1. Digital Aura
Identifying & Matching interest on Digital Aura
Scenario,
Alice, a student, looks for help with
pattern recognition algorithms for
her algorithms class. A request for
help in her interest profile, stored
on her Bluetooth enabled PDA.
A: As she walks around the
University campus.
B: Bob, a PhD student and expert
in algorithms, passes by.
C: His Bluetooth enabled smart
phone recognizes and alerts him
Alice’s request.
He dials the mobile phone #
that has been transferred with
Alice’s profile to his smart phone.
D: The two get in contact.
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 81

2. Digital Cities
Digital cities : utilizes the metaphor of a city for a virtual world
• 3-D reconstruction of a city
• Mirroring an actual city and sometimes an Artificial city, similar to virtual worlds
in games
Digital City Kyoto: social information infrastructure for everyday life, 2002, Ishida
KyotoDigital cities : provide the social information infrastructure for everyday life.
• Incorporates a three-layer architecture based on the newest technologies for a
real-time, real-life feel to the city.
Aims to mirror Kyoto, a city in Japan.
Digital mirror world of the city contains 2-D maps
of the city & 3-D graphical models (3DML).
Hyperlinks from 2-D maps to Web pages for
buildings , objects.
300 sensors installed to collect data about more
than 600 city buses, which reports location &
routes every few minutes - accessed via mobile
devices.
Weather conditions.
Live video from the fire department
Virtual bus tour application through the digital city The three-layer architecture for Digital City Kyoto.
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 82

3. Failure reports for digital city
Digital City : similarity with aspects of Gelernter’s mirror world models
• not easy to maintain
Ex) If new buildings arise or old buildings are pulled down, the 3-D models
need to be updated
• much greater depth Scope to be added to such digital cities
Ex) virtual bus tour through the city and not able to enter the buildings
displayed,
but one wanted to have detailed information for building inside.
• Many more sensors to update the digital models at runtime – difficult
The problem of maintaining such complex models would then increase, unless
it is a multiparty effort mirroring the way a large open distributed
information system such as the Web grows
Creating large digital cities would require the effort and time of many and
would be distributed over a large number of servers, analogous to the
Web.
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 83

4. Aware Spaces: Smart Environments and Smart Spaces
Smart environments
• Goal ; endow an environment with sensing and computational
capabilities.
• Meeting room, office, house, hospital, classroom, laboratory,…
• Smart : aware of its current occupants or contents and their actions and
behavior
,such awareness is used to support one or more applications
• Embedded sensors
An environment with numerous elements that sense, think, act, communicate,
and interact with people in a way that is robust, self-managing, and scalable
http://research.ict.csiro.au/research/labs/autonomous-systems/
Smart space
• CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization)
Australia's national science agency
• Smartlands project : use sensors to track livestock, detect unusual animal
behavior, perform herding, and monitor animal health
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 84

5. Smart Environment Case Studies
Environmental Monitoring
• Monitoring Rainforest Regeneration : Queensland's Springbrook National Park.
• Monitor the recovery of the regenerating rainforest from previous agricultural
grassland with a network of wireless sensor nodes .
• The network will be expanded to 200 nodes over the next three years.
• Listening for Frogs :
• Frog populations are often used as a bioindicator of the health of waterway
ecosystems.
• Automatically recognizing and classifying frog species in real time.
Water Quality Monitoring
• Monitoring water quality : in Lake Wivenhoe
• A network of over 100 nodes using CSIRO's smart wireless sensor network
technology are being deployed to monitor environmental conditions
Sensor Networks in Agriculture
• Pasture Management
• Creating the "smart farm" of the future on pasture land.
• Understand the state of the climate, soil, pasture and animal movements.
• Static wireless sensor nodes around the paddock,
for temperature, soil moisuture, images of the pasture.
• Mobile wireless sensor/actuator collars placed around the necks of cattle.
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 85

6. Smart plugs for self-sensing
Self-Sensing Spaces: Smart Plugs For Smart Environments, 20005, H. Elzabadani
Smart plugs in which RFID tags (on devices) & Readers (at the power outlets)
• detect whether an appliance has been plugged into a power outlet
• map of the power outlets will also reveal roughly the location of the devices
• discover the location of a device, reason about it, and finally control it remotely
Power outlets locations in a room, detection and
localization of a new device is plugged
by getting the ID of the power outlet where it was
plugged
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 86

7. Three-fold Approach
Main aspects Active objects
like: floor plan, and their status
doors, windows, like Appliances,
etc. Electrical
devices, etc.
SensoBot
Smart Plug
Passive objects Residents,
like furniture. Pets
PerVision
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 87

8. Intelligent Job site
A Dynamic Programming Framework for Pervasive Computing Environments, 2005,
Christine Julien,
Intelligent job site : distributed sensors and mobile devices for workers
• A worker with a mobile device interacts with distributed sensors.
• Aware spaces can provide context information useful for their occupants or
context-aware artifacts located within them.
•read the RFID tag with information
about materials, such as a palette of
bricks, and record their location.
•Sensors monitor the site for the
amount of hazardous materials
•warn workers if the level goes beyond
a specified threshold
•Stress sensors in walls or floors can be
used for structural health monitoring.
•A crane has a load sensor to check if
it has exceeded its carrying capacity.
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 intelligent construction site. 88

9. Summary
mirror worlds : virtual counterparts of the real world and parts of physical reality
digital cities,
Projects such as Nexus, virtual worlds, smart spaces, and environments
role of ontologies in constructing not only context models but also mirror
worlds
상황인식 2010 가을 14 주차 89