Risk factors and types of esophageal carcinoma
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This document discusses the risk factors and types of esophageal carcinoma. It describes the main risk factors as Plummer-Vinson syndrome, achalasia, hot beverages, hiatal hernia, and esophageal injury. The two main types are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma often arises from Barrett's esophagus, which is a complication of chronic acid reflux that causes intestinal metaplasia. Squamous cell carcinoma can be caused by nutritional deficiencies and carcinogens like polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines.
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Gastitis,treatment, symptoms, 4042024.ppt
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Upper git disorder
This document discusses several upper gastrointestinal disorders including GERD, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and their associated risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments. GERD is caused by esophageal reflux and common symptoms include heartburn and acid regurgitation. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, and high-fat foods. Diagnoses may involve barium swallow, endoscopy, or acid perfusion tests. Treatment involves dietary changes, medications like antacids or proton pump inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications. Peptic ulcers are breaks in the stomach or duodenal mucosa and are associated with protein meals, alcohol, smoking, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection. Gastric cancer
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This document presents a case of a 22-year-old female with a history of ulcerative colitis admitted with frequent bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis in 2012. Her condition worsened, with increased bowel movements containing blood and mucus. Tests showed anemia and elevated inflammatory markers. She was started on infliximab due to disease flare and the possibility of surgery was discussed given severity. Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by diffuse colonic inflammation that can affect varying portions of the colon. It has a relapsing-remitting course and is assessed based on symptoms and disease severity and extent.
19 pancreas
This document discusses the pancreas, including its blood supply, lymphatic drainage, enzymes, and various diseases. It covers congenital anomalies of the pancreas as well as acute and chronic pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis has many risk factors and can be a serious medical emergency. Chronic pancreatitis results from longstanding pancreatic duct obstruction and has vague abdominal symptoms. The document also discusses pancreatic cysts, neoplasms, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the most common pancreatic cancer, which often spreads to the liver and lungs.
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CDRI.pptx
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by transmural, patchy inflammation with skip lesions. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. The cause is unknown but may involve genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation like 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. Surgery is considered for complications like strictures, abscesses, or fistulas.
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5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Risk factors and types of esophageal carcinoma
- 1. RISK FACTORS AND TYPES OF ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA Prepared by: Anish Dhakal (Aryan) MBBS Student Patan Academy of Health Sciences
- 2. OBJECTIVES • To describe the risk factors of esophageal carcinomas • To describe the progression of chronic acid reflux to adenocarcinoma • Highlight major aspects of squamous cell carcinoma
- 3. RISK FACTORS
- 4. • Plummer-Vinson syndrome • Achalasia • Hot beverages • Hiatal hernia • H.pylori can decrease adenocarcinoma due to gastric atrophy! • Esophagal injury(e.g.lye ingestion)
- 5. TYPES • Adenocarcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma
- 6. REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS • Esophageal irritation and inflammation • Stratified squamous epithelium in esophagus lack special mechanisms to resist the insult from gastric acid unlike mucosa of stomach wall • Decreased tonicity of lower esophageal sphincter or increased abdominal pressure
- 8. BARRETT ESOPHAGUS • Complication of chronic Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Intestinal metaplasia within squamous mucosa • Increased risk for adenocarcinoma • Squamous epithelial cells transformed to non ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells • Progression in metaplasia to dysplasia sequence
- 9. ADENOCARCINOMA • Most commonly arise from Barrett esophagus • Extended period through stepwise acquired genetic changes • Mostly in lower third of esophagus
- 10. ADENOCARCINOMA • Chromosomal abnormalities including mutation in TP53, downregulation of CDKI and amplification of cyclins • Tumors produce mucin and form glands • Similar to gastric carcinomas tumor can be intestinal or less commonly diffuse type(signet-ring cells)
- 11. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA • Nutritional deficiencies as well as polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines along with HPV can be a risk factor • Amplification of transcription factor gene SOX2, overexpression of cyclin D1 and loss of function mutations of TP53,E-cadherins and NOTCH1
- 12. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA • Most common site is middle third of esophagus • Tumor masses over time protrude and obstruct the lumen • Diffuse infiltrative lesions spread in the esophagus causing thickening, rigidity and luminal narrowing • Metastasis by lymphatic pathway due to rich lymphatic network
Editor's Notes
- Read robbins peptic ulcer