International Relations of India after 1990 that is the rise of Indian foreign affairs after the period of cold war. India's situation in January 1991 before IMF's funds.
India us nexus & its impact on pakistanSajawal Babar
The document discusses the impacts of growing relations between India and the US on Pakistan. It notes that improved economic and military cooperation between the two countries poses challenges to Pakistan by upsetting the regional balance of power and potentially encouraging Indian aggression. The document also examines how the US-India partnership could influence organizations like the UN in ways that disadvantage Pakistan, such as by supporting India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
The document outlines India's foreign policy, beginning with defining foreign policy and its objectives of promoting national interests, minimizing adverse effects, and cooperating with other states. It discusses the factors shaping India's policy, including non-alignment and pragmatism. The policy has evolved to focus on national development, protecting citizens within and beyond borders, and promoting economic progress and regional cooperation. While the overall goals have remained the same, additions have been made to address new issues like terrorism and climate change. Relations with neighboring countries like China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal are also discussed.
- Foreign relations under Nehru were personally driven by the Prime Minister with weak institutional structures. The Prime Minister's Office became the coordinator of foreign policy by the 1970s.
- After independence in 1947, India joined the Commonwealth and supported independence movements. During the Cold War, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union but did not align with any bloc. Now it seeks stronger economic and diplomatic ties globally.
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy objectives and principles, which include developing friendly relations, safeguarding national security, economic development, and upholding the UN charter. It outlines Pakistan's relationships with key countries like China, India, Afghanistan, and Iran. Pakistan's relationship with China is a strategic alliance, while its relationship with India is more conflict-ridden due to territorial disputes like Kashmir. Pakistan also aims to have cooperative relations with neighbors like Afghanistan and Iran.
1. Pakistan's foreign policy aims to maintain friendly relations with all countries while protecting its sovereignty and independence. It supports Muslim causes and self-determination movements.
2. Pakistan's relationship with the US has fluctuated over time. They were close allies during the Cold War but relations were strained by Pakistan's nuclear program and India-Pakistan conflicts.
3. Relations improved after 9/11 as Pakistan allied with the US against terrorism, but have faced issues around US aid and Pakistan's nuclear capabilities.
India us nexus & its impact on pakistanSajawal Babar
The document discusses the impacts of growing relations between India and the US on Pakistan. It notes that improved economic and military cooperation between the two countries poses challenges to Pakistan by upsetting the regional balance of power and potentially encouraging Indian aggression. The document also examines how the US-India partnership could influence organizations like the UN in ways that disadvantage Pakistan, such as by supporting India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
The document outlines India's foreign policy, beginning with defining foreign policy and its objectives of promoting national interests, minimizing adverse effects, and cooperating with other states. It discusses the factors shaping India's policy, including non-alignment and pragmatism. The policy has evolved to focus on national development, protecting citizens within and beyond borders, and promoting economic progress and regional cooperation. While the overall goals have remained the same, additions have been made to address new issues like terrorism and climate change. Relations with neighboring countries like China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal are also discussed.
- Foreign relations under Nehru were personally driven by the Prime Minister with weak institutional structures. The Prime Minister's Office became the coordinator of foreign policy by the 1970s.
- After independence in 1947, India joined the Commonwealth and supported independence movements. During the Cold War, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union but did not align with any bloc. Now it seeks stronger economic and diplomatic ties globally.
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy objectives and principles, which include developing friendly relations, safeguarding national security, economic development, and upholding the UN charter. It outlines Pakistan's relationships with key countries like China, India, Afghanistan, and Iran. Pakistan's relationship with China is a strategic alliance, while its relationship with India is more conflict-ridden due to territorial disputes like Kashmir. Pakistan also aims to have cooperative relations with neighbors like Afghanistan and Iran.
1. Pakistan's foreign policy aims to maintain friendly relations with all countries while protecting its sovereignty and independence. It supports Muslim causes and self-determination movements.
2. Pakistan's relationship with the US has fluctuated over time. They were close allies during the Cold War but relations were strained by Pakistan's nuclear program and India-Pakistan conflicts.
3. Relations improved after 9/11 as Pakistan allied with the US against terrorism, but have faced issues around US aid and Pakistan's nuclear capabilities.
This document provides an overview of the strategic partnership between India and the United States. It discusses the history of their relationship from British colonial rule up until the present day, including periods of both cooperation and tension. Key events covered include American support for Indian independence, the improving relations under Eisenhower and Kennedy, sanctions imposed after India's nuclear tests in 1998, and the blossoming ties under Bush from 2004-2014. The document also outlines why India is an important partner for the US today, noting their cooperation on issues like counterterrorism, climate change, and as a balance to China's rising power.
The document provides an overview of India's foreign policy, outlining its evolution, framework, objectives, and relationships with neighboring countries. It discusses the key principles that guide India's foreign policy, including non-alignment and promoting peace. It also examines India's relations with major neighbors like China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal. While border disputes and security issues have strained some relations, India generally pursues friendly ties and cooperation across South Asia. The document traces how India's foreign policy has adapted to changes in the global landscape since the end of the Cold War.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses the key principles and vision outlined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, including non-alignment and friendship with all nations. It then analyzes Pakistan's foreign policy through different phases, from the country's founding to the ongoing war on terror. The document also examines Pakistan's relationships with other countries and the agencies involved in foreign policymaking.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
Pakistan's foreign policy aims to develop friendly relations with other countries, safeguard national security and geostrategic interests, and promote economic development. The key principles of Pakistan's foreign policy include peaceful coexistence, unity among Islamic countries, non-alignment, international cooperation, and non-interference in internal affairs. Pakistan faces challenges relating to its disputes with India over Kashmir, terrorism, its nuclear program, political instability, relations with superpowers like China and the US, and its struggling domestic economic situation.
The document provides an overview of Sino-Indian relations from the 1950s to present day. It discusses the initial cordial relations following diplomatic recognition, deterioration during border disputes and wars, and recent efforts to normalize relations through high-level exchanges and economic cooperation. While differences remain on border issues, both sides are committed to addressing them peacefully and strengthening the overall bilateral partnership.
This document outlines Pakistan's changing foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses Pakistan initially exploring friendship with all states after independence, then aligning with the West during the Cold War by joining security pacts like CENTO and SEATO. Pakistan's foreign policy transitioned in the 1960s-70s as it developed relationships with both the US and USSR. More recently, Pakistan has worked closely with the US as a frontline ally in the War on Terrorism while maintaining economic and diplomatic ties with other countries.
The document discusses the key geo-strategic, geo-political, and geo-economic determinants that shape Pakistan's foreign policy. It outlines Pakistan's relations with major countries including the US, China, India, Afghanistan, and countries in the Middle East. Pakistan's strategic location and history with India, as well as its religious heritage and economic needs, are some of the main factors that influence its foreign policy goals of ensuring national security, peace in the region, and balanced diplomatic relations.
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy, its principles, phases and relationships with key countries like India and China. It notes Pakistan's foreign policy aims to preserve national security, promote world peace and cordial relations with Muslim countries. Major phases included the era of alliances when Pakistan joined SEATO and Baghdad Pact, and the era of bilateralism when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto adopted an independent foreign policy. Key topics covered include the India-Pakistan relationship, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Bhutto's stance at the UN.
Pakistan's foreign policy aims to protect its independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It focuses on maintaining relations with all states, addressing economic and trade issues, strengthening ties with Muslim states, and showing solidarity with developing countries. Key issues include the disputed Kashmir region with India, relations with major powers like the US and China, and participation in international organizations like the UN. The policy seeks to promote anti-colonialism, self-determination, arms control, and counterterrorism.
Pakistan has pursued different foreign policy approaches throughout its history based on changing geopolitical circumstances. Initially, it explored friendly relations with all countries after independence. It then aligned with Western countries during the Cold War, joining organizations like SEATO and CENTO. From the 1960s, Pakistan transitioned to bilateral relations and non-alignment. It supported Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion and rebuilt ties with the US. Following the Cold War, Pakistan pursued a nuclear program and dealt with insurgencies while maintaining strategic relations with China and others. Since 9/11, Pakistan has played an active but difficult role in counterterrorism efforts while seeking to promote regional peace and stability.
1) The document outlines the key principles of India's foreign policy, including the promotion of world peace, anti-colonialism, anti-racialism, non-alignment, and the Panchsheel principles.
2) It discusses India's objectives in foreign policy such as protecting national interests, strengthening ties with neighbors and major powers, and reforming international organizations like the UN.
3) India aims to ensure regional stability and counter terrorism while strengthening economic and strategic cooperation internationally.
The document provides an overview of Indo-US relations from historical times to the present. It discusses how relations progressed from the Cold War era, when India aligned more closely with the Soviet Union, to the post-Cold War period where ties have strengthened. Key events covered include improved cooperation under Clinton and Bush, the 1998 nuclear tests causing tensions, and recent issues like the arrest of an Indian diplomat in 2013 straining relations. Overall it traces the transformation of Indo-US ties from initial distance to the current strategic partnership.
The document outlines the guiding principles, objectives, and challenges of Pakistan's foreign policy. The guiding principles include freedom, sovereignty, relations with Muslim countries and the UN Charter. The objectives are to promote Pakistan as a progressive Islamic democracy and develop economic and security cooperation while safeguarding national interests. Major challenges include security concerns post 9/11, safeguarding sovereignty against drone attacks, combating terrorist labeling, and issues in Baluchistan. Recommendations are to clearly communicate Pakistan's stance and pursue diplomatic efforts to address challenges.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
India's foreign policy aims to preserve national interests through principles of non-alignment, opposition to colonialism, support for the UN and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Key aspects of foreign policy include non-alignment dating back to Nehru, maintaining friendly relations with all countries, and supporting the goals of the UN. India has close ties with neighbors like Bangladesh but disputes with Pakistan and China. Major foreign policy issues involve relations with the US, China, Pakistan, and Russia.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to 2004. It outlines the major phases and developments in Pakistan's foreign policy over this period. The first phase from 1947-1953 focused on establishing foundations of foreign policy and cultivating relations with all countries while dealing with security issues related to India and Afghanistan. Subsequent phases saw Pakistan align with the West during the Cold War, pursue non-alignment in the 1960s-1970s, partner with the US on Afghanistan in the 1980s, and address regional issues and counterterrorism after the Cold War and post-9/11.
The document discusses US-India relations over time. It notes that Kashmir remains a dispute and that recent US presidents have called for an end to attacks there. It describes the US wanting to strengthen ties with India to counterbalance China's influence. Under Clinton, trade opened up between the countries. Bush signed a civil nuclear deal with India, while Obama praised India as the world's largest democracy. The document argues the US should continue building strong relations to counter China and help India develop its economy and democracy.
The document discusses the history and development of relations between India and the United States from 1947 to the present. It notes that while the US initially tried to woo India after its independence, India's preference for non-alignment led the US to turn toward Pakistan in the 1950s. Relations improved in the 1960s but deteriorated in the 1980s due to India's tilt toward the Soviet Union. Significant improvements occurred in the 1990s following the end of the Cold War, and cooperation has expanded greatly since the 2000s due to shared interests. The growing relationship poses challenges for Pakistan.
The document traces the evolution of India's foreign policy from independence in 1947 to the present day. It highlights some key milestones and policies, including:
1) Jawaharlal Nehru's policy of non-alignment in the early decades which sought to maintain diplomatic independence from both Western and Eastern blocs.
2) A gradual shift toward more pragmatic diplomacy following Nehru's death, including increased defense spending and military modernization.
3) Important events and policies in the subsequent decades that shaped India's international role and relations, such as the 1971 war with Pakistan, 1974 and 1998 nuclear tests, and deepening ties with countries like the U.S. and Israel.
This document provides an overview of the strategic partnership between India and the United States. It discusses the history of their relationship from British colonial rule up until the present day, including periods of both cooperation and tension. Key events covered include American support for Indian independence, the improving relations under Eisenhower and Kennedy, sanctions imposed after India's nuclear tests in 1998, and the blossoming ties under Bush from 2004-2014. The document also outlines why India is an important partner for the US today, noting their cooperation on issues like counterterrorism, climate change, and as a balance to China's rising power.
The document provides an overview of India's foreign policy, outlining its evolution, framework, objectives, and relationships with neighboring countries. It discusses the key principles that guide India's foreign policy, including non-alignment and promoting peace. It also examines India's relations with major neighbors like China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal. While border disputes and security issues have strained some relations, India generally pursues friendly ties and cooperation across South Asia. The document traces how India's foreign policy has adapted to changes in the global landscape since the end of the Cold War.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses the key principles and vision outlined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, including non-alignment and friendship with all nations. It then analyzes Pakistan's foreign policy through different phases, from the country's founding to the ongoing war on terror. The document also examines Pakistan's relationships with other countries and the agencies involved in foreign policymaking.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
Pakistan's foreign policy aims to develop friendly relations with other countries, safeguard national security and geostrategic interests, and promote economic development. The key principles of Pakistan's foreign policy include peaceful coexistence, unity among Islamic countries, non-alignment, international cooperation, and non-interference in internal affairs. Pakistan faces challenges relating to its disputes with India over Kashmir, terrorism, its nuclear program, political instability, relations with superpowers like China and the US, and its struggling domestic economic situation.
The document provides an overview of Sino-Indian relations from the 1950s to present day. It discusses the initial cordial relations following diplomatic recognition, deterioration during border disputes and wars, and recent efforts to normalize relations through high-level exchanges and economic cooperation. While differences remain on border issues, both sides are committed to addressing them peacefully and strengthening the overall bilateral partnership.
This document outlines Pakistan's changing foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses Pakistan initially exploring friendship with all states after independence, then aligning with the West during the Cold War by joining security pacts like CENTO and SEATO. Pakistan's foreign policy transitioned in the 1960s-70s as it developed relationships with both the US and USSR. More recently, Pakistan has worked closely with the US as a frontline ally in the War on Terrorism while maintaining economic and diplomatic ties with other countries.
The document discusses the key geo-strategic, geo-political, and geo-economic determinants that shape Pakistan's foreign policy. It outlines Pakistan's relations with major countries including the US, China, India, Afghanistan, and countries in the Middle East. Pakistan's strategic location and history with India, as well as its religious heritage and economic needs, are some of the main factors that influence its foreign policy goals of ensuring national security, peace in the region, and balanced diplomatic relations.
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy, its principles, phases and relationships with key countries like India and China. It notes Pakistan's foreign policy aims to preserve national security, promote world peace and cordial relations with Muslim countries. Major phases included the era of alliances when Pakistan joined SEATO and Baghdad Pact, and the era of bilateralism when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto adopted an independent foreign policy. Key topics covered include the India-Pakistan relationship, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Bhutto's stance at the UN.
Pakistan's foreign policy aims to protect its independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It focuses on maintaining relations with all states, addressing economic and trade issues, strengthening ties with Muslim states, and showing solidarity with developing countries. Key issues include the disputed Kashmir region with India, relations with major powers like the US and China, and participation in international organizations like the UN. The policy seeks to promote anti-colonialism, self-determination, arms control, and counterterrorism.
Pakistan has pursued different foreign policy approaches throughout its history based on changing geopolitical circumstances. Initially, it explored friendly relations with all countries after independence. It then aligned with Western countries during the Cold War, joining organizations like SEATO and CENTO. From the 1960s, Pakistan transitioned to bilateral relations and non-alignment. It supported Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion and rebuilt ties with the US. Following the Cold War, Pakistan pursued a nuclear program and dealt with insurgencies while maintaining strategic relations with China and others. Since 9/11, Pakistan has played an active but difficult role in counterterrorism efforts while seeking to promote regional peace and stability.
1) The document outlines the key principles of India's foreign policy, including the promotion of world peace, anti-colonialism, anti-racialism, non-alignment, and the Panchsheel principles.
2) It discusses India's objectives in foreign policy such as protecting national interests, strengthening ties with neighbors and major powers, and reforming international organizations like the UN.
3) India aims to ensure regional stability and counter terrorism while strengthening economic and strategic cooperation internationally.
The document provides an overview of Indo-US relations from historical times to the present. It discusses how relations progressed from the Cold War era, when India aligned more closely with the Soviet Union, to the post-Cold War period where ties have strengthened. Key events covered include improved cooperation under Clinton and Bush, the 1998 nuclear tests causing tensions, and recent issues like the arrest of an Indian diplomat in 2013 straining relations. Overall it traces the transformation of Indo-US ties from initial distance to the current strategic partnership.
The document outlines the guiding principles, objectives, and challenges of Pakistan's foreign policy. The guiding principles include freedom, sovereignty, relations with Muslim countries and the UN Charter. The objectives are to promote Pakistan as a progressive Islamic democracy and develop economic and security cooperation while safeguarding national interests. Major challenges include security concerns post 9/11, safeguarding sovereignty against drone attacks, combating terrorist labeling, and issues in Baluchistan. Recommendations are to clearly communicate Pakistan's stance and pursue diplomatic efforts to address challenges.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
India's foreign policy aims to preserve national interests through principles of non-alignment, opposition to colonialism, support for the UN and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Key aspects of foreign policy include non-alignment dating back to Nehru, maintaining friendly relations with all countries, and supporting the goals of the UN. India has close ties with neighbors like Bangladesh but disputes with Pakistan and China. Major foreign policy issues involve relations with the US, China, Pakistan, and Russia.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to 2004. It outlines the major phases and developments in Pakistan's foreign policy over this period. The first phase from 1947-1953 focused on establishing foundations of foreign policy and cultivating relations with all countries while dealing with security issues related to India and Afghanistan. Subsequent phases saw Pakistan align with the West during the Cold War, pursue non-alignment in the 1960s-1970s, partner with the US on Afghanistan in the 1980s, and address regional issues and counterterrorism after the Cold War and post-9/11.
The document discusses US-India relations over time. It notes that Kashmir remains a dispute and that recent US presidents have called for an end to attacks there. It describes the US wanting to strengthen ties with India to counterbalance China's influence. Under Clinton, trade opened up between the countries. Bush signed a civil nuclear deal with India, while Obama praised India as the world's largest democracy. The document argues the US should continue building strong relations to counter China and help India develop its economy and democracy.
The document discusses the history and development of relations between India and the United States from 1947 to the present. It notes that while the US initially tried to woo India after its independence, India's preference for non-alignment led the US to turn toward Pakistan in the 1950s. Relations improved in the 1960s but deteriorated in the 1980s due to India's tilt toward the Soviet Union. Significant improvements occurred in the 1990s following the end of the Cold War, and cooperation has expanded greatly since the 2000s due to shared interests. The growing relationship poses challenges for Pakistan.
The document traces the evolution of India's foreign policy from independence in 1947 to the present day. It highlights some key milestones and policies, including:
1) Jawaharlal Nehru's policy of non-alignment in the early decades which sought to maintain diplomatic independence from both Western and Eastern blocs.
2) A gradual shift toward more pragmatic diplomacy following Nehru's death, including increased defense spending and military modernization.
3) Important events and policies in the subsequent decades that shaped India's international role and relations, such as the 1971 war with Pakistan, 1974 and 1998 nuclear tests, and deepening ties with countries like the U.S. and Israel.
Indo-US relations were strained during the Cold War due to their opposing alliances, but began improving in the 1960s. Relations saw periods of both cooperation and distance depending on the geopolitical context, with the end of the Cold War allowing a dramatic improvement. Today, relations are increasingly positive as both countries see opportunities for partnership and have common interests in combating terrorism, though historical tensions and strategic differences remain.
This document provides an overview of the phases of India's foreign policy since independence in three phases:
Phase I from 1947-1965 was characterized by Nehruvian idealism with a focus on non-alignment. Phase II from 1965-1989 saw a shift to strategic realism under Indira Gandhi with closer ties to the Soviet Union. Phase III from 1990 onward emphasized economic pragmatism and developing relationships with multiple partners. Key events and strategies are discussed for each phase. The conclusion emphasizes India's balancing of national interests and basic foreign policy principles with changing geopolitical contexts.
Politics of Responsibility to Protect (R2P)-UOL Presentation.pptxMehmoodHussain19
1) India is committing genocide and atrocities against Kashmiris, including extrajudicial killings, torture, rape and suppression of freedoms. However, major powers have failed to adequately address this due to their own strategic interests with India.
2) The document examines how realpolitik influences the international community's weak response, given India's growing economic and military power as well as its strategic partnership with the US.
3) It argues R2P has been undermined by great power politics and is not being applied to stop India's genocide in Kashmir as it should according to the framework. Major countries are turning a blind eye to human rights abuses for their own interests.
This document outlines a student project on foreign policy and wars. The project aims to understand foreign policy, India's foreign policy since independence, and the relationship between neighboring countries. It will cover principles of Indian foreign policy like panchsheel, non-alignment, and factors that influence foreign policy like national interests and international challenges. Specific events discussed include the 1965 war between India and Pakistan and the subsequent Tashkent Agreement. The document provides sources of information and leaves spaces for marks and feedback.
Trade relations US & India; the changing facesCharmi Chokshi
The document discusses the trade relations between the United States and India. It provides background on why countries trade, details on India's international economic relations and its strong economic relations with several countries including the US. It then focuses on the history, growth and details of trade between India and the US, including key exports and imports. It also discusses investment between the two countries and some challenges and barriers to trade.
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is an informal strategic dialogue between India, the US, Japan, and Australia to ensure a free, open, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region. The idea was first proposed in 2007 but Australia withdrew due to Chinese pressure. It was revived in 2012 as a "Democratic Security Diamond" to safeguard maritime commons. Each country has concerns about and economic dependencies with China, so they must balance relations. Moving forward, the Quad aims to build regional consultation and coordinate with ASEAN while pursuing connectivity projects and a shared vision for the Indo-Pacific.
India's foreign policy since independence can be divided into three phases:
Phase I (1947-1965) was defined by Nehruvian idealism and the establishment of non-alignment. Key events included wars with Pakistan and China.
Phase II (1965-1989) saw a shift towards strategic realism under Indira Gandhi and closer ties with the Soviet Union. India intervened in neighboring countries.
Phase III (post-1990) has focused on economic pragmatism and developing ties with multiple partners. Major goals now include economic development and maintaining relationships with neighbors and powers like the US.
India – United States of America Relations.pptxPrachiRawat28
India and the United States have growing multi-faceted relations across areas like trade, defense, security, education, science and technology. Regular high-level political and official contacts have strengthened the bilateral relationship through discussions on bilateral, regional, and global issues. Key agreements like BECA, LEMOA, and COMCASA have deepened military cooperation, while increasing engagements across sectors reflect the vitality of the partnership between the two democracies.
The document provides an overview of Indo-China relations beginning in 1950 when diplomatic relations were established. It discusses key events like the 1954 Panchsheel agreement, the 1962 Sino-Indian war, Rajiv Gandhi's 1988 visit to China, the 1993 agreement on border peace and tranquility, and more recent issues like the 2017 Doklam standoff and 2020 Galwan Valley clashes. It also examines economic and cultural ties between the two countries as well as ongoing border disputes and security threats posed by China.
India and Pakistan have a long history of conflict over issues like Kashmir and Pakistan's support for militant groups. India's current policy aims to strengthen economic and diplomatic relations with countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Central Asian nations in order to pressure Pakistan to curb militant activities and influence the international community to support India's positions. While pursuing diplomatic engagement, India is also maintaining a strong military posture and monitoring Pakistan's involvement in domestic conflicts like Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan. The optimal policy is seen as a cautious approach that combines military preparedness with efforts to build economic ties and sway global opinion.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
Indian Foreign Relations_Indian military, Indian Armed Forces, Indian Air For...sokly Mouch
Reflect a traditional policy of nonalignment (see Glossary), the exigencies of domestic economic reform and development, and the changing post-Cold War international environment. India's relations with the world have evolved considerably since the British colonial period (1757-1947), when a foreign power monopolized external relations and defense relations. On independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the Indian National Congress (the Congress--see Glossary), had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicize its freedom struggle. From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had the most long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world.
The document discusses Jawaharlal Nehru's view that foreign relations are the fundamental test of a country's independence. It then provides context on India's foreign policy goals of promoting peace and maintaining just relations between nations according to the constitution. Several principles and determinants of India's foreign policy are outlined, including non-alignment and focusing on neighborhood peace and development.
Pakistan's foreign policy lacks clear long-term strategies and is often reactionary in nature. It is centered around tensions with neighboring India over issues like Kashmir and distrust between the two countries. Pakistan also struggles in its relationship with the United States, acting as an ally for issues like the War on Terror but disagreeing on drone strikes and other interventions. Overall, Pakistan's foreign policy suffers from an overemphasis on short-term goals and a lack of consistency due to frequent changes in leadership and strategic priorities.
China has expanded its economic and diplomatic relations with Latin America since the 1970s. It views the region as important for trade, investment, and asserting its role as a global power. Key aspects of the relationship include:
1) Growing trade and investment ties, including free trade agreements and Chinese financing of infrastructure projects in the region.
2) China sees Latin America as a source of natural resources and a market for its exports, while Latin American countries see China as an alternative partner to the US and Europe.
3) There are some concerns about the environmental and social impacts of Chinese investment in sensitive areas and state-led development model undermining governance, but overall the relationship is seen as mutually beneficial.
This document discusses Sino-Indian relations and border disputes. It notes that China and India share a long border but remain separated by the Himalayas. Border disputes date back to their unresolved border delineations and a 1962 war where China attacked India. Disputed areas include Aksai Chin and the McMahon Line in the northeast. While relations improved with trade growth, tensions have flared in recent years due to troop movements near the Line of Actual Control. The document also reviews key imports and exports between the two nations and why Pakistan remains an important partner for China.
China's foreign policy toward Japan has evolved significantly over time. Initially, China was not open to foreign influence before 1989 but established diplomatic relations with Japan in 1972. Since then, trade between the two countries has increased substantially, driven by China's economic growth, trade liberalization, and Japanese investment in China. While economic cooperation is strong due to complementary industries and geographic proximity, political tensions remain due to lingering historical issues and nationalist sentiments on both sides.
The document provides an overview of Indian foreign policy, outlining its key principles, objectives, and determinants. It notes that foreign policy aims to promote and protect a nation's interests through its interactions with other states. For India specifically, its foreign policy is shaped by both domestic factors like geography, history, and ideology, as well as international factors like the Cold War and relations with neighboring countries. The core objectives of India's foreign policy include preserving sovereignty, promoting national development, protecting Indian communities abroad, supporting decolonization, and ending racial discrimination. National interest, security, and non-alignment have remained important guiding principles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. INTRODUCTION
• The year 1991 was a defining moment in the history of
India’s foreign and foreign economic policies in the post
cold war scenario.
• The collapse and disintegration of the USSR.
• Before the 90s India was probably one of the least
preferred economies in the world.
• India was founding members of many International
Organisations.
3. ECONOMY OF INDIA
• India’s economy was growing three times faster in 1950’s and 1960’s as compared to
British Raj but it came to stagnant position in 1980’s.
• Before IMF came to India’s rescue, India’s foreign exchange reserves was of mere two
weeks in January 1991 .
• GDP per capita nearly doubled from US$1,380 in 1990 to US$2,420 in 2000.
• Foreign exchange reserves, which had plunged to zero, surged to 50 billion US
dollars.
• Foreign direct investment (mainly from USA, UK, Germany and Japan) started to
become positive.
6. RELATIONS WITH U.S.
• Relations between India and the United States were lukewarm following Indian
independence, as India took a leading position in the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Since the end of the Cold War, India-USA relations have improved dramatically.
• The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's
nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-
American relations.
• United States would lend its support to India's bid for a permanent seat in the
United Nations Security Council.
7. RELATIONS WITH RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
• During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union (USSR) enjoyed a strong strategic,
military, economic and diplomatic relationship.
• Russia has been the largest supplier of military equipment to India Consists of 68% of
total import.
• Russian Federation would lend its support to India's bid for a permanent seat in the
United Nations Security Council.
• In recent years a sixth component, economic, has grown in importance with both
countries setting a target for US$30 billion in bilateral trade by 2025.
8. RELATIONS WITH PEOPLES REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
• Fought one war in 1962 over boundary disputes over Aksai Chin and Arunachal
Pradesh.
• A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations.
• Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the country's nuclear
tests by citing potential threats from the Peoples Republic Of China.
• In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised
Sikkim as a formal part of India in 2004.
• Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single
largest trading partner of India.
9. RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN
• Fought four wars since independence in 1948,1965,1971 and 1999 of which three were on
Kashmir border dispute.
• The fact of secular democracy in a neighbourhood country often seemed threating to
Pakistani military rulers.
• In 1998, India carried out the Pokhran-II nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's
Chagai-I tests. Following the Lahore Declaration in February 1999.
• The 2008 Mumbai attacks seriously undermined the relations between the two countries.
India alleged Pakistan of harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently
denies such claims.
• The Samjhauta Express and Delhi–Lahore Bus service are two of these successful measures
which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two
countries.
10. ACHIEVEMENTS
• India took part in several UN peacekeeping missions. In 2007 it
was second largest troop contributions to UN.
• India is currently seeking a permanent seat UN security council
along with the other G-4 nations.
• India's closest include the Russian Federation, Israel, Afghanistan,
France, Bhutan Bangladesh, and the United States.
• India enjoys military ties with several countries with United
Kingdom, United States, Japan, Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and
Italy.
12. CONCERNS
• Even as India is increasing its geo-strategic sphere of South Asia, its influence
within it is steadily weakened by Chinese economic and military power.
• New Delhi’s focus on terrorism has compromised India’s strategic relationship
with China.
• India's insufficient commercial integration with Southeast and East Asia.
• Gaps between diplomatic efforts and agents of domestic implementation.
• Political resistance to engagement with Pakistan.
• Relative inexperience with leading on matters of global governance
13. WAY FORWARD
• Long-term strategic thinking requires intellectual depth and an ability to look
beyond the tactical considerations.
• There needs to be institutional coordination and follow-up action on the
government’s key initiatives.
• If there are well-articulated strategic doctrines, institutions will learn to refer to them
and adjust their policies accordingly, leading to a lot more coherence in the
country’s strategic behavior.
• A national security doctrine would require a great deal of political consultation,
careful scenario building, and net assessment by experts.
• Strategic thinking can flourish when the political class commits to institutional
reform, intellectual investment and consensus building.