by the name
of Raymundo Mata. They left Manila and arrive in Dapitan in the evening of July
21, 1896. After supper, the two had a heart- to – heart talk.
1. Rizal objected to the revolutionary plans which would mean a veritable
suicide for two reasons:
1. the people are not ready for revolution
2. arms and funds must be raised before the revolution.
2. He also disapproved of the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue him
because he had given his word of honor for the Spanish authorities and
he would not break it.
3. Rizal understood the sentiments of his oppressed people. He was aware
of this possibility when Spain refused to grant the reforms they were
fighting for. He knew that his countrymen had slim chance of winning but
he could not blame them for their impulsiveness and desire for freedom.
4. Rizal said with a tongue of sadness “To die and to conquer is pleasant
but to die and be conquered is painful.”
5. Rizal informed Valenzuela of his pending “Application as volunteer
surgeon” in the Spanish army fighting the Cuban revolution. The later
objected to his plan because Weyler who was the general-in-chief of the
Spanish troops in Cuba might shoot him. He assured Valenzuela that
would not happen and revealed that once in Cuba he could study the
war in a practical way; he would mix with Cuban soldiers so he could find
solution to the Philippine situation.
6. He almost gave up his hope that his humanitarian offer as volunteer
doctor in Cuba would be approved. But on July 30, 1896 he received a
letter from Gov. General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of the
acceptance of his offer.
7. Rizal’s four- year exile in Dapitan ended in July 31, 1896 with great joy,
he again travel and free to go to Europe and Cuba. He wrote his heart-
warming poem. “ The Song of the Traveller” .
8. He left Dapitan on July 31, 1896. on board the steamer España
accompanied by Josephine.
9. He was kept as “guest on board” the Spanish cruiser “Castilla” and held
“incommunicado” except to his family for about a month from August 6
to September 2, 1896 .
10. In august 19, 1896, Fray Mariano Gil the Agustinian parish priest of
tondo discovered the plans of the Katipunan to overflow Spanish rule by
means of revolution.

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11. In August 26, 1896, the “Cry of Balintawak” was raised by Bonifacio and
the Katipunero. At sunrise of August 30, the revolutionaries led by
Bonifacio and Jacinto Attacked San Juan (Battle of San Juan) and
suffered heavy losses. On this day, Governor General Blanco declared
a state of war in the first eight provinces for rising against Spain Manila
(as a province) Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija and Tarlac.
12. Rizal received two letters from Governor General Blanco. These two
letters of introduction for the Minister of War General Marcelo de
Ascarraga and Mister of Colonies with covering letter absolved Rizal
from all blame for the ranging revolution which is at the moment trapping
in the Philippines.
13. At 6:00 PM of September 2, Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de
panay which will sail for Barcelona the next day. Among the fellow
passengers on board were Don Pedro Roxas (rich man from Manila) and
his son Periguin.
14. On September 7, 1896, the steamer Isla de panay arrived at Singapore.
Rizal and other passengers went ashore for sightseeing. He noticed its
great change since her saw it last 1852.
15. Rizal was advise by Don Pedro and other Filipino residents to stay and
never to go Barcelona. For he is safe in Singapore with the protection
of the of the British Law. He ignored their appeal because he had given
his word of honor to Gov. General Blanco and he did not like to break it.
16. Rizal was not aware that General Blanco and Minister of War were
exchanging coded telegrams and confidential message for his arrest
upon reaching Barcelona.
17. As the steamer had left Port Said (Terminal of Suez Canal), a passenger
told Rizal the had news that he would be arrested by order of Gov.
General Blanco and would be sent to prison. He was shocked and it was
too late to realize that he was duped by the sly Spanish official. He
immediately wrote a letter to his best friend Blumentritt to unburden his
bitterness and agonizing heart.
18. In September 30, at 4:00pm he was officially notified by Captain
Alemany that he should stay in his cabin until further orders in Manila.
He was kept heavily guarded for three days. What a coindence, the
military commander of Barcelona was General Eulogio Despujol who
ondered his exile in Dapitan for years (1892-1896). He had heard rumors
on board the ship that he was being blamed for the outbreak of the
revolution in the Philippines.
19. The ship docked at Barcelona on October 6 at 3:00am and he was
brought to an infamous prison fortress named Monjuich. At about
2:00pm, he was brought to the headquarters of Gen. Despujol. The
interview lasted for a quarter of an hour. The ship left at 8:00pm full of
soldier and officers and their families to fight the Filipino revolutionaries.

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While on board, Rizal wrote all his thoughts and activities. Among the
important realizations he had written was:
“I think God is doing me good by allowing me to return to the Philippines in order
to disprove so many charges against me. Either they will give me justice and
knowledge my innocence and when I shall have all my rights restored, or they
will condemn me to death and then I shall be expiated my supposed crime in
the eyes of society. She will forgive me later, without any doubt, I shall be given
justice, and become one martyr more…. I feel that peace had descended upon
me. Thank God that my hope and my consolation. Let your will be done. I am
ready to obey it.”
20. On November 3, 1896, Dr. Jose Rizal was brought directly to Fort
Santiago under heavy guard while there was rejoicing for the Spaniards
and friars because of the military supplies and more military
reinforcements.
21. Spanish authorities had brutally tortured many Filipino patriots to get
evidences against Rizal. Including hi brother Paciano who was rendered
almost dead, paralyzed and speechless for several days.
before the number.
1. The friend of Rizal who helped him to continue and practice his career
as an eye surgeon.
2. The proposed project of Rizal that will transform the life of the
people in Calamba who were abused and evicted from the
hacienda.
Chapter 7 Exercises

86
3. The favorite teacher of Rizal at Ateneo de Manila who tried to
bring him to the Catholic fold before he was executed in
Bagumbayan (Luneta).
4. The poster father of Josephine Bracken, who was Rizal’s eye
patient while in Dapitan however his eye ailment was
incurable.
5. The title that Rizal obtained from Ateneo de Manila being
“Portilo Agremensor” in Spanish.
6. The favorite place of Rizal with his students in Dapitan where
sometimes they held their lessons.
7. A discovered specimen of a flying dragon sent to Dresden
museum named after Dr. Jose Rizal.
8. The real name of the stranger who visited Rizal in Dapitan
believed to be “plot spy” of the friars.
9. The poem written by Rizal for Captain Carnicero for the
latter’s birthday.
10. The business partner of Rizal in their ventures in fishing,
copra, hemp, industries and lime manufacturing.
1. Rizal practiced his medical career in Hongkong
where he was recognized as an Excellence eye
Surgeon.
2. The British authorities provided 100,000 acres of land for the
Filipinos in Calamba.

87
3. Andres Bonifacio was one of the founder of La Liga Filipina..
4. All Spaniards who have “care and love” for country can be a member of
La Liga Filipina.
5. In 1887, Rizal invented a cigarette lighter, “sulpukan” as his third
invention.
6. Rizal’s intention of organizing a cooperative association in Dapitan is to
break the Chinese monopoly.
7. Rizal as one of the greatest polyglots, had known 29 languages.
8. Captain Carnicero admired Rizal’s fime qualities and personalities.
9. Rizal had long and scholastic arguments with Fr. Pastells about the
novel “Noli Me Tangere”
10. Rizal taught the boys in Dapitan: Reading, Writing language,
Geography, History, Mathematics, Industrial work, Nature and Study,
Moral and Gymnastics.

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2. Differentiate the justice system from Rizal’s time with the
present justice system in the Philippines.
____________________________________________________
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• ___________________________________
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JOSE RIZAL AS A
TEACHER IN DAPITAN
• ___________________________________
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______________________________
RIZAL AS A PHYSICIAN
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
______________________________
RIZAL AS A PHYSICIAN
1. Described and explain why Jose Rizal was exiled in
Dapitan and how did he live his life there.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
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IV. ESSAY
IV. Enumeration. Describe briefly Rizal’s life in Dapitan as with his various
capabilities:

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THE FINAL JOURNEY
JOSE RIZAL’S TRIAL AND MATYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN
A week after the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, on September 2,
1896, Jose Rizal left Manila for Spain. Going back to Governor General Ramon
Blanco’s last letter to Rizal, the former approved the latter’s request the he be
sent to Cebu as military doctor. As such, Rizal was to go to Spain first before
going to Cuba. But even before he reached his first destination, he was arrested
by the Spanish authorities on board, jailed in Barcelona and shipped back to
manila and was jailed at Fort Santiago for the last 3 months of his life.
RESCUE ATTEMPT BY THE KATIPUNAN
1. Dr. Pio Valenzuela, informed the former of the secret organization’s
attempt to rescue him and to sneak him on a ship destined to Japan .
However, Rizal was not in favor of this plan as he had no plan of breaking
his promises to the Spanish authorities.
2. For the second time, in August 1896, during Rizal’s stopover in Manila
Bay, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other selected Katipuneros
disguised as sailor of the motor Caridad so that they can easily penetrate
the cruise Castilla, then harbored at Manila Bay. Rizal was on deck at
that time when he was approach by Jacinto who whispered that they
were Katipuneros and were there to rescue him. However, despite the
opportunity given to him, Rizal refused to be rescued.
On board Castilla, Rizal heard of the outbreak of the revolution and was
not surprised. However, his worry was that Spanish authorities might think that
he incited the said struggle. Two recommendation letters from Governor Blanco
diverted Rizal’s anguish-one for the Minister of War, General Marcelo de
Azcarraga; and the second, for the Minister of Colonies.
1. September 2, 1896, Rizal aboard the steamer, Isla de Panay and left
Manila for Spain, not know that this will be his last travel abroad. The
night before his departure, he wrote a letter to Doña Teodora Alonzo
telling her that his task required strength and dedication, and if he died,
at least he had done something good for mankind.
CHAPTER 8

90
2. By the eve of September 7, 1896, the steamer reached Singapore and
on the 30th, while Isla Panay was on its voyage along the Mediterranean
Sea, a telegraphic message was received by Captain A, Alemany, the
ship skipper, ordering him to arrest and confined Jose Rizal in his cabin
until they arrive in Barcelona on 3rd of October.
3. Early morning of October 6, Rizal was transferred to Montjuich Castle
where he was Visited by Eulogio Despujol who was then military
Commander of Cataluña. By 8 o’clock in the evening, aboard the
steamer Colon, Rizal left Barcelona for Manila.
4. November 3, 1896, Colon Arrived in Manila- Jose Rizal, under heavy
security, was brought immediately to Fort Santiago. During his stay ,
Spanish authorities were searching for evidence against him. In fact,
Filipinos who had been recognized at his side were brutally tortured to
implicate him. Some of them were as follows; Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio
Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco and
Timoteo Paez. Even his only brother, Paciano was arrested anf inflicted
with pains which the latter endured for his younger brother’s sake.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
1. On November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation on Rizal began.
During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges
against him before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive.
2. He was put under interrogation without the benefit of knowing who
testified against him. Presented before him were two kinds of evidences
documentary and testimonial.
3. There were a total of fifteen exibits for the documentary evidence.
4. Testimonial evidence, on other hand, were comprised of oral proofs
provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes,
Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, pio
Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quizon, and Timoteo Paez.
These evidences were endorse by Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon
Blanco who designated Captain Rafael Dominguez as the judge Advocate
assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be done.
Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the reords Don Nicolas de la Peña,
the Judge Advocate General, for an opinion. Peña’s recommendations were as
follows.
1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial.
2. He must be held in prison under necessary security.
3. His properties must be issued with order of attachment, and as
indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos.

91
4. Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an array officer is allowed to defend
Rizal.
Although given the “privilege” to choose his own defense counsel, this was
limited to a list of 100 names – both first and second lieutenants – that the
Spanish authorities provided him. Of the list, one familiar name stood out – Lt.
Luis Taviel de Andrade. Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was he brother
of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal’s personal bodyguard in
Calamba 1887.
CHARGES AGAINST RIZAL
On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his Spanish counsel,
charges against Rizal were read. When asked regarding his sentiments and
reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that;
1. He does not question the jurisdiction of the count.
2. He had nothing to attend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892,
he had not dealt in political matters.
3. He had nothing to admit on the charges against him.
4. He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not
met nor knew, against him.
Two days after, Rizal’s case was endorsed to Blanco’s successor, Governor
Camilo de polavieja, who had the authority to command that the case be court
martialed. On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote the
controversial Manifesto addressed to his countrymen – a letter denouncing,
bloody struggle, and promoting education and industry as the best means to
acquire independence. However, Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la peña
requested Governor Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be
prohibited, and so, the government did.
JOSE RIZAL TRIAL

92
Accutomed to share the merry season with family, friends and relatives,
the 1896 Christmas was indeed, Rizal’s saddest Confined in a dark, gloomy
cell, Rizal was in despair and had no idea of what his
fate may be. Under this delusion, he wrote a letter to
Lt. Taviel de Andrade requesting the latter to visit him
before his trial for there was a very important matters
they need to discuss. Likewise, Rizal greeted the
lieutenant a joyous Christmas.
The next day, December 26, about 8 o’clock in
morning, the court martial of Rizal Commenced. The
hearing was actually a kind of moro moro – a planned
trial wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had
already been prejudged. Unlike other accused, Rizal
had not been allowed to know the people who
witnessed against him. The trial took place at Cuartel
de España, a military building, with a court composed
of seven military officers headed by Lt. Col.Jose
Togores Arjona. Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, the six other officers
in uniform (Capt. Ricardo Muños. Arias, Capt Manuel Reguera, Capt Santiago
Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriquez Nuñes, Capt Manuel Diaz,
Escribano, and Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de
Alcocer (prosecuting attorney) and a number of spectator, including Josephine
Bracken.
After Judge Advocate Dominguea opened the trial, it was followed by
Atty. Alcocer’s reiteration of the charges against Rizal, urging the court that the
latter be punished with death. Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him
were rebellion, sedition and illegal association – the penalty for the first two
being life imprisonment to death, while the last, correctional imprisonment and
a charge of 325 to 3,250 pesetas.
Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the floor reading his
speech in defense of Rizal. To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense
which he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago. According to Rizal, there are twelve
points to prove his innocence.
1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion.
2. He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan comprising
revolutionary elements.
3. Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if he really
was guilty, he could have escape while he was in Singapore.
4. If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile; he
shouldn’t have built a home, bought a parcel of land or established a
hospital in Dapitan.
5. If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionaries should
have consulted.

93
6. He had not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga Filipina, but to
make things clear, the organization was a civic association, not a
revolutionary society.
7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association banished because of
his exile in Dapitan, Did not last long.
8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea about
it.
9. If the La Liga ha revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should not have
been organized’
10. If the Spanish authorities found his having bitter atmosphere, it was
because in 1890 his family was being persecuted resulting by their
dispossession of properties and deportation of all his brothers – in- law.
11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitann – the politico – military
commanders and missionary priest in the province could attest to that.
12. If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at doroteo Ongjunco’s
house had inspired the revolution, then he want to confront these
persons. If he really was for the revolution, then why did the Katipunan
send an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so because all his
friends were aware that he never advocate violence.
But the military court remained indifferent to the pleads of Rizal. Rizal
was civilian, but was tried by a military court composed of military officials. The
case was already prejudged in the absence of due process. After a short
deberation he was sentenced to be shot in musketry until death at 7 o’clock in
the morning on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan . The decision was
submitted to Gov. Polavieja who immiditely sought the opinion of Nicolas de la
Peña - the latter found the court’s decision and ordered Rizal execution with
all the formalities as required by the law.
MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN
Upon hearing the court’s decision,
Rizal already knew that there is no way that
his destiny would be change-Rizal knew it
was his end. And had accepted his fate.
Captain Rafae Dominguez, at 6 o’clock in the
morning of his execution, scheduled the next
day.
Rizal
was
immediately transferred to the prison
chapel where he spent his last hours on
earth.

94
Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing. Correspondences to
friends and family, bidding everyone farewell, and conversing with his Jesuit
priests’ friends. He had a lot of visitors, arriving one or two after the other.
1. Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata – the Rector of the Ateneo Municipal, arrive in
the prison early in the morning.
2. Fr. Luis Viza – came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom Rizal asked for
the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he made during his stay
in Ateneo.
3. Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who Rizal gladly ate a fine
breakfast with him, returned in the afternoon to resume his talk with
Rizal.
4. Lt. Taviel de Adrade – Rizal extended his appreciation for Andrade’s
services as his defense counsel.
5. Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather comically that Rizal
would lose his head for writing the Noli Me Tangere, and the latter “
congratulated “ the priest for being right.
6. Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal’s former teacher in Ateneo ; ate lunch with
him.
7. Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr.
Villaclara; ate lunch with Rizal as well.
8. Santiago Mataix – contributor in the El Heraldo
de Madrid.
9. Teodora Alonzo – Rizal Knelt before his beloved
mother, begging for forgiveness and
understanding; the mother and son were
separated by the strong grip of the prison guard.
10. Trinidad – arrived when Doña Teodora Left the
chapel; to her, Rizal handed down an alcohol
cooking stove and whispered that something was inside it (turned out to
be his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, Written in a small piece of paper).
11. Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a good
conversation with Rizal.

95
Late at night around 10 o’clock a retraction letter prepared by Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda was presented to Rizal, however, he rejected it for being
too long. Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another draft from Fr. Pio Pi,
Which Rizal liked but wanted some parts of which be changed. By 11:30 P.M.
Rizal wrote and signed the retraction letter in which he renounced the mason
movement – witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief of the, Guard
Detail) and Ely Moure (Assistant of the Plaza). Rizal then confessed to Father
Villaclara, and after which, slept. Two hours later, he rose up and prayed and
confessed again. Inside the chapel he knelt before the altar and prayed with the
rosary. He, for the third time, confessed to Fr. Villaclara and once finished, read
Imitacion de Cristo by Tomas Kempis.
At 3:30 in the morning of December 30. 1896, Fr.
Balaguer lead a mass – Rizal, once again, made a
confession and received Communion. At 5:00 A.M., he
ate his last breakfast and autographed some
memorabilia including religious picture and books which
will be passed on to his mother, and her sister, Trinidad.
Accompanied by his sister Narcisa, Josephine Bracken
arrive and requested by Rizal, the couple was
canonically blessed as husband and wife by Fr.
Balaguer. To Josephine, Rizal gave the Imitacion de
Cristo as a wedding gift. For the last time, he wrote a
letter to his parents Ferdinand Blumentritt and Paciano.
Rizal’s
march to Bagumbayan
commenced 6:30 in the morning. He is in
black suit, black necktie, black hat, black shoes
and white vest. With Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one
side, and Fathers Estanislao March and Jose
Villaclara, on the other side, He calmly walked from
his proson cell in Fort Santiago to the execution
site. They walked behind four advanced guards
armed with bayonets.
Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although, still had
the freedom to move his arms. In his right arm was a rosary which he kept
on holding until his final breath. Meters before the execution place a
number of spectators awaited Rizal. During his long march. Rizal saw
familiar faces and places, he spent his time reminiscing his childhood, the
fun he had with his family and friends.

96
In Bagumbayan Field, Rizal
shook the hands of the two priest
and his defender, bidding them
farewell. A priest bleeds and
offered him a crucifix which he
gently kissed. Rizal had one
request, that is,
that he be shot
facing the firing
squad, however,
in vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot. As
such, Rizal had no choice but to turn back. A Physician by the
name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo was amazed that Rizal’s vital
sign were normal, particularly his pulse rate – was Rizal really
unafraid to die?
The Firing squad was commanded in unison with
drumbeats Upon the brick command “Fire”, the guns of the
squad flared Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining, energy, twisted his body
around to face the firing squad, and so, fell on the ground with.
His face forward the blue sky, his head slightly inclined toward the rising
sun in the east. What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their loud,
and audible voice, shouting :Long live Spain! Death to Traitors!” Jose Rizal died
at exactly 7:00 in the morning of December 30, 1896.

97
MY LAST FAREWELL ( Mi ultimo Adios)
My last Farewell was Rizal’s last and greatest
poem written before his execution, December 29,
1896, this poem is considered a priceless gem of the
Philippines literature.
The poem was given by Rizal to his sisters at
the eve of his execution. Rizal gave to his sister,
Trinidad the alcohol stove though the guard, and
said” there is something inside” The sisters discover
inside the stove an untitled poem with 14 stanzas.
The sister reproduce the poem and sent it to Rizal’s
friend abroad. Later Mariano Dacana, a Filipino
Priest, entitled the poem Mi Ultimo Dios and
Published it in La independencia of Antonio Luna on
September 25, 1898.
The Mi Ultimo could be the most translated
poem in the world Presently, it has been translated into 40 language/dialects.
The languages are: Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Czeck, Danish,
Dutch, English, Fijian, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Hawaiian, Hebrew,
Hidi, Hungarian, Igbo,, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Korean, Latin,
Maori, Norwegian, Portuguses, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit, Sinhalese,
Somali, Tahitian, Thai, Tongan, Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese, Wolof, and Yoruba.
Mi Ultimo Adios
Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,
Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,
Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más florida,
Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.
En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio
Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar;
El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel ó lirio,
Cadalso ó campo abierto, combate ó cruel martirio,
Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar.
Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora
Y al fin anuncia el día trás lóbrego capuz;
Si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora,
Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen hora
Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz.
Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho adolescente,
Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de vigor,

98
Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de oriente
Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente,
Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor.
Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo,
Salud te grita el alma que pronto va á partir!
Salud! ah que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo,
Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo,
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir.
Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un dia
Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor,
Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía,
Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor.
Deja á la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave;
Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz,
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave,
Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave
Deja que el ave entone su cantico de paz.
Deja que el sol ardiendo las lluvias evapore
Y al cielo tornen puras con mi clamor en pos,
Deja que un sér amigo mi fin temprano llore
Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mi alguien ore
Ora tambien, Oh Patria, por mi descanso á Dios!
Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura,
Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual,
Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura;
Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura
Y ora por tí que veas tu redencion final.
Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio
Y solos sólo muertos queden velando allí,
0No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio
Tal vez acordes oigas de citara ó salterio,
Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto á ti.
Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada
No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar,
Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada,
Y mis cenizas antes que vuelvan á la nada,
El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan á formar.
Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido,
Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzaré,

99
Vibrante y limpia nota seré para tu oido,
Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido
Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fé.
Mi Patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores,
Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios.
Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores.
Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores,
Donde la fé no mata, donde el que reyna es Dios.
Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma mía,
Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar,
Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso día;
Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegria,
Adios, queridos séres morir es descansar.

100
This is a poem by Dr. Jose Rizal, penned just
hours before he was executed. The poem was originally
written in spanish and was not given any title. Rizal hid
the paper containing the poem in an alcohol stove which
was later given to his sister Narcisa. Another possible
poem was written in a piece of paper hidden in Rizal’s
shoes but the text became unreadable so its content
remains a mystery.
Mariano Ponce had the poem published in Hong
Kong and gave it the title “Mi Ultimo Pensamiento”.
Father Mariano Dacanay, a Filipino priest, gave the poem
the title “Ultimo Adios”. So the poem came to be known
as “Mi Ultimo Adios” or “My Last Farewell”. The poem has
been translated many times in a number of languages.
One of the most popular translation is the English version
by Charles E. Derbyshire. It was also translated in Filipino
version by Andres Bonifacio.
English Version Filipino Version
My Last Farewell
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the
sun caress’d
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden
lost!,
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded
life’s best,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more
blest
Still would I give it thee, nor count the
cost.
On the field of battle, ‘mid the frenzy of
fight,
Others have given their lives, without
doubt or heed;
The place matters not-cypress or
Huling Paalam
Pahimakas ni Dr. Jose Rizal
Pinipintuho kong Bayan ay paalam,
Lupang iniirog ng sikat ng araw,
mutyang mahalaga sa dagat Silangan,
kaluwalhatiang sa ami'y pumanaw.
Masayang sa iyo'y aking idudulot
ang lanta kong buhay na lubhang
malungkot;
maging maringal man at labis alindog
sa kagalingan mo ay aking ding
handog.

101
laurel or lily white,
Scaffold or open plain, combat or
martyrdom’s plight,
‘Tis ever the same, to serve our home
and country’s need.
I die just when I see the dawn break,
Through the gloom of night, to herald
the day;
And if color is lacking my blood thou
shalt take,
Pour’d out at need for thy dear sake
To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
My dreams, when life first opened to
me,
My dreams, when the hopes of youth
beat high,
Were to see thy lov’d face, O gem of
the Orient sea
From gloom and grief, from care and
sorrow free;
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine
eye.
Dream of my life, my living and
burning desire,
All hail ! cries the soul that is now to
take flight;
All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to
expire ;
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst
aspire;
And sleep in thy bosom eternity’s long
night.
If over my grave some day thou seest
grow,
In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
While I may feel on my brow in the
cold tomb below
The touch of thy tenderness, thy
breath’s warm power.
Sa pakikidigma at pamimiyapis
ang alay ng iba'y ang buhay na kipkip,
walang agam-agam, maluag sa dibdib,
matamis sa puso at di ikahapis.
Saan man mautas ay dikailangan,
cipres o laurel, lirio ma'y patungan
pakikipaghamok, at ang bibitayan,
yaon ay gayon din kung hiling ng
Bayan.
Ako'y mamamatay, ngayong
namamalas
na sa silinganan ay namamanaag
yaong maligayang araw na sisikat
sa likod ng luksang nagtabing na ulap.
Ang kulay na pula kung kinakailangan
na maitina sa iyong liway-way,
dugo ko'y isabong at siyang ikinang
ng kislap ng iyong maningning na ilaw
Ang aking adhika sapul magkaisip
ng kasalukuyang bata pang maliit,
ay ang tanghaling ka at minsan masilip
sa dagat Silangan hiyas na marikit.
Natuyo ang luhang sa mata'y nunukal,
taas na ang noo't walang kapootan,
walang bakas kunot ng kapighatian
gabahid man dungis niyong kahihiyan.
Sa kabuhayang ko ang laging gunita
maningas na aking ninanasa-nasa
ay guminhawa ka ang hiyas ng diwa
hingang papanaw ngayong biglang-
bigla.
pag hingang papanaw ngayong
biglang-bigla.
Ikaw'y guminhawa laking
kagandahang
akoy malugmok, at ikaw ay matanghal,
hiniga'y malagot, mabuhay ka lamang

102
Let the moon beam over me soft and
serene,
Let the dawn shed over me its radiant
flashes,
Let the wind with sad lament over me
keen ;
And if on my cross a bird should be
seen,
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my
ashes.
Let the sun draw the vapors up to the
sky,
And heavenward in purity bear my
tardy protest
Let some kind soul o ‘er my untimely
fate sigh,
And in the still evening a prayer be
lifted on high
From thee, 0 my country, that in God I
may rest.
Pray for all those that hapless have
died,
For all who have suffered the
unmeasured pain;
For our mothers that bitterly their woes
have cried,
For widows and orphans, for captives
by torture tried
And then for thyself that redemption
thou mayst gain.
And when the dark night wraps the
graveyard around
With only the dead in their vigil to see
Break not my repose or the mystery
profound
And perchance thou mayst hear a sad
hymn resound
‘Tis I, O my country, raising a song
unto thee.
And even my grave is remembered no
more
bangkay ko'y masilong sa iyong
Kalangitan.
Kung sa libingan ko'y tumubong
mamalas
sa malagong damo mahinhing
bulaklak,
sa mga labi mo'y mangyayaring itapat,
sa kaluluwa ko hatik ay igawad.
At sa aking noo nawa'y iparamdam,
sa lamig ng lupa ng aking libingan,
ang init ng iyong paghingang dalisay
at simoy ng iyong paggiliw na tunay.
Bayaang ang buwan sa aki'y ititig
ang iwanag niyang lamlam at tahimik,
liwayway bayaang sa aki'y ihatid
magalaw na sinag at hanging hagibis.
Kung sakasakaling bumabang
humantong
sa krus ko'y dumapo kahit isang ibon
doon ay bayaan humuning hinahon
at dalitin niya payapang panahon.
Bayaan ang ningas ng sikat ng araw
ula'y pasingawin noong kainitan,
magbalik sa langit ng boong dalisay
kalakip ng aking pagdaing na hiyaw.
Bayaang sino man sa katotang giliw
tangisang maagang sa buhay pagkitil;
kung tungkol sa akin ay may
manalangin
idalangin, Bayan, yaring pagka
himbing.
Idalanging lahat yaong nangamatay,
mangagatiis hirap na walang
kapantay;
mga ina naming walang kapalaran
na inihihibik ay kapighatian.

103
Unmark’d by never a cross nor a stone
Let the plow sweep through it, the
spade turn it o’er
That my ashes may carpet earthly
floor,
Before into nothingness at last they
are blown.
Then will oblivion bring to me no care
As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
Throbbing and cleansed in thy space
and air
With color and light, with song and
lament I fare,
Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
My Fatherland ador’d, that sadness to
my sorrow lends
Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last
good-by!
I give thee all: parents and kindred
and friends
For I go where no slave before the
oppressor bends,
Where faith can never kill, and God
reigns e’er on high!
Farewell to you all, from my soul torn
away,
Friends of my childhood in the home
dispossessed !
Give thanks that I rest from the
wearisome day !
Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that
lightened my way;
Beloved creatures all, farewell! In
death there is rest!
Ang mga bao't pinapangulila,
ang mga bilanggong nagsisipagdusa;
dalanginin namang kanilang makita
ang kalayaan mong, ikagiginhawa.
At kung an madilim na gabing
mapanglaw
ay lumaganap na doon sa libinga't
tanging mga patay ang
nangaglalamay,
huwag bagabagin ang katahimikan.
Ang kanyang hiwagay huwag
gambalain;
kaipala'y maringig doon ang taginting,
tunog ng gitara't salterio'y mag saliw,
ako, Bayan yao't kita'y aawitin.
Kung ang libingan ko'y limat na ng
lahat
at wala ng kurus at batang mabakas,
bayaang linangin ng taong masipag,
lupa'y asarolin at kauyang ikalat.
At mga buto ko ay bago matunaw
maowi sa wala at kusang maparam,
alabok ng iyong latag ay bayaang
siya ang babalang doo'y makipisan.
Kung magka gayon na'y aalintanahin
na ako sa limot iyong ihabilin
pagka't himpapawid at ang panganorin
mga lansangan mo'y aking lilibutin.
Matining na tunog ako sa dingig mo,
ilaw, mga kulay, masamyong
pabango,
ang ugong at awit, pag hibik sa iyo,
pag asang dalisay ng pananalig ko.
Bayang iniirog, sakit niyaring hirap,
Katagalugang ko pinakaliliyag,
dinggin mo ang aking
pagpapahimakas;
diya'y iiwan ko sa iyo ang lahat.

104
Ako'y patutungo sa walang busabos,
walang umiinis at berdugong hayop;
pananalig doo'y di nakasasalot,
si Bathala lamang dooy haring lubos.
Paalam, magulang at mga kapatid
kapilas ng aking kaluluwa't dibdib
mga kaibigan bata pang maliit
sa aking tahanan di na masisilip.
Pag pasasalamat at napahinga rin,
paalam estranherang kasuyo ko't aliw,
paalam sa inyo, mga ginigiliw;
mamatay ay siyang pagkakagupiling!
Brief Explanation
The poem shows Jose Rizal’s thoughts and
sentiments in the time of trial and execution.
The succeeding are the interpretations for
each stanza.
First stanza – He express of sacrifice for and goodbye to his motherland.
Second stanza – He deals with martyrdom and his service for the country by
offering his life.
Third stanza – He talks about his death/final end.
Fourth stanza – He presents his vision, that is, to see Philippines free and
developed.
Fifth stanza – He goes back to his death. He declares that is his desire to die
for the sake of the country.
Sixth stanza – He desires that his country also shows love for him by offering
flowers on his tomb.
Seven stanza – He request for proper burial.
Eight stanza – He urges the country to offer prayer for him and the rest in God.

105
Ninth stanza – He request for prayer for others. Those who died and for those
mothers who mourn.
Tenth stanza – He mentions that the dead are forgotten.
Eleventh and twelfth stanza – Although the dead are forgotten, he hopes that
his spirit will continue to live on.
Thirteenth stanza – He expresses farewell to his loved ones. He also discusses
heaven, a place where no slave and oppressor and there is only one Almighty
Creator.
Fourteenth stanza – Finally, he said that death is rest. All people die. Here, he
shows us the thoughts and sentiments.
before the number.
1. They disguised as sailors of the motor Caridad to rescue Rizal
in the cruiser Castilla harbored at Manila Bay.
2. The chosen defense counsel if Rizal in his case that was from
the first and second lieutenants that the Spaniards provided.
3. A letter denouncing bloody stuggle and promoting education
and industry as the best means to acquire independence.
4. The military building where Rizal’s trial took peace.
5. The governor who signed and approved the court’s decision
and ordered Rizal’s execution.
6. The last masterpiece of Rizal which was put inside the alcohol
cooking stove given to his sister, Trinidad.
7. The last wedding gift of Rizal for his lonely wife, Josephine
Bracken.
8. The rescuer of Rizal on the steamer “colon” but failed to do
because the judge in Singapore denied the rescuers request
to free Rizal.
Chapter 2 Exercises

106
9. The judge who was assigned to handle the task of deciding
what corresponding action against Rizal.
10. The physician who was amazed of Rizal’s normal vital signs
and normal pulse rate during his last five minutes on his last
day.
1. Rizal was boarded on steamer Isla de Panay for
Spain which was his last travel abroad.
2. There were twenty-four exhibits of documents during Rizal’s
preliminary investigation.
3. Rizal was not given the privilege to choose his own defense.
4. The three crimes accused to Rizal were rebellion, libel and illegal
association.
5. Rizal had twelve points to prove his innocence which he had written in
his cell in Fort Santiago.
6. Rizal was sentenced to be shot to death at exactly 7:05 in the morning
of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
7. Rizal looked elegant in his black suit, black necktie, black hat, black
shoes, and white nest when he started marching to Bagumbayan.
8. Jose Rizal was shot facing the firing squad.
9. Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30, 1986.

107
1. Explain why Dr. Jose Rizal was sentenced to death.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________
2. Explain how the Spanish authorities handle the case
of Rizal.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
___
3. 3. Describe the process of Rizal’s case. Explain your
answer.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
10. The penalty for his crime was imprisonment to death, correctional
imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 32500 pesetas.
III. ESSAY

108
4. Explain how Rizal proved that “Pen is mightier than
Sword”.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
___
REFERENCES
Books
Jeorge Bocobo, El FIlibusterismo, trans. R. Martinez and Sons Quezon City,
1957.
Lazo, Ricardo S. Jr., Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution,
2006 edition, Rex Book Store, Inc., 2006.
Pangilinan, Michael C., Dr. Jose P. Rizal Life, Works and Writings, Mind
Shapers Co., Inc.,Intramuros, Manila, 2015.
Republic Act No. 1425, s. 1956.
Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia, Rizal Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero, All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.
Quezon City, 2011.
Online
pinoystalgia.com/poem-mi-ultimo-adios-last-farewell-by-jose-rizal/
www.joserizal.com
www.joserizal.info.ph
www.joserizal.ph
www.univie.ac.at/voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/rzpoem7.htm
www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/06/12/republic-act-no-1425/
www.univie.ac.at/voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/rzpoem7.htm

109
www.wikipedia.org.elfilibusterismo
www.wikipedia.org.nolimetangere

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