This document discusses 4 categories of misleading uses of language: 1) Slanters - language that attempts to bias or spin a message through definitions, questions, implications without proof, and innuendo. 2) Word choices - language that spins through up-players, down-players, euphemisms, and dysphemisms. 3) Fine print - additional information through qualifiers and weasel words that modify or negate the original meaning. 4) Evasions - changing the subject, using red herrings, shifting the burden of proof, and obfuscation to avoid directly answering a question.

1. Logic and Critical Thinking Misleading Uses of Language

2. 4 Categories of Misleading Uses of Language that create “spin” on a message: Slanters Word Choices Fine Print Evasions Language that conceals dubious claims. Replacing words or phrases for emotional affect. Qualifying claims in significant ways. Distancing oneself from the negative.

3. I. Slanters PERSUASIVE DEFINITION A slanter involving a definition. It attempts to win the argument by defining the terms. Example: Pro-Life: “Abortion is the murder of unborn children.”

4. LOADED QUESTION A slanter involving a question. It sets someone up so that no matter how it’s answered, they’re wrong, or guilty. The only way out of a loaded question is to challenge the question itself. Teacher to Student who didn’t do well: “Why didn’t you try on this test?”

5. PROOF SUBSTITUTE A slanter that implies there is proof when there is none. “Believe me, …” “Sources say…” “Studies show…” Sources said that Nick Saban was going to take the head coachingposition at Alabama. Nick Saban angrily said that reporters should believe him when he says that he’s not going to Alabama, and that they should back off. Then he took the job.

6. INNUENDO A slanter that implies criticism without directly saying it. When told that Joe committed the crime, Henry said, “Well he was from Oakland, you know.”

7. II. Word Choices UP-PLAYER Language that makes something sound moresignificant than it really was. Many of Putin’s opponents have been arrested,including chess champion Gary Kasparov. Saying “I managed to get elected 3 times!” when in fact, no one else ran against them. (Or Putin saying that his party has won free and democratic elections?)

8. DOWN-PLAYER Language that makes something sound lesssignificant than it really was. “It was just a GE course.”

9. EUPHEMISM A term that makes something sound better than a neutral term would have. What other name might we call the police when we’re happy with them?

10. DYSPHEMISM A term that makes something sound worse than a neutral term would have. What other name might we call the police when we’re not happy with them?

11. “Peace Officer” or “Officer of the Law” Euphemism or Dysphemism? Up-player or Down-player?

12. “Peace Officer” or “Officer of the Law” Euphemism or Dysphemism? Up-player or Down-player?

13. III. Fine Print QUALIFIER Additional information that modifies the meaning of what was previously said. Free? What’s the catch? How do I get that “free” gas?

14. WEASELER An extreme qualifier that completely negates the meaning of the original statement. $120 Computer?

15. WEASEL WORDS Words that take away the impact of what you’re saying as you say it. examples: may might perhaps could there’s a chance it’s possible that for all I know you’re probably thinking: ‘Well, do you mean it or not?’ “Look, Iran was dangerous, Iran is dangerous, and Iran will be dangerous if they have the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon. What's to say they couldn't start another covert nuclear weapons program?” (George Bush, JAN 2007) There’s still a danger! Iran may start up their program again!

16. IV. Evasions EVADING THE ISSUE Changing the Subject When asked about Senator McCain’s financial deregulation policies, Governor Palin chose to talk about something she was familiar with—her tax policies in Alaska.

17. Red Herring Substituting Arguments Politicians and Administration officials are being asked about cuts to the CSU System. They will inevitably give an argument about a budget crisis.

18. SHIFTING THE BURDEN OF PROOF Asking someone else to give good reasons in support of their position, so you don’t have to provide good reasons in support of yours. Neo-Darwinist: “Prove to me that there was an intelligent designer! You can’t!” ID’er: “Prove to me that there wasn’t intelligent design!”

19. OBFUSCATION …is a verbal smokescreen that uses a lot of words, often using highly technical jargon, to make it seem like you’re answering the question when you’re actually not. Successful obfuscation leaves the questioner unsure as to whether the questionhas been answered or not… at least temporarily.