IoT refers to connecting everyday objects to the internet. It involves fitting things like appliances, lights, and sensors with electronics and software to collect and exchange data wirelessly between other devices. A smart home is a basic example where appliances, lights, and security devices can be controlled remotely through a mobile app. Key components of IoT include physical devices, gateways that connect devices to the cloud, cloud computing for data processing and storage, and user interfaces for accessing data and controlling devices. IoT has applications in healthcare, agriculture, industries, retailing, smart grids, and smart cities.

1. What is IoT ?

2. IoT

3. IoT

4. IoT

5. IoT

6. What is IoT
• IoT- Internet + Things
• Internet connected people through computers
& mobiles
• Interaction using video calls, emails, livechat
social media etc.
• As development goes on, it is thought that can
we connect everyday things also with internet
like car, watch, light, TV, oven, AC, etc.

7. IoT

8. Contd.
• Network of physical objects (things) /
everyday things embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data without human intervention.
• Objects send data wirelessly to other devices
in real-time and are controlled remotely
across the network.

9. Smart Home using IoT

10. Smart Home
• A simple example of IoT is smart home- an
internet connected system of devices. A mobile
app controls these devices.
• AC, refrigerator, fans, lights, TV, smoke detectors,
cameras, door locks etc. are connected to the
mobile & can be controlled.
• Instead of human communicating directly with
specific devices, in IoT the devices “talk” amongst
themselves.

11. Video
• Video on Smart Home

12. History

13. History
• 1982 – Students of Carnegie Melon University
developed mechanism for their campus Coca-
Cola vending machine to report through a
network if the machine was out of Coke.
• They also installed micro-switches into the
machine to report how many Coke cans were
available and if they were cold.

14. Contd.
• 1999- term IoT was used by Kevin Ashton
• 2000- LG launched Internet refrigerator
• 2004- Microsoft came up with first Smart
watch

15. History

16. Contd.
• 2007- Apple launched first Smart iPhone
• 2009- Google’s driverless car was launched
• 2014- Amazon’s Echo (Alexa) was launched
• 2014- Tesla’s Autopilot- driver assistance
system

18. Components of IoT

19. IoT Devices

20. Contd.
• Things or devices- are fitted with sensors or
actuators that collect, emit and transfer data
over the network.
• For eg. Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, Light
intensity, Proximity, Level sensors, cameras,
etc. (sensing units) are used to detect these
physical quantities and collect data.

21. Contd.
• For wireless data transmission to next stage,
we need a complete sensor node instead of
just a simple sensing unit.
• Sensor node- processing unit, communication
unit, storage unit, etc along with sensing unit.
• Small sized & low powered nodes.
• Nodes can talk to each other.

22. Contd.
• Actuators work opposite to that of sensors.
• They receive a signal or a command and on its
basis they cause an action.
• They are required to act based on the trigger.
• For eg. as soon as sensors detect that a person
has exited an area, the actuator will be
triggered to stop the air conditioning or the
flow of water in a tap.

23. Block diagram of Sensor node

25. A Typical wireless Sensor node

26. Gateway

27. Contd.
• Gateway- A centralized hub that connects IoT
devices to Cloud.
• Large amount of raw data is available from these
sensor nodes.
• High speed bi-directional gateway is required to
transfer data to cloud for processing (Cloud
computing).
• Cloud is a large network of remote servers that
operate as single ecosystem. It stores data &
Application softwares.

28. Contd.
• If devices are not able to communicate, then
Gateway provide necessary translation.
• It acts as a single point of contact for all devices
(sensors & actuators) for interaction with cloud.
• To speed up the process data filtering & pre-
processing is done by Gateway to reduce the
volume of cloud. (Intelligent Edge) Gateway
processes small task & give commands to
actuators

29. Block diagram of a Gateway

30. A Typical IoT Gateway

31. What is Cloud ?

32. Cloud
• Cloud- Large network of remote servers &
storage that supports IoT devices and
applications. It stores data & Application
softwares.
• Gateway sends data to cloud through internet.
• Data processing - “the collection and
manipulation of items of data to produce
meaningful information.”
• Raw data into something useful like text files,
charts, spreadsheets, or images.

33. Contd.
• Data processing- can be very simple like checking
that the temperature reading is within an acceptable
range.
• Or very complex, like identify objects in video or read
car’s number plate in a image using computer vision.
• This is done by different data manipulation
techniques such as validation, sorting, classification,
calculation, interpretation, organization and
transformation of data.

34. Contd.
• IoT cloud provide connectivity, security,
scalability, ease of integration, and better IoT
device management.
• These platforms also help us to improve the
usability of our IoT app.
• Some of the commercially available IoT cloud
platforms are from Amazon, Microsoft,
Google, IBM, Oracle, Bosch, Cisco, GE, SAP,
etc.

35. Analytics

36. Analytics and Data Management
• Analytics is used to make sense of the vast
amounts of data.
• For eg. determination of key performance
indicators like deviations, errors or
irregularities in real-time.
• After that, an immediate action would be
required to prevent any undesirable scenario.
• Deep learning can be used for predictive
analysis.

37. Contd.
• Various techniques can be used to predict
trends, plan ahead and make useful business
decisions.
• Analytics requires large storage and intelligent
computation to be able to make sense of any
data.

38. User Interface

39. User Interface
• User interface is the visible component that is
easily accessible and in control of the IoT user.
• After processing, application software or app
gives user an alert, notification, live trends
and remote control (switching on / off).
• Touch interfaces, use of colors, voice, and
more. An attractive design is necessary, user-
friendly enough to avoid any difficulty for the
user.

40. IoT Architecture & Protocols

44. Advantages of IoT
• Minimises human effort, save time and
money
• More automation (better control)
• Improves Technology (artificial
intelligence, driverless car, etc.)
• Reduce waste, uses natural resources
effectively

45. Contd.
• Real time information
• Decision making by seeing the behaviour
or the pattern of events

46. Disadvantages
• Security issue (loss of confidential data)
• Prone to network attack
• Maintaining privacy is a challenge

47. Applications

48. Healthcare

49. Contd.
• Healthcare (Life saving)-
– Heart patient wearing a bio sensor wrist band is
continuously sending data related to BP, heart
rate, temperature, etc. to the hospital’s cloud.
– Suddenly at midnight, he gets a heart attack.
– Wrist band sends alert to hospital.
– After verifying the condition of patient, hospital
sends an ambulance and does all arrangements
for surgery. Thus by saving time, Life is saved.
– Ambulance route can be cleared by making all
traffic lights of the route green.

50. Agriculture

51. Agriculture

52. Contd.
• Agriculture:-
– Soil moisture sensors used. Water released only
when moisture level goes below threshold. Saves
water.
– Greenhouse climate condition like temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, light and CO2 monitored
and controlled to provide the best conditions for
growth of plants.

53. Industries

54. Contd.
• Industries:-
– Smart supply chain. Better inventory.
– Automation increases production & better
utilization of resources
– Air quality monitoring & smart lighting inside the
factory.
– Proper machine diagnosis.
– Fire, gas and water leak detection.
– Remote vehicle diagnostic, fleet tracking,
shipment monitoring.

55. Smart Retails

56. Contd.
• Retails:-
– Smart shelves, automatic refill alert, automatic
price labelling.
– Better inventory management.
– Smart payment.
– Effective monitoring of store space.
– Evaluation of customer behavior.
– Optimizing and automating the supply chain.

57. Smart Grid

58. Contd.
• Smart Grid
– Collect data of generation, consumption, storage,
health of equipment, etc.. Improves efficiency,
planning and maintenance of system.
– Power theft prevented by using Smart meter.
– Smart meter- remotely control consumption &
switch off supply when required.
– By knowing energy usage pattern, consumption
during peak load can be reduced.

59. Smart Home

60. Contd.
• Smart Home:-
– Smart lighting- energy saving by switching on / off
/ dimming lights by sensing ambient light and
human movement. Remotely controlled.
– Smart appliances- Remotely controlled. Provides
notifications, alerts, etc..
– Intrusion detection- by using cameras, IR & door
sensors, sends alerts / captured image/ short
video during intrusion.
– Smoke / gas detector

61. Smart City

62. Environment

63. Water Management System

64. Education

65. Recent advances
• Remote Monitoring
• Modular Smart Technologies
Solutions
• Data Analysis
• Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning, Deep Learning, etc.

66. Contd.
• Advanced Networks
• Smart Buildings, Smart Cities
• Digital Twins- IoT + AI

67. Digital Twins

68. Contd.
• Adoption of 5G Networks Across Major
Wireless Carriers
• Edge Computing Advances to Process Data
Locally
• Migration of traditionally Wi-Fi- or Bluetooth-
enabled devices becoming cellular-based
technologies like NB-IoT.

69. References
1. A. Bahga and V. Madisetti, Internet of Things-
A Hands-on Approach, Kolkata: Universities
Press (India) Private Limited, 2016.
2. M. Mangla and A. Kumar, Real Life
Application of the Internet of Things, Florida:
Apple Academic Press, 2022.
3. Q. F. Hassan, Internet of Things- A to Z, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.

70. Thank you