This document summarizes the political, educational, social, and legal revolutions that occurred in Turkey following the end of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1922 and the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Key events included abolishing the sultanate and caliphate, establishing a republican government, adopting the Swiss Civil Code, transitioning to the Latin alphabet, and implementing reforms to modernize Turkish society along secular Western lines such as banning religious clothing and establishing gender equality. The reforms transformed Turkey from an Ottoman theocracy to a modern, secular, democratic nation-state.

1. PROJECT WORK
Name : Mertcan
Surname : Yılmaz
Class : Preparation / C
Number : 103
Lesson : English

2. OF

3. POLITICAL
REVOLUTIONS

4. 1)END OF THE SULTANATE
 In Ottoman Empire sultan was ruler after new council(Turkish
Grand National Assembly) people of country took the control
in ruling of country.
 Allies called Ottoman Empire and Turkish Grand National
Assembly to Louisanne Conference.They wanted to seperate
the Turkish sides.Turkish council didn’t react good to
situation.Mustafa Kemal took the advantege attempted to
end the sultanate.Turkish Council stopped the activity of
sultanate in 1 November 1922.

5. 2)WİTH THE END OF SULTANATE
 A)622 years of Ottoman Empire dynastys sovereign
ended.Country’s people sovereign started.
 B)First steps of Laicism started.
 C)Allies tried to seperate Turkish sides but they
couldn’t.Turkish Council made decision about continuing
caliphate and Abdülmecid Efendi from Ottoman family
became the caliph.

6. 3)FOUNDİNG OF REPUBLİC
 Mustafa Kemal said ‘’New Turkish Government will rule by
people of the country.’’ In Amasya Circular and sovereign of
country’s people was in 1921 constitution but saving the
country was the priority and regime issue didn’t talk.
 With the end of Sultanate what will be the regime of Turkish
government and who will be president issue started to talk
and Turkish council signed the Louisanne Treaty.
 After that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk started programmes to
found the Republic in October 29, 1923.

7. 4)WİTH THE FOUNDİNG OF THE
REPUBLİC
 A) Presidency and regime problems solved.
 B)They started new positions like presidency and prime
manastry.
 C)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became the first president of
Turkish Republic.
 D)People of Country’s sovereign formally started.

8. 5)END OF THE CALİPHATE
 With the end of sultanate caliphate contiuned. Caliphate had
no place in Laic government system.
 Then Caliphate was the source of all regimes supporters who
are the enemys of revolutions of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.The
Caliph was treating like the president of the country.
 This was a danger for the republic.These were the why’s of
end of the caliphate. The Caliphate was ended 3 March
1924.

9. 6)WITH THE END OF CALİPHATE
 A)No ways to return to old regime.
 B)A big step for Laicism.
 C)Difficulties for revolutions are ended.

10. 7)TRIES OF POLITICAWİTH MORE
THAN PARTYS
 New regime of Turkish Republic was controlling by sovereign
of people.This thing was democracy and democracy was
supporting other ideas and things.Then these ideas
represented by someone.
 Ataturk wanted this. By this way government can be checked
and can solve problems. This can be only with politics with
many parties.
 After the founding the republic Ataturk allowed the
establishment of new parties.

11. 8)NEW CAPİTAL CİTY
 Ankara was the control center of Intepende’s war.Ankara’s
transportation was better than other cities.And TGNA set in
Ankara so Ankara became the new capital city of Turkish
Republic(13 October 1923.

12. REVOLUTIONS
OF EDUCATION

13. 1)THE RULE UNION OF THE
EDUCATION:
 With this rule made in 3 March 1924, all foundation of
education combined and controlled by National Education
Ministry. Highschools , Primary schools and Universtys
opened instead of Medresehs.
2)REVOLUTION OF ALPHABET:
 In 1 November 1928 Ataturk made the revolution of
alphabet.Latin alphabet’s letters started to use in Turkish
Language instead of Arabic letters.

14. 3)TURKISH INSTITUTION OF
HISTORY
 In 1931 Ataturk set institution with this institution provided
research of civilatizions and showed old Turkish countrys
were big and powerful civilatizion.
4)TURKISH INSTITUTION OF LANGUAGE
It was set in 1932 and Turkish Language took it place in world
languages.Ataturk wanted Turkish Language be as a science
language and he wanted to save Turkish Language from
Arabic and Persian words.

15. SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS

16. 1)RULE OF CLOTHES
 With this rule people took the chance to be like the west’s
modern people.For this target Ataturk made the clothes rule
in 1934 only religion men allowed to wear religional clothes
and they could only wear in religional places.According to
this law men could only wear hat to their heads in their
jobs.With this The Government of Turkish Republic aimed
solve the mess clothes.

17. 2)CHANGES OF
CALENDARS,MEASURES,HOURS
 In 1925 Gregorian Calendar admitted. In 1 January 1926 in
Turkey Gregorian Calendar started to be used. In 1 April use
of Ottoman measures ended.Then people started to use
meter and kilo with this it started to be easy to trade with
western countries.

18. 3)RULE OF SURNAME
With this rule mess in tittle deed,legacy, military service, jobs
are ended.This rule made in 1934 by Ataturk.
4)RULE OF RİGHTS OF WOMAN
 With Turkish Civil Code woman became equal with men in
social life.In 1931 woman could be mayer. In 1934 women
could be deputy.And they became equal in politics.
5)CLOSE OF LODGE AND ZAWİYA
 In 30 November 1925 lodges,zawiyas and tombs are
closed.Sheikh and disciple positions are ended.With this The
Government of Turkey Republic wanted to prevent people
live with unreasoning beliefs.

20. 1)1921 AND 1924 CONSTITUTION
 After the open Turkish Grand National Assembly new Turkish
Government first contitution ‘’Organization of Basic’’
prepared.But his constitution prepared quickly.Sovereign of
people wrote in this constitution. 1921 constitution wrote
again In 1924.

21. 2)TURKİSH RULE OF
CIVILATIZION AND PUNISHMENT
 Civil Code orders relations of familys and community in
Ottoman Civil Code wasn’t enough and less than republic.
Ataturk took the Switzerland Civil Code as an example.And
prepared Turkish Civil Code The Rule admitted in 17
February 1926.

22. 3)WİTH THİS RULE
 A)Women became equal with men in legacy,mary,divorce
jobs.
 B)Having 1 wife and formal marriage became necessary.
 C)Turkish Families became modern as western family.
 D)Minors wanted to leave Lousanne treatments rights and
live with Turkish Civil Code.

24. 1)SETTİNG NATİONAL ECONOMY
 After Indepence War Ataturk started to renew the economy
even in Lousanne meetings he set 1th Economic congres
Izmir.National Economy Principle admitted in the name of
Economic Pact.With this local materials was the priority and
decided to open bigger factories and a bank to give credits to
tradesmen.

25. 2)WORKS IN FARM,TRADE AND
INDUSTRY
 Government took measures to improve farming and fix the
situtation of villagers Asar tex removed,encouraged to use
machines in farm, set credit cooperatives for
farmers,agriculture schools.