The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
2. What is Plant Disease?
Plant Disease - Any abnormalities,
disturbances, malfunctions in
plant’s life that may affect the
normal physiological processes that can
give economic losses.
3. Diseases cause
substantial losses in
rice production.
Published data on
actual losses vary
with region,
disease severity,
and varietal
susceptibility.
5. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT (BLB)
Causal organism:
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)
SYMPTOMS:
• Wilting of seedlings (kresek)
• Appearance of bacterial ooze that looks like a milky or
opaque dewdrop on young lesions early in the morning
• Drying/yellowing of leaf tips and margins
Source: RCPC-1
Source: IRRI
7. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
BACTERIAL LEAF STREAK(BLS)
Causal organism:
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
SYMPTOMS:
• narrow, dark-greenish, water-soaked, interveinal streaks
of various lengths, in leaf blades. -Chin Khoon Min
• Lesions begin as small, interveinal, water-soaked (dark
green) streaks which later become translucent.. -T.W.
Mew/IRRI
• severe damage; the translucent streaks enlarge and
coalesce turning light brown then greyish-white until the
whole leaf dries up. -T.W. Mew/IRRI
Source: RCPC-1Source: RCPC-1Source: IRRI
8. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT:
• Plant resistant varieties
• Use balanced amounts of plant nutrients,
especially nitrogen.
• Ensure good drainage of fields
• Sanitation - Keep fields clean.
• Dry Fallowing
• Solarization
• Use of chemicals (thiodiazole-copper; Cuprous
Oxide) as last resort
9. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
RICE BLAST
Causal organism:
Magnaporthe oryzae
SYMPTOMS:
• white to gray-green lesions or spots, with dark green
borders.
• Older lesions on the leaves are elliptical or spindle-
shaped and whitish to gray centers with red to brownish
or necrotic border.
• Some resemble diamond shape, wide in the center and
pointed toward either ends.
• Lesions can enlarge and coalesce, growing together, to
kill the entire leaves.
17. Neckblastphotos:Castilla,N.P.2004.IRRI
ExperimentStation;Castilla,N.P.2004.
Sichuanprovince,China.
•When a grayish brown lesion
around the neck is exhibited, the
panicles fall during severe
infection. Brown lesions on the
panicle branches and spikelets are
also produced (neck blast)
Panicle blast photos: Castilla, N. P. 2004. IRRI
Experiment Station; Castilla, N. P. 2006.
Lampung province, Indonesia.
•Dark, necrotic lesions cover
partially or completely the
panicle base, or the
uppermost internode, or the
lower panicle axis. Panicles
are grayish and have either
partially filled or unfilled
grains (panicle blast)
18.
19. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT:
• Plant resistant varieties
• Use balanced amounts of plant nutrients,
especially nitrogen.
• Adjust planting time. Sow seeds early, when
possible, after the onset of the rainy season.
• Flooding
• Silicon fertilizer application
• Use of chemicals (edifenphos, benomyl,
triazoles and strobilurins) as last resort
20. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
SHEATHBLIGHT
Causal organism:
Rhizoctonia solani
SYMPTOMS:
• oval or ellipsoidal greenish gray lesions, usually 1-3 cm
long, on the leaf sheath and leaf
• lesions on the leaves usually have irregular lesions,
often with gray-white center and brown margins as they
grow older.
• in subtropical environments, the disease is mostly
initiated by sclerotia (up to two million of which can be
produced per square meter in a diseased crop).
23. on leaf sheath: oval gray spots
that later enlarge; with black
brown margins and gray center
•on leaves: lesions are irregular,
banded with green brown
coloration; center is grayish
white; leaf whitens; panicle
exertion affected when flag leaf
is infected.
Photo by Peggy Greb
24. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT:
• Proper fertilization
• Proper crop density,canopy structure, & spacing
• Sanitation
• Deep plowing
• Solarization
• drain rice fields relatively early in the cropping
season to reduce sheath blight epidemics.
• use fungicide (difenoconazole, iprodine,
benomyl)
25. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
BROWN SPOT
Causal organism:
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
SYMPTOMS:
• small, circular, and dark brown to purple-brown. Fully
developed lesions are circular to oval with a light brown
to gray center
• On susceptible varieties, lesions are 5−14 mm long
which can cause leaves to wilt. On resistant varieties,
the lesions are brown and pinhead-sized
26. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT:
• Use resistant varieties
• Proper fertilization
• Use fungicides (e.g., iprodione, propiconazole,
azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and carbendazim)
as seed treatments.
• Treat seeds with hot water (53−54°C) for 10−12
minutes before planting, to control primary
infection at the seedling stage. To increase
effectivity of treatment, pre-soak seeds in cold
water for 8 hours.
27. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
SHEATHROT
Causal organism:
Sarocladium oryzae
MANAGEMENT:
• use healthy seeds
• Underplowing or burning of straw and stubble
• Optimum plant spacing (20x30cm)
• Proper fertilization
• Use of chemicals (carbendazim, edifenphos, mancozeb,
benomyl and copper oxychloride)
28. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
STEMROT
Causal organism:
Sclerotium oryzae
MANAGEMENT:
• use of resistant cultivars
• Underplowing or burning of straw and stubble
• Proper fertilization
• Use of chemicals (fentin hydroxide, thiophanate-methyl,
Ferimzone and validamycin A)
29. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
NARROW BROWN SPOT
Causal organism:
Cercospora janseana
MANAGEMENT:
• Use resistant varieties.
• Keep fields clean. Remove weeds and weedy rice in the
field and nearby areas to prevent the disease to occur
across cropping seasons.
• Proper fertilization
• Use of chemicals (propiconazole, azoxystrobin)
30. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
LEAF SCALD
Causal organism:
Microdochium oryzae
MANAGEMENT:
• Proper fertilization
• Chemicals such as benomyl, carbendazim, quitozene,
and thiophanate-methyl can be used to treat the seeds
to eliminate the disease. In the field, spraying of
benomyl, fentin acetate, edifenphos, and validamycin
significantly reduce the incidence of leaf scald. Foliar
application of captafol, mancozeb, and copper
oxychloride also reduces the incidence and severity of
the fungal disease.
31. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
BAKANAE
Causal organism:
Gibberella fujikoroi
MANAGEMENT:
• Use clean seeds
• Use salt water to separate lightweight, infected seeds
during soaking
• Use fungicides as seed treatments (benomyl,
triflumizole, propiconazole, prochloraz or a combination
of thiram + benomyl)
Source: RCPC-1
32. FUNGAL PATHOGENS
FALSESMUT
Causal organism:
Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah.
MANAGEMENT:
• Sanitation
• Remove infected seeds, panicles, and plant debris after
harvest.
• Reduce humidity levels through alternate wetting and
drying (AWD) rather than permanently flooding the fields.
• Use moderate rates of nitrogen.
• Use certified seeds. Resistant varieties have been
reported.
• Treat seeds at 52°C for 10 min.
33. VIRAL PATHOGENS
TUNGRO DISEASE
Causal organism:
Rice Tungro Virus (RTV)
SYMPTOMS:
• Yellow or orange-yellow discoloration.
• mottling or striped appearance, rust-colored spots, and
inter-veinal necrosis.
• stunting, delayed flowering, reduced number of tillers,
small and not completely exerted panicles, partially filled
grains, covered with dark brown blotches.
• Presence of Green Leaf Hoppers (GLH)
• Yellow patches eventually turning into hopperburn
34. VIRAL PATHOGENS
MANAGEMENT:
• Grow tungro or leafhopper resistant varieties
• Practice synchronous planting with surrounding
crops and farms
• Plow infected stubbles immediately after harvest
to reduce inoculum sources, and destroys the
eggs and breeding sites of green leaf hopper
• If infected, control hoppers with insecticides and
pull out RTV-infected plants
• Once a rice plant is infected by tungro, it cannot
be cured.
35. VIRAL PATHOGENS
RICE RAGGEDSTUNT DISEASE
Causal organism:
Rice Ragged Stunt Virus (RRSV)
MANAGEMENT:
• There are no specific control measures for the ragged
virus disease except for the use of resistant varieties.
Because some rice varieties are resistant to the brown
planthopper, to the virus, and to both.
• Cultivars resistant to the vector have low disease
incidence.The application of insecticides to migratory
planthoppers is being used in temperate countries to
reduce disease incidence.
37. VIRAL PATHOGENS
RICE GRASSYSTUNT DISEASE
Causal organism:
Rice Grassy Stunt Virus (RGSV)
MANAGEMENT:
• Plant variety with BPH resistance.
• Plow under infected plants and stubbles.
• Do not apply excess N-fertilizer.
• Monitor field and note increase in planthopper population
42. Illustrated guide to disease symptoms on leaves
BACTERIAL
LEAF BLIGHT
Gray to brown, uneven
lesions progressing
downwards.
SHEATH BLIGHT
Large, irregular lesions with dark
brown margin and gray center.
BROWN SPOT
Circular to oval dark
brown spots with brown
margins and light
gray center.
43. BACTERIAL
LEAF STREAK
Linear, water-soaked,
yellowish streaks
between the veins.
RAGGED STUNT
Leaves with ragged edge
and twisted tip. Whitish
galls on veins.
TUNGRO
Yellow to yellow orange
leaves. Young leaf
is mottled.
GRASSY STUNT
Light green, narrow,
and erect leaves with
numerous dark spots.
Illustrated guide to disease symptoms on leaves
In a study conducted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), it was found that, on average, farmers lose 37% of their rice yield to pests and diseases, and that these losses can range between 24% and 41% depending on the production situation.
narrow, dark-greenish, water-soaked, interveinal streaks of various lengths, initially restricted to the leaf blades. The lesions enlarge, turn yellowish-orange to brown (depending on cultivar), and eventually coalesce. -Chin Khoon Min
Lesions begin as small, interveinal, water-soaked (dark green) streaks which later become translucent. Numerous tiny yellow beads of exudate are commonly found on the lesions. -T.W. Mew/IRRI
Symptoms of severe damage on rice; the translucent streaks enlarge and coalesce turning light brown then greyish-white until the whole leaf dries up. -T.W. Mew/IRRI
Planting resistant varieties has been proven to be the most efficient, most reliable, and cheapest way to control bacterial blight.
Other disease control options include:
Use balanced amounts of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen.
Ensure good drainage of fields (in conventionally flooded crops) and nurseries.
Keep fields clean. Remove weed hosts and plow under rice stubble, straw, rice ratoons and volunteer seedlings, which can serve as hosts of bacteria.
Allow fallow fields to dry in order to suppress disease agents in the soil and plant residues.
Initial symptoms appear as white to gray-green lesions or spots, with dark green borders.
Older lesions on the leaves are elliptical or spindle-shaped and whitish to gray centers with red to brownish or necrotic border.
Some resemble diamond shape, wide in the center and pointed toward either ends.
Lesions can enlarge and coalesce, growing together, to kill the entire leaves.
-IRRI rice knowledge bank
Adjust planting time. Sow seeds early, when possible, after the onset of the rainy season.
Split nitrogen fertilizer application in two or more treatments. Excessive use of fertilizer can increase blast intensity.
Flood the field as often as possible.
Silicon fertilizers (e.g., calcium silicate) can be applied to soils that are silicon deficient to reduce blast. However, because of its high cost, silicon should be applied efficiently. Cheap sources of silicon, such as straws of rice genotypes with high silicon content, can be an alternative. Care should be taken to ensure that the straw is free from blast as the fungus can survive on rice straw and the use of infected straw as a silicon source can spread the disease further.
Systemic fungicides like triazoles and strobilurins can be used judiciously for control to control blast. A fungicide application at heading can be effective in controlling the disease.
oval or ellipsoidal greenish gray lesions, usually 1-3 cm long, on the leaf sheath, initially just above the soil or water level in the case of conventionally flooded rice.
under favorable conditions, these initial lesions multiply and expand to the upper part of the sheaths, the leaves, and then spread to neighboring tillers belonging to different hills (transplanted rice) or plants (direct-seeded rice).
lesions on the leaves usually have irregular lesions, often with gray-white centers and brown margins as they grow older.
in subtropical environments, the disease is mostly initiated by sclerotia (up to two million of which can be produced per square meter in a diseased crop).
-use reasoned level of fertilizer adapted to the cropping season.
-use reasoned density of crop establishment (direct seeding or transplanting).
-carefully control of weeds, especially on the levees.
-drain rice fields relatively early in the cropping season to reduce sheath blight epidemics.
-use fungicide to treat seeds.
-improve canopy architecture by reducing seeding rate or providing wider plant spacing.
-Avoid high N-fertilization; split the application
-K and Si fertilizers reduce disease incidence
-Avoid close plant spacing
-Apply fungicide (difenoconazole, iprodine, benomyl) on leafsheaths; if field was heavily affected in previous cropping
-Deep plow to bury infected stubble and weeds
-Expose affected soil to intense sunlight
Use healthy seeds. Minimize insect infection of the rice crop in the field. Remove infected stubbles after harvest. Use optimum plant spacing. Sow 3 plants per hill at 20−30 cm row spacing. Apply potash at tillering stage. Apply foliar spray of calcium sulfate and zinc sulfate. Apply carbendazim, edifenphos, or mancozeb as seed treatment and foliar spraying at booting stage Apply benomyl and copper oxychloride as foliar sprays.
Among the cultural control practices, burning straw and stubble or any crop residue after harvest or letting the straw decompose and draining the field can reduce sclerotia in the field. A balanced use of fertilizer or split application with high potash and lime to increase soil pH reduces stem rot infection and increases yield.
The use of resistant cultivars may be the best control measure for stem rot. There are reported resistant cultivars from USA, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Japan.
Chemicals such as fentin hydroxide sprayed at the mid-tillering stage, thiophanate-methyl sprayed at the time of disease initiation can reduce stem rot incidence in the rice field. The use of other fungicides such as Ferimzone and validamycin A also show effectivity against the fungus.
Use resistant varieties. Keep fields clean. Remove weeds and weedy rice in the field and nearby areas to prevent the disease to occur across cropping seasons. Use balanced nutrients If narrow brown spot poses a risk to the field, spray propiconazole at booting to heading stages. Use fungicide (e.g. azoxystrobin) for seed treatment.
Use fungicides as seed treatments because the disease is commonly spread through spores on the surface of the seed, applying a fungicide containing benomyl or benomyl-t (at 1-2% of seed weight) for dry seed coating to treat infested seed can be effective. Soaking seed in a fungicide solution of 1:1000 for one hour or 1:2000 for five hours has also been shown to be useful. Avoid repeated applications of benomyl since the fungus can develop resistance to this treatment.
In cases where resistance to benomyl occurs, use a fungicide that contains triflumizole, propiconazole, prochloraz or a combination of thiram + benomyl.
Keep the field clean.
Remove infected seeds, panicles, and plant debris after harvest.
Reduce humidity levels through alternate wetting and drying (AWD) rather than permanently flooding the fields.
Where possible, perform conservation tillage and continuous rice cropping.
Use moderate rates of nitrogen.
Use certified seeds. Resistant varieties have been reported.
Treat seeds at 52°C for 10 min.
Yellow or orange-yellow discoloration is noticeable in tungro-infected plants. Discoloration begins from the leaf tip and extends down to the blade or the lower leaf portion. Infected leaves may also show mottled or striped appearance, rust-colored spots, and inter-veinal necrosis.
Tungro-infected plants also show symptoms of stunting, delayed flowering which may delay maturity, reduced number of tillers, small and not completely exerted panicles, as well as a higher than normal percentage of sterile panicles or partially filled grains, covered with dark brown blotches.
The degree of stunting and of leaf discoloration varies with rice varieties, strains of the viruses, the age of the plant when infected, and with the environment. In varieties that carry some resistance to the disease, infected plants exhibit no discoloration or only a mild discoloration that may disappear as the plants mature.
Tungro symptoms can be mistaken for physiological disoders.
Specifically,
the yellowing of the plant and its stunted height can be confused as nitrogen and zinc deficiencies and water stress pest infestation such as stem borer infestation, plant hopper infestation, and rat damage, and other diseases such as grassy stunt virus disease and orange leaf
Once a rice plant is infected by tungro, it cannot be cured.
Preventive measures are more effective for the control of tungro than direct disease control measures. Using insecticides to control leafhoppers is often not effective, because green leafhoppers continuously move to surrounding fields and spread tungro rapidly in very short feeding times.
The most practical measures at present, include
Grow tungro or leafhopper resistant varieties It is the most economical means of managing the disease. There are tungro-resistant varieties available for the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and Bangladesh. Contact your local agriculture office for up-to-date lists of varieties available. Practice synchronous planting with surrounding crops and farms Delayed or late planting, relative to the average date in a given area, makes the field susceptible for Tungro. Late-planted fields also pose a risk to early planting in the next season. Adjust planting times to when green leafhopper are not in season or abundant, if known Plow infected stubbles immediately after harvest to reduce inoculum sources, and destroys the eggs and breeding sites of green leaf hopper
Plant variety with BPH resistance. Plow under infected plants and stubbles. Do not apply excess N-fertilizer. High intensity cropping leading to asynchronous planting favors disease outbreak. Monitor field and note increase in planthopper population
Plant variety with BPH resistance. Plow under infected plants and stubbles. Do not apply excess N-fertilizer. High intensity cropping leading to asynchronous planting favors disease outbreak. Monitor field and note increase in planthopper population
