Reflect a traditional policy of nonalignment (see Glossary), the exigencies of domestic economic reform and development, and the changing post-Cold War international environment. India's relations with the world have evolved considerably since the British colonial period (1757-1947), when a foreign power monopolized external relations and defense relations. On independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the Indian National Congress (the Congress--see Glossary), had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicize its freedom struggle. From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had the most long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world.

1. Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist
University
English Literature

2. Group 2 Members:
1.Mr. souert vannak
2. Mr.Hourt Hakly
3. Mrs. Ouch Srey Neath
4. Ms. Ny Pan Mai
5. Ven. Mouch Sokly

3.  India's relations with the world have evolved
considerably since the British colonial period (1757-
1947), when a foreign power monopolized external
relations and defense relations. On independence in
1947, few Indians had experience in making or
conducting foreign policy.
I. INDIA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
 From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had
the most long-standing interest in world affairs
among independence leaders formulated the
Congress stance on international issues. As a
member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru
articulated India's approach to the world.

4.  These objectives were closely related to the
determinants of India's foreign relations: the historical
legacy of South Asia; India's geopolitical position and
security requirements; and India's economic needs as a
large developing nation.
 From 1947 until the late 1980s, New Delhi's
foreign policy goals enabled it to achieve some
successes in carving out an independent
international role.

5. India's international influence varied over the years
after independence. Indian prestige and moral
authority were high in the 1950s and facilitated the
acquisition of developmental assistance from both
East and West.
Although the prestige stemmed from India's
nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent
Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with
interstate relations in South Asia

6. Although India obtained substantial Soviet
military and economic aid, which helped to
strengthen the nation, India's influence was
undercut regionally and internationally by the
perception that its friendship with the Soviet
Union prevented a more forthright condemnation
of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan.
In the 1980s, New Delhi improved relations
with the United States, other developed
countries, and China while continuing close ties
with the Soviet Union.

7. *Nehru set the pattern for the formation of Indian
foreign policy: a strong personal role for the prime
minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru
served concurrently as prime minister and minister of
external affairs; he made all major foreign policy
decisions himself
By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had
become the de facto coordinator and supra ministry of
the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office
strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign
policy making at the expense of the Ministry of
External Affairs.
1.Role of the Prime Minister

8. The prime minister's control and reliance on personal
advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was
particularly strong under the tenures of Indira Gandhi
(1966-77 and 1980-84) and her son, Rajiv (1984-89),
who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of
coalition governments under Morarji (1977-79),
Viswanath Pratap (V.P.) Singh (1989-90), Chandra
Shekhar (1990-91), and P.V. Narasimha Rao (starting
in June 1991).

9. Members of the Indian Foreign Service are
recruited through annual written and oral
competitive examinations and come from a great
variety of regional, economic, and social
backgrounds. The Foreign Service Training
Institute provides a wide range of courses for
foreign service officers, including a basic
professional course, a comprehensive course in
diplomacy and international relations for foreign
service recruits, a refresher course for commercial
representatives, and foreign language training.

10.  The Ministry of External Affairs is the governmental
body most concerned with foreign affairs, with
responsibility for some aspects of foreign policy
making, actual implementation of policy, and daily
conduct of international relations.
 The ministry's duties include providing timely
information and analysis to the prime minister and
minister of external affairs, recommending specific
measures when necessary, planning policy for the
future, and maintaining communications with foreign
missions in New Delhi.
2. Ministry of External Affairs

11. The ministry also has functional divisions dealing
with external publicity, protocol, consular affairs,
Indians abroad, the United Nations (UN) and other
international organizations, and international
conferences. Two of the eighteen specialized
divisions and units of the ministry are of special
note.
The Policy Planning and Research Division
conducts research and prepares briefs and
background papers for top policy makers and
ministry officials

12. *In 1990 the division established the Economic
Coordination Unit to assess the impact on India
of the Persian Gulf crisis arising from Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait, changes in Eastern Europe
and the Soviet Union, and formation of a single
market in the European Economic Community
(after 1993 the European Union), as well as to
promote foreign investment.

13. *The Ministry of External Affairs had a budget of
Rs8.8 billion (for value of the rupee--see Glossary)
for fiscal year (FY--see Glossary) 1994. The largest
single expense was the maintenance of missions
abroad: Rs3.8 billion, or close to 44 percent of the
ministry's expenditures.
*Foreign aid totaled Rs1.3 billion, or 15.1 percent of
the ministry's expenditures. The single largest
recipient--as in most previous years--was Bhutan
(Rs690 million), whose government operations and
development are heavily subsidized by India.

14. Besides the Office of the Prime Minister and the
Ministry of External Affairs, there are other government
agencies that have foreign policy-making roles. In
theory, the ministers of defense, commerce, and finance
provide input to foreign policy decisions discussed in
cabinet meetings, but their influence in practical terms is
overshadowed by the predominant position of the prime
minister and his advisers
3. Others governmental organization

15. *Only a limited role in foreign policy making is
provided for India's bicameral Parliament (see The
Legislature, ch. 8). Negotiated treaties and
international agreements become legally binding
on the state but are not part of domestic law unless
passed by an act of Parliament, which also has no
say in the appointment of diplomats and other
government representatives dealing with foreign
affairs.

16. II. Indian Military
The armed forces succeeded the military
of British India following India's
independence in 1947.
After World War II, many of the wartime
troops were discharged and units
disbanded. The reduced armed forces were
partitioned between India and Pakistan.

17. The Indian Armed Forces have participated in
several United Nations peacekeeping
operations and are presently the second largest
contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force.
The Army of India between 1903 and 1947
consisted of the Indian Army and the British
Army in India.
He also merged the Three Armies of the three
presidencies into a unified force and forming
higher level formations, brigading Indian and
British units.

18. 1. The Indian Army was "the force recruited
locally and permanently based in India,
together with its expatriate British officers
2. The British Army in India consisted of British
Army units posted to India for a tour of duty,
and which would then be posted to other
parts of the Empire or back to the United
Kingdom.
3. The Indian Army and the British Army in
India were grouped together as the Army of
India.

19. 1. The Indian Armed Forces
The Indian Armed Forces are the military
forces of the Republic of India.
It consists of three professional uniformed
services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy,
and Indian Air Force.

20. Additionally, the Indian Armed
Forces are supported by Indian Coast
Guard and paramilitary
organisations (Assam Rifles,
and Special Frontier Force) and
various inter-service commands and
institutions such as the Strategic
Forces Command, the Andaman and
Nicobar Command and the Integrated
Defence Staff.

21. The President of India is the Supreme
Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.
The Indian Armed Forces are under the
management of the Ministry of Defence
(MoD) of the Government of India.
With strength of over 1.4 million active
personnel, it is world's 3rd largest military
force and has the world's largest volunteer army.

22. 2. The Indian Air Force (IAF)
It is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. It is
the world's fourth largest air force. Its primary
responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to
conduct aerial warfare during a conflict.
It was officially established on 8 October 1932
as an auxiliary air force of the British Empireand
the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition
of its services during World War II.

23. After India became independent from the United
Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force
served the Dominion of India, with the prefix
being dropped when India became a republic in
1950.

24. 1. Sectors of Indian Economy (Ny Pan mai)
In any society, economy is classified into different
sectors or components. A group of certain economic
activities forms different sectors. The economic
activities are the outcome of the production of good and
services. In India, there are mainly three different
sectors of the economy - primary sector, secondary
sector and tertiary sector.

25. 2.Major Contributors to the Indian Economy
Three major sectors contribute to the Indian economy
and the GDP of the country. These are: (i) agriculture
- which includes crops, milk, animal husbandry,
fishing, forestry and some other activities. (ii)
industry - which includes several manufacturing sub-
sectors, and (iii) services - which includes retail,
construction, software, communication, IT, banking,
healthcare and other economic activities.

26. 3. Agriculture
 Industry - Industry contributes about 26% of the GDP
and 22% of the total workforce in India is associated
with industry sector. There are many sub-sectors in
industry which generate revenue for this sector such
as petroleum, engineering, pharmaceuticals, mining,
textile and many more.
 In agriculture production, India ranks second in the
world. Agriculture and related activities accounts for
about 18% of the total GDP and also employ
approximately 50% of the total workforce of the country.
The agriculture sector's contribution to the economy has
been increasing with every financial year

27. 4.Industry
Industry contributes about 26% of the GDP and
22% of the total workforce in India is associated
with industry sector. There are many sub-sectors in
industry which generate revenue for this sector
such as petroleum, engineering, pharmaceuticals,
mining, textile and many more. Read More...
5.Challenges before Indian economy:
Population explosion: The rising population is eating
into the success of India. According to 2011 census, the
population of India has crossed one billion and is
growing at a rate of 2.11% approximately.