4. Logos
Reason: What is it?
Evidence: What is it?
Evidence: What type is it?
5. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires,
Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
6. Logos
Warrant: What is it?
Backing: What is it?
Grounds: What is it?
7. Pathos
Emotional Appeals:
Which emotion is being
invoked and why?
8. Pathos
Rhetorical Figures:
Identify the figure and
then explain what it’s
trying to emphasize
9. Pathos
Example:
"It's the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom
songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant
shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely
patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker's son
who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a
funny name who believes that America has a place for him,
too."
(Barack Obama, "The Audacity of Hope," July 27, 2004)
10. Pathos
Framing:
What is the metaphorical
perspective the arguer is
trying to impose on us?
11. Pathos
Example:
“To all of the thousands of good and decent Americans I’ve
met who want nothing more than a better chance, a fighting
chance. To all of you, I have a simple message: Hold on a
little longer. A better America begins tonight.”
-- Presumptive Republican nominee Mitt Romney at a
campaign rally in Manchester N.H.
12. Pathos
Example:
[W]hile the best children's books can bring many core
human experiences 'marvelously' to life, there are many
equally or more intense experiences that they can't touch.
While there's nothing wrong with an adult devoting leisure
time to The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, or Harry
Potter and the Deathly Hallows, they are not sufficient.
They should not crowd out The Gulag Archipelago, or The
Moons of Jupiter, or Midnight's Children. Confining your
reading to children's books would be like confining your sex
life to hugs and kisses.
--Andrew Sprung
13. Ethos
eunoia, arete, phronesis
Persona:
Claim: What is it?
How does the arguer try to
Claim: What type is it?
establish his credibility,
intentions, knowledge,
interests, and morality?
14. Ethos
Values: CF-PAIL?
Claim: What is it?
Which moral values is the
arguer trying to invoke:
Claim: What type is it?
care, fairness, purity,
authority, loyalty, and
liberty.
15. Ethos
Undermining:
Claim: What is it?
How is the writer trying to
attack or diminish the
Claim: What type of it?
credibility is the
opponent?
16. Ethos
Example:
Claim:look out over the United States of
What is it?
Let me tell you who we conservatives are: We love
people. When we
America, when we are anywhere -- when we see a
group of people, such as this or anywhere -- we see
Americans. We see human beings. We don't see
groups. We don't seeWhat We don't see people we
Claim: victims. type is it?
want to exploit. What we see -- what we see is
potential.
--Rush Limbaugh at CPAC
17. Ethos
Example:
Claim: What is it?
Thanks, Liz, for agreeing to this exchange. It's a privilege to
be engaged in a conversation with Elizabeth Spelke. We go
back a long way. We have been colleagues at MIT, where I
helped attract her, and at Harvard, where she helped to
attract me. With the rest of my field, I have enormous
admiration for Elizabeth's brilliant contributions to our
Claim: What type is it?
understanding of the origins of cognition. But we do find
ourselves with different perspectives on a recent issue.
--Stephen Pinker
