Rice Bean rusty binas

•
Rustico “Rusty” Binas, Global Advisor, Disaster Risk Reduction. Email address: rustybinas@yahoo.com or
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Rice Bean, an Underutilized Crop Potential for Soil
Conservation and Food Security•
Key words: Conserve soil moisture; prevent soil erosion, food security, nutritious, high
yielding, and disease resistant.
The rice bean (Vigna umbellata syn. Phaseolus calcaratus) is a multi-purpose crop. It is
used both for consumption and as a product for the market. It was used to open new areas for
agriculture through weed suffocation method. It is used as cover crop during both dry and rainy
seasons to conserve soil moisture in hilly mountain and to prevent soil erosion. It is also used as
a source of protein and nutrients. The agronomic characteristics of this leguminous crop is
superior because it is a pest and diseases resistant, acid soil tolerant, high yielding and it can
grow at the mountain elevation of 2000 meters high.
The rice bean has the potential for more widespread use, and its promotion could
contribute to food security, agricultural diversification, income generation, and arrest soil erosion
particularly in mountain communities.
Yet, with all these characteristics, it remains an indigenous crop generally unknown to
the world and is slowly being driven to extinction because of the adoption of new farming
practices that hinders its growth and continuous usage.
This paper will uncover the rice bean’s superior characteristics and its socio-economic-
political factors leading to the under-utilization.
Introduction
Many developing agricultural countries in the Asia Pacific Region and other parts of the world is
currently facing food crisis primarily because of the deterioration of its agricultural systems due
to environmental degradation. A major problem affecting the country’s upland is soil erosion.
In the Philippines 50% of the upland soil is eroded resulting in massive erosion of millions of
tons of soil annually. This decreases soil and land productivity and lowers food production and
supply.
With a rapid increasing population the need for a sustainable supply of appropriate food and food
products is not realized. This problem is of national significance because, if its present extent
and magnitude is not significantly reduced, a large portion of the Philippine’s productive lands
will be marginalized and forest cover will be reduced significantly because of agricultural land
expansion. It will result to diminishing food supplies in the coming years.
One approach used by the Philippines to counter this issue is to increase productivity through the
introduction and adoption of modern agriculture technologies. The focus is towards rice, corn
and other major agricultural crops, which serve as the main staples of the country. However,

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
these grain crops do not provide sufficiently nutritive food products, they incur high management
cost and they lack the characteristics needed for soil conservation and improvement.
Under prevailing conditions, a practical option and source of food production is the utilization of
an alternative crop that possesses the diverse characteristics needed to maintain the balance
between maximum quality food production, low cost management input with high output, and
environmentally stability.
Rice bean (Vigna umbellate syn. Phaseolus calcaratus) is a promising crop. It is one of the many
underutilized crop that provides a logical solution to the problem. However, factors affecting the
underutilization of rice bean need to be uncovered to provide perspective and draw out plan to
enhance its promotion locally and internationally.
Research Methodology
This study uses available published materials to establish the agronomic characteristics of rice
bean and employed an exploratory research process called Participatory Learning and Action
(PLA) in 3 selected different pedo-ecological zones in the Philippines to identify the factors that
affect the underutilization of rice bean. A PLA is a systematic yet semi-structured activity carried
out in the field, designed to acquire quickly new information on and new hypotheses for rural
development (Mc Cracken, J.A. G.R. Conway, 1988). The PLA tool was used to encourage
farmers to participate in the exercise. The exercise was designed for farmers to analyze and
apply immediately what they have learned from the exercise. The study conducted PLA on crop
resource inventory, cropping patterns, crop valuation, resource cultivation mapping, public
market price calendar, and historical dimensions of rice bean cultivation.
Rice Bean Agronomic Characteristics
Rice bean is a multipurpose crop, which can be used as food, fodder, green manure, and as a
cover crop (Chatterjee, 1977). Rice bean has a potential as a protein-rich pulse for human
consumption, soil improvement and conservation, as a fodder for livestock and as a deterrent
against soil erosion if used as a cover crop.
Origin
The rice bean is native to South and Southeast Asia. The rice bean, which is known for its
diverse distribution and range of adaptation from the humid subtropical to warm and cool
temperate climate, is also found in the Himalayas, central China and extends to lower altitude
limits in Malaysia. It is also grown in Myanmar, Malaysia, Fiji, Mauritius, Indonesia, Korea,
Thailand, Lao-PDR, Japan and in the Philippines. Its successful cultivation has been reported in
Queensland and East Africa (Chandel et al., 1978). There are reports that the rice bean is also
thriving in Honduras, Brazil and Mexico.
Characteristics & Varietal Diversity
Rice bean is described as an annual (Purseglove, 1974; Raj, 1978; Smartt, 1976; National
Academy of Science, 1976) or a short-term perennial, grown annually (Duke, 1981) depending
on the variety. The rice bean plant is erect to semi-erect or a vine. It is profusely branched and its
vines sometimes attain a height of three meters (National Academy of Science, 1979). Leaves are
tri-foliate, leaflets being comparatively broader, hairy and usually trilobed. Flowers are

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
conspicuously bright yellow and borne in clusters (National Academy of Science, 1979; Kay,
1979; Mal, 1993). Wild varieties of rice beans are perennial, very viny, and thin stemmed with a
tuberous root system. Seedlings grow vigorously, establish themselves early, and smother weeds
(National Academy of Science, 1979).
Research on seedlings of different crops in India showed that rice bean has the highest growth
efficiency and the lowest respiratory loss of seed reserves. This crop is largely a self-pollinated
diploid (2n=22) but there is some evidence of natural cross-pollination (Sastrapradja and
Sutarno, 1977). Its pods are medium long, slightly curved and beaked, while seeds of variable
size and color, elongated with a long linear, raised and furrowed hilum are predominant (Duke,
1981; Kay, 1979; Das and Dana, 1981).
There are five taxonomically distinct botanical varieties of rice beans and these are: (1) the
variety major found in the hills of northern India and Myanmar with larger flowers; (2) variety
rumbaiya, cultivated in Khasia Hills of Myanmar with short erect or spreading stems; (3) variety
gracilis, a wild form with slender smooth stems and narrow leaflets; (4) variety glaber with
smooth stems and leaves and (5) Phaseolus torosus Roxb, cultivated in Nepal has reddish pods,
short and sub cylindrical, pale cream colored seeds (Chandel et.al., 1988).
Ecology
Rice bean can be grown on a wide range of soil types, including heavy paddy soils, although
maximum yields require fertile loam (Kay, 1979). Although traditionally planted after rice, it
cannot withstand waterlogged conditions (National Academy of Science, 1979). The cultivars of
rice beans are well adapted to practically the same areas as cowpeas.
As a tropical crop, it is susceptible to frost, but tolerates high temperatures. It is best grown
where temperature averages 18-30 degrees Celsius and where rainfall as 1,000-1,500 mm per
annum (Duke, 1981; Kay, 1979). Rice beans are known to thrive at altitudes as high as 2,000
meters in the Western Himalayas (Raj, 1978). As a short day legume, its flowering is only
initiated when days are short. The day -length threshold is less than 12 hours (Kay, 1979).
Cultivation
The agronomic practices that are to be followed for successful cultivation of rice bean vary with
the agro-climatic conditions. Rice bean grows well in hot and humid climates. It has the ability to
tolerate drought to some extent. Most of the existing varieties, whether indigenous or exotic,
appear to be photosensitive. Generally the plant requires short day conditions to bloom. Even if
crops are planted around mid-May, their flowers appear in normal time.
The rice bean also nodulates well without inoculation (Chandel, et. al., 1978). In Thailand, rice
bean is usually inter-cropped with maize and is being recommended to hill tribe farmers in
Northern Thailand for their cropping systems because it can sustain productivity in the absence
of fertilizers (Phetchavee, et al 1986).

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Uses
Rice bean is a multipurpose crop, which can be used as food, fodder, green manure, and as a
cover crop (Chatterjee, 1977). The rice bean has a potential as a protein-rich pulse for human
consumption, soil improvement and conservation, as a fodder for livestock and as a deterrent
against soil erosion if used as a cover crop.
It has good cooking quality. The seeds, the primary product, are usually eaten in soups, or as a
pulse boiled with or without rice. The young pods and leaves are used as vegetable (Purseglove,
1974). After picking the mature pods, the plant is utilized as fodder. If grown primarily for
fodder, it should be harvested when the pods are half developed, since the leaves drop easily as
the plant reaches maturity (Kay, 1979). Animals all easily eat the foliage, green pods, immature
seeds, and flowers.
The crop has a tremendous capacity to smother weeds and generally will not allow weeds to
come up. In Thailand’s Organic Farming Demonstration Project, rice beans have been used to
control and suppress cogon grasses (sword grass- Imperata cylindrica). In the Philippines for
centuries farmers have been using rice bean to open new agricultural land. Rice bean is used to
control weeds by suffocation. The seedlings of the rice bean grow vigorously, establish
themselves early in weed populations by their copious growth and subsequently smother the
weeds.
Nutritive Value
The nutritive value of rice bean is exceptionally high. The dried seeds contain high amounts of
protein. The amino acid composition, especially the more limiting ones, methionine and
trytophan, is also quite high. Phytin-phosphorus content, which generally inhibits the phosphorus
availability and lowers protein digestibility in most of the Asian pulses, is low in the rice bean.
Because of these facts, the nutritional quality of the rice bean is better than other traditional
pulses (Chandel, et al 1978).
Its high protein content makes the rice bean one of the best of the tropical pulses and therefore, it
is highly recommended by nutrition programs in the Philippines (National Academy of Sciences,
1979).
The total starch content of rice bean varieties was higher than that of green gram and black gram.
An analysis of promising genotypes (Singh et. al., 1985) revealed a wide range of variation for
crude protein, ash, soluble ether extract, crude fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorous, phenols, and
free reducing sugars and also for amino acids (Mal, 1994).
Pest & Diseases
The rice bean is remarkably resistant to most insect pests and diseases. The seeds are resistant to
Bruchids, which generally damage the other pulses during storage (Chandel, et al 1978). The
following fungi cause diseases in rice bean: Corticium solani, Myrothecium roridum, and
Wororinella umbilicata (Duke, 1981).

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
In the Philippines, powdery mildew and rust occur sparingly. Cucumber mosaic virus also
attacks the plant. Root knot nematodes, including Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne javanica
infect rice beans (Duke, 1981). Since the plant has been used traditionally as a post-rice crop,
nematodes were no major problem due to the flooding of the rice fields but the promotion of the
rice bean in non-rice areas could endanger the status of the plant as a "pest free crop".
Evaluations conducted by Gurmel S. Sandhu, G.S. Bassi and M.S. Sohoo (1987) on
susceptibility in seeds of the rice bean to the pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) shows
larval death during penetration was observed both in decorticated and undecorticated seeds. Rice
bean was comparatively resistant to the attack of cowpea virus, cowpea leaf miner (Acrocercopes
sp.), Distantasca terminalis and cowpea semilooper (Plusia orichalcea) on different dates of
sowing (Dhaliwal and Tiwana, 1988).
Seeds of the rice bean are free from the attack of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinesis L.) even
under controlled artificial infestation (Chatterjee and Dana, 1977). However, the crop was
attacked by pod-boring wevil (Apion clavis Gerst).
Weeds do not have a significant influence on the grain yield of rice bean. This is attributed to the
smothering effects of the well-developed canopy on the weeds (Kar, B.C., et. al. 1993).
Yield Potential
Rice beans mature in 60-140 days, depending on the cultivar, latitude, time of sowing and
ecological factors. In the Philippines, days to flowering average 64 and 92 days to maturity
(Duke 1981).
Each vine of rice bean can give 3 – 4 kg. of seeds on average (Hao, N.T., et.al., 1997).
Furthermore, although average seed yields are 200-300 kg/ha (Kay, 1979); high seed yields of up
to 2,500 kg/ha can be achieved in experiments (Vieira, 1971). Grown for green fodder, average
yields are 2,200-3,500 kg/ha of biomass (Kay, 1979). Grain yields of rice inter-cropped with rice
bean were greatly reduced due to the suppressive effects of rice bean.
The rice bean has a great potential to alleviate protein malnutrition due to its high yield and
adaptability to adverse agro-climatic conditions. The bean has protein and starch digestibility
comparable to other legumes and processing and cooking treatments enhance these.
Uncovering Rice Bean Underutilization: An Analysis
The case studies of the three areas in the Philippines done by the author established some of the
exceptional qualities that rice bean possess. Published research works and experiments
regarding the rice bean have generally reported to similar findings, which further substantiates
these results.
Rice bean is adapted to different pedo-ecological zones ranging from warm lowland, warm-cool
upland to cool highland in the Philippines as proven by the presence of rice bean in these areas.
These also mean that it can be adopted in many parts of the world. The sustainability of any
agricultural system in these areas is highly dependent on the degree of effectiveness of moisture
utilization and conservation. Rice bean has proven to be suitable and appropriate for any of
these areas. It has the ability to tolerate high temperatures and can withstand drought to some
extent. However, it cannot withstand waterlogged areas and is susceptible to frost.

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Rice bean can be grown on a wide range of soil types including heavy paddy soils types,
although a maximum yield requires fertile loam. In two-study sites rice bean is planted in dry,
rocky areas classified as non-productive for other crops and grown under bamboo where the soil
is also poor. Rice bean roots have heavy nodulation and that allows it to utilize and fix
atmospheric nitrogen. This helps the crop to sustain productivity in the absence of fertilizers.
Traditionally, in the Philippines and in some parts of Southeast Asia rice bean is use as
companion crop with cassava or corn.
Rice bean is capable of natural regeneration and is self-fertility. Its yield potential is quite high
with a yield of 2,500 kilograms of seeds per hectare with a high number of pods (12) per
peduncle.
In the Study area rice bean is used to control weeds (sword grass-Imperata cylindrica) by
suffocation. The seedlings of the rice bean grow vigorously, establish themselves early in weed
populations by their copious growth and subsequently smother the weeds.
Rice bean’s nutritive value is exceptionally high when compared to other pulses making it a
cheap source of protein, with low phytin phosphorous content (an agent that lowers protein
digestibility). Though the beans contain toxic cyanogenic substances, these can be safely
neutralized through various domestic processing and cooking methods.
The rice bean is a multi-purpose crop. In the three study areas, it is used both for consumption
and as a product for the market. It was used to open new areas for agriculture. It is used as cover
crop during both dry and rainy seasons to conserve soil moisture in hilly land and to prevent soil
erosion. It is also used to suffocate weeds and as a source of protein and nutrients.
The rice bean has the potential for more widespread use, and its promotion could contribute to
food security, agricultural diversification, arrest soil erosion and income generation, particularly
in areas where the cultivation of major crops is economically marginal. However, there are
factors affecting the under-utilization of the rice bean and their effects are the following:
The introduction of Irrigation System eliminated rice bean because it cannot thrive nor survive
in waterlogged areas. String beans and Pigeon peas became an alternative food source to rice
bean in the study area since they can survive in the wet soils system. A six months variety of
rice bean, which is traditionally planted at the communal area and usually far away from the
houses was abandoned because the farmers in the study area preferred to plant near their water
sources or waterlogged areas, which often at their backyard.
The introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), which are also High Value Crops
(HVCs) such as corn, mung bean and other products, greatly influenced farmers to adopt them
and to do away with traditional varieties. Their ease in growing, a short harvest period, and
particularly the high income they could generate from these crops mostly motivated them. Cash
crops like tomatoes, snap beans and black beans were preferred over rice beans, which led to the
abandoning of rice bean planting in hilly and rocky areas. On the other hand Farmers in one
study area tried these new crops but returned to old farming practices including the production of
traditional crops such as rice bean.

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Introduction of New Farming Technologies. The “Kabsaka” program introduced by the
government taught farmers to double crop rice production, which eliminated the rice bean as part
of the old succession cropping system. Rice bean was also replaced by the introduction of the
HYVs and HVCs, and the unavoidable adoption of the farming technologies they require like the
use of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides.
Socio-Economic Gains. The adoption of HYVs, HVCs, irrigation system and technologies are
all results of the farmers’ hope to uplift his standard of living or as a release from poverty.
Unfortunately the hard work and years of toiling became too much for them, but in spite of it all,
they still remain as poor as their ancestors had been.
Money, in the form of income through whatever means, became the strongest motivation for
those impoverished farmers. In today’s real world, this is the only medium that can buy the basic
necessities in life like food, clothing, shelter and education. For Filipinos, education is very
important because it defines wealth in knowledge that could be used as a means to earn a better
living. This helps to explain why farmers take every opportunity to make money even through a
medium that if destroyed could injure the very foundation of their agriculture – the soil.
Internal and External Policies. The Department of Agriculture, the mobilizing arm of the
government, centered the thrust of its programs to promoting genetically improved crops. The
purpose is massive food production, which can supply the world market demand.
Some external policies, which are dictated by the various world trade organizations, also create
the demands of the world market. By intensively promoting specific products that they
themselves will supply, they also forcibly create a need that only they can answer.
The Filipino farmers, who are the producers of these goods (e.g. HYVs and HVCs), have no
choice but to follow the programs of the Department of Agriculture because they seem
practicable and they answers their quest for more income. The consumers, who are endlessly fed
with promotions and advertisements about these products, also have little choice but to buy the
most available goods. Rice bean crop has never been part of the crops that had a clearly defined
market.
Well, the significance of rice bean as a crop was found to be largely dependent on its function in
farmer’s farming practices. These functions were affected by changes brought about by time and
advancement in technology. Given the proper attention and propagation, the rice bean is a
traditional pulse that can answer some of the problems of food supply, soil erosion, soil
productivity, and protein malnutrition in any part of the Philippines and probably in some parts
of the world.
Recommendations:
1. Research and extension institutions, both government and non-government, should look at
the adaptability of rice bean in different pedo-ecological zones. Collecting seeds of the rice
bean crop in different parts of the Philippines and in different parts of the world is needed to

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
preserve the diversity available in the cultivated and wild types grown in different regions of
the Philippines. Research program should systematically screen seeds in order to identify
varietal properties. It is also necessary to organize the information on different rice bean
collections and bring the information back to the farmers in an easily understood form.
2. Concerted efforts among research and extension institutions, both government and non-
government, are needed to develop widely adapted, high yielding and nutritive rice bean
varieties, which could suit the needs of different cropping systems. Development of early,
determinate and dwarf varieties will be of a distinct advantage for intercropping systems. In
addition, varieties with resistance to pod shattering need to be developed. Better tasting
varieties also need development.
3. Research and extension institution should look at extending rice bean cultivation to non-
traditional areas; suitable varieties possessing photo-insensitivity and thermo-insensitivity
need to be developed through appropriate breeding techniques.
4. Research and extension institutions should look at the package of agronomic practices, which
need to be developed for different varieties. These depend on their intended use and the area
of cultivation. More systematic studies to standardize the agronomic requirements for
different pedo-ecological zones are needed. Studies for its cultivation as an intercrop are also
needed to realize its production potential.
5. Research and extension institutions should look at the rice bean crop as a good possibility for
cultivation as intercrop with other crops such as corn and forage grasses. Experimentation is
needed to establish the best companion crops.
6. Economic utilization of rice bean grain as animal feed needs study.
7. To popularize the crop and new varieties of rice bean demonstrations in farmer’s fields
should be organized by the research institutions. The development departments and other
extension agencies might be involved in this endeavor.
8. Government should focus its agricultural policies on the utilization of rice bean varieties,
which are readily adaptable and suitable for the many of the biophysical environments of the
Philippines.
9. The government should extensively review the provisions of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade and lobby on the exclusion of the patents on life forms. This is to
safeguard against possible bio-piracy and ensure the propagation of nutrient rich traditional
food crops.
10. Philippine Government should focus their attention on family food security. Focus should be
made on production of rice bean and other underutilized crops for internal consumption
rather than export-oriented agricultural production in order to generate adequate food supply
for the Filipino population and thereby avoid importing similar products from other countries
at a greater cost.
11. Resource-based inventory and research on indigenous and endemic food crops should be
given priority by research and extension institutions to assess and generate knowledge from
the agronomic and nutritional varieties of these food crops.
12. Government and Non-government organizations should initiate strong rural extension
services and technical assistance in order to communicate the information on the cultivation
of the rice bean.
13. The social marketing package of the business should highlight the agronomic and nutritional
properties of the rice bean in order to propagate its use and increase its market feasibility.

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
14. Research and extension institutions should promote the multiple uses of the rice bean as a
cover crop to conserve moisture, reduce soil erosion and produce green manure, fodder for
animals, nutrient rich food for human consumption and cheap protein source for malnutrition
should be intensively promoted. This will increase awareness and help to answer to the
problems of soil conservation and production of a quality food supply for the coming
generations.
Any given piece of land has a specific upper limit to crop yield, which is determined by crop
properties, soil type, and climate. It is attained when the farmer selects the optimal combination
of crop species and management practices.
Bibliography
Aquino Carlos Jr. 1998. When Trariffs rule. Philippine Peasant Institute, Inc. Quezon
City Philippines.
Chandel, K.P.S., Joshi, B.S., Arora, R.K. and Pant, K.C. 1978. Rice Bean- A new pulse
with high potential. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. IARI Campus, New
Delhi.
Chandel, K.P.S.; Arora, R.K. and Pant, K.C. 1988. Rice Bean: potential grain legume.
NBPGR. Sci. Mong.
Chatterjee, B.N. and Dana, S. 1977. Rice Bean (Vigna umbellate (Thumb) Ohwi and
Ohasi) tropical grain legme Bull. 10:22-25.
Das and Dana. 1981. Genetics of seed yield components in rice bean. Indean Arric.
Vol. 25 No.3 pp.181-184.
Das, P.K. and Chatterjee, B.N. 1976. Leaf area index, light regime and growth of forage
crop. Forage Res. 2:165-171.
Das, P.K. and Chatterjee, B.N. 1997. Competion in Grass-Legume Mixed Forage.
Indian J. Agri. Sci. 47 (1): 47-57.
Dhaliwal, J.S. and Tiwana, M.S. 1988. Different response of cowpea and rice bean
varieties to cowpea yellow mosaic virus and insect agricultureal Univerisity 25 (3): 445-50.
Duke, J.A. 1991. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum
Press. New York, USA.
Fuwa, H., Takaya, T. and Sugimoto, Y. 1980. Degradation of various starch granules by
amylase. In: Mechanism of Saccharide Polymerization and Depolymerization, ed. J.J. Marshall.
Academic Press, New York, pp. 73-100.
Gupta J.J., B. PS. Yadav and H.K. Gupta. 1992. Rice bean (Vigna umbellate) as poultry
feed. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 9 (1): 59-62.
Hao, Nguyn Tuan, Ha Van Huy, Huynh Duc Nhan and Gyuyen Thi Than Thuy. 1997.
Case study. Use and benefits of Nho Bean in Upland Farming in Northern Vietnam. Paper
preented at meeting on green manure crover crops for small holder upland farms of Northern
Vietnam. Honoi, Vietnam.
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). 1988. The bio-intensive approach
to small scale household food production. Silang, Cavite, Philippines.
Jain h.K. and K.L. Mehra. 1978. Advances in Legume Science. University of Reading,
Englan. P.459-60.

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Kar, B.C., B. Behera, S.C. Satpathy and P.K. Mishra. 1993. Crop weed competition in
rice bean. Indian J. Agron. 38 (3):511-512.
Kaur and Kapoor. 1992. Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors of rice bean.
Food Chemistry 43: 119-124.
Kay, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes. Tropical Products Institute, London, England. Pp. 468-
475.
Mabesa, L.B., E.O. Atutubo and E.C. Sandoval. 1982. Protein quality of flours from
germinated legumes. Phil. Agr. 65:245-251.
Mandal, Bijan K., Madhab C. Dhara, Barid B. Mandal, Swapan K. Das and Rita Nandy.
1990. Rice, mungbean, soybean, peanut, rice bean, and black gram yields under different
intercropping system. Agron. J. 82: 1063-1066.
Mal, Bhag. 1994. Underutilized grain legumes and pseudocereals-their potentials in
Asia. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organizations of the
United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand.
McCracken, Jennifer A., Jules N. Pretty and Gordon R. Conway. 1988. An introduction
to rapid rural appraisal for agricultural development. International Institute for Environment and
Development. London, England.
Mukherjee et. al. 1980. Rice bean ‘K-1’ for the scarcity period. Indian Farming.
National Academy of Science (NAS). 1975b. Under exploited tropical plants with
promising economic value. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., USA.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1979a. Tropical legumes: resource for the
future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., USA.
National Academy of Science (NAS). 1979b. Tropical legumes: resource for the future.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., USA.
Paroda, R.S. 1988. The need for life support species: An Indian Perspective. In life
support plant species – Diversity and conservation. (Eds.) R.S. Paroda, Promila Kapoor, R.K.
Arora and Bhag Mal. NBPGR. New Delhi. 190p.
Phetchawee, S.; Vibulsuka, N.; Thepool Pon, M. and Masarngsan,. W. 1986. Long term
effect of mulching with fertilization under cropping corn legumes on a crop yield and
improvement of soil chemical-physical properties. Proc. Inter. Sem. On yield maximization of
feed grains through soil and fertilizer management. Thailand.
Purseglove, J.W. 1974. Tropical crops-decotyledons. Longman, London, England.
Raj, A.S. 1978. An introduction to physiology of field crops. New Delhi, India.
Saastamoinen, O. 1992. Soil erosion in the Philippines: a preliminary assessment. In
Monetare Bewetung Landeskultureller Leistungen der Forstwirtschaft, edited by V. Begen, H.D.
Brabander, A. W. Lowenstein. Frankfurt: J.D. Sauerlander’s Verlag.
Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan J.K., Jadhav, S.J. 1982. Nutritional and processing quality of
Sorghum. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta.
Sandhu, G.S., G.S. Bassi and M.S. Sahoo. 1986. Evaluation of susceptibility in seeds of
rice bean and different genotypes of cowpea to pulse beetle. Collosobruchus Maculatus (F.) I.
Preference for Oviposition. J. Res. Punjab Agricultural University, 23 (2):253-62.
Sandhu, G.S., G.S. Bassi and M.S. Sahoo. 1987. Evaluation of susceptibility in seeds of
rice bean and different genotypes of cowpea to pulse beetle. Callosobruchus Maculatus (F)II
Growth and Development. J. Res. Punjab Agricultural University, 24 (3): 423-32.
Sastrpradja and Saturno, H. 1977. Vigna umbellate (L.) DC. in Indonesia. Annales
Bogoriences. VI (3): 155-167.

•
oticbabes@yahoo.com
Singh, S.P.; Mishra, B.K.; Chnadel, K.P.S. and Pant, KC. 198o. Major food constituents
of rice bean. J. Food Science Technology. 17:238-240.
Singh, S.P., Mishra, B.K., Sikka, K.C. Chandel, K.P.S. and Pant, K.C. 1985. Studies on
some nutritional aspects of rice bean. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. IARI
Campus, New Delhi – 110 0012
Smartt J. 1976. Tropical Pulses. Longman, London, England.
UNICEF and Government of the Philippines. 1987. Situation of Children and Women in
the Philippines. Manila, Philippines.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1916. Department Bulletins Nos. 101-125.
Washington, Government Printing Office. No. 199 p.2-16.
Vanderstoep, J. 1981. Effects of germination on the nutritive value of legumes. J.Food
Technology. 35:83-85.
Vieira, C. 1971. Nota Sobre O Compartamento de Variedades de Phaseolus Calcaratus
Roxb., em Vicosa, Minas Gerais. Revisita Ceres 18:303-307.
Williams, J.T. 1993. Underutilized crops: pulses and vegetables. Chapman and Hall,
London, England.
About the Author
Rustico “Rusty” Binas has a master of professional studies on International Agriculture and Rural Development in
Cornell University, New York, USA. He is presently an independent consultant and trainer on the area of rural
development, disaster risk reduction, disaster assessment and needs analysis, participatory methodology,
environment, natural resources and agriculture.

Rice Bean rusty binas

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Rice Bean rusty binas

Similar to Rice Bean rusty binas (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (13)

Rice Bean rusty binas