The document discusses various features formed by rivers, including waterfalls, meanders, flood plains, and river mouths. It then asks questions about how waterfalls and meanders are formed, as well as how river landscapes are used by people and what problems rivers may create.

1. Physical Landscapes Revision Rivers

2. River Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Source – Interlocking Spurs – Gorge – Waterfall – V-Shaped Valley – where the river starts its journey to the sea. where the river winds between ridges. deep valley caused by the wearing back of a waterfall. where the river crosses a band of hard rock. river cuts down into slope.

3. River Features 6. 7. 8. Meander – River Cliff – River Beach – bend in the river in the river caused by side-to-side erosion. the river moves faster at the outside of the bend and begins to undercut the ground, leaving a cliff. the river moves slower at the inside of the bend and deposits small rocks and stones.

4. River Features 9. 10. 11. 12. Flood Plain - Ox Bow Lake – Levee – Mouth – wide flat valley of the lower course. lake formed when the neck of a meander is cut through. natural banks deposited at the side of the river. where the river meets the sea.

7. Land Use in River Landscapes How is this landscape used? What benefits has the river created for the people that live here? What problems has the river created for the people that live here? Why?

9. Answer must have techniques (2) and reasons (2) – any of these options is fine! Measure the width (1) measure the depth (1) measure the speed (1) draw a field sketch (1). Take a photograph (1). Use a metre stick and ranging poles to measure width (1) Use an orange to measure speed (1). Oranges are clearly visible (1). You could take photographs and compare the features of the river (1). Use a measuring pole to help find if the channel in the river was shallow on the inner bend and deeper on the outside (1). 4 ES Give two techniques which could be used to gather information about the physical characteristics of the River Frome. Give reasons for your choice of techniques (4). Model Answer (General, 2007, Q.1c)

10. Model Answer (Credit, 2007, Q.2) Explain how a hanging valley is formed. You may use diagram(s) to illustrate your answer (4). Answer must refer to both hanging and main valleys! A glacier moves down a main valley which it erodes (1) by plucking (1), where the ice freezes on to fragments of rock and pulls them away (1) and abrasion, where rock fragments embedded in the ice scour the landscape (1). The main valley is made deeper and wider (1). A smaller glacier moves down a tributary valley (1) and erodes it less deeply (1), leaving, after the ice has melted a smaller valley whose floor is some height above the floor of the main valley (1). 4 KU