Shah Hussain from Bacha Khan University Charsadda presented information on river discharge. River discharge is defined as the volume of water passing a gauging station in a river over time. It is affected by factors including the basin's physical characteristics like size, shape, and geology. Meteorological factors such as precipitation amounts, distribution, and evapotranspiration rates also influence discharge. Human impacts through land use and water storage infrastructure can additionally affect discharge volumes.

1. NAME : SHAH HUSSAIN
ROLL NO : 61
BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY CHARSADDA

2. River Discharge
-Volume or flow of water passing a gauging station in a river
at a particular time.
-Amount of water originating from precipitation that reaches
the channel – directly, from overland flow, throughflow and
baseflow.
-discharge = velocity (m/sec) x cross-sectional area (m2
)
-So… discharge measured in cumecs (cubic metres per sec)

4. Water balance
-Overall discharge from a drainage basin = product of the
relationship between precipitation and evapotranspiration,
and a number of factors which control the amount of water
stored in the drainage basin…
-Therefore, water balance equation:
drainage basin discharge = pptn – (evap + transp) +/- changes in storage

5. Factors affecting discharge
Physical
-Basin size, shape
-Rock/soil type
-Drainage area and drainage pattern
-Height above sea level
-Surface water stores, eg lakes, glaciers

6. Factors affecting discharge
Meteorological
-Type of precipitation
-Rainfall intensity, amount and duration
-Distribution of precipitation across the drainage basin
-Factors affecting evapotranspiration (eg wind, temperature, humidity
and season)

7. Factors affecting discharge
Human
-Land use
-Surface water stores, eg reservoirs

8. 1. Basin shape, size
2. Geology
3. Soil type
4. Drainage density
5. Precipitation
6. Temperature
7. Land use