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1. RFID means “radio-frequency identification”
RFID refers to a technology whereby digital data encoded in RFID tags or
smart labels (defined below) are captured by a reader via radio waves.
RFID is similar to bar coding in that data from a tag or label are captured by
a device that stores the data in a database.
HOW DOES RFID WORK?
RFID belongs to a group of technologies referred to as Automatic
Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). AIDC methods automatically
identify objects, collect data about them, and enter those data directly into
computer systems.
RFID systems consist of three components:-
RFID

2. RFID Components: ----
1.RFID TAG: RFID tags contain an integrated circuit and an
antenna, which is used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also
called an interrogator).
2.RFID READER: The reader then converts the radio waves to a
more usable form of data. Information collected from the tags is then
transferred through a communications interface to a host computer
system, where the data can be stored in a database and analyzed at
a later time.
3.RFID ANTENNA: RFID antenna, like any antenna, works on
the basic principle of an electric circuit, which radiates signals in
turn for power consumption. Similarly, any passive antenna
receives these radio waves to turn them into energy and
interpreting the encoding or modulation to understand the data.
Antennas have characteristics of their own based on which they
perform in the system. These parameters include bandwidth,
impedance,beam width, etc.

3. RFID TAGS AND SMART LABELS
An RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna. The tag
is also composed of a protective material that holds the pieces
together and shields them from various environmental conditions.
The protective material depends on the application.
RFID tags come in all different sizes, shapes and materials. They
vary in capabilities based on the frequency.
RFID Tag which is of two types Passive Tag and Active Tag.
PASSIVE RFID TAGS :
Passive tags are comprised of three elements: an integrated circuit or
chip, an antenna, and a substrate.
 THE CHIP
The RFID chip stores data and perform specific tasks. Depending on its
design, the chip may be read-only (RO), write-once, read-many (WORM),
or read-write (RW). Typically, RFID chips carry 96 bits of memory but can
range from 2-1000 bits.
 THE ANTENNA
Attached to the chip is the second component, the antenna, whose purpose
is to absorb radio-frequency (RF) waves from the reader’s signal and to
send and receive data. Passive RFID tag performance is strongly
dependent on the antenna’s size: the larger the antenna, the more energy it
can collect and then send back out. Larger antennas, therefore, have
higher read ranges.
ACTIVE RFID TAGS :--
Like passive RFID tags, active tags have both a microchip and an antenna.
The chips, however, are usually larger in size and have greater capabilities
than the RFID chips in passive tags.
Active tags diversely have two additional components that differentiate
them from passive tags: an onboard power supply and onboard electronics.
THE ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY
The power supply is usually a battery, although it can also be solar. The
built-in power supply allows the tag to transmit data to a reader on its own,

4. without the need to draw power from the reader itself like passive tags do.
In addition, active tags can be read from distances of 100 feet or more,
whereas passive tags can only be read from up to about 20 feet.
THE ONBOARD ELECTRONICS
Onboard electronics may consist of sensors, microprocessors, and
input/output ports, all of which are powered by the tag’s onboard power
source. The electronics allow active RFID tags to be used in a wider range
of applications than passive tags.