about car t-cell therapy

1. CAR T- CELL THERAPY
(CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR T-CELL
THERAPY)

2. CAR T- CELL THERAPY
How a normal body cell
is transformed into a
deadly cancer cells
How immune response
of our body reacts to
cancer cells and how
cancer cells elude our
body's immune
response
What is car t-cell
therapy and how it kills
cancer cells

3. HOW NORMAL CELL TRANSFORMED INTO CANCER CELLS
• CANCER CELLS ARE CELLS THAT DIVIDE CONTINUALLY, FORMING SOLID
TUMORS
• THERE ARE REGULAR CYCLES IN OUR BODY TERMED AS THE CELL GROWTH
CYCLE AND CELL DEATH CYCLE
• THESE CYCLES ARE REGULATED TO MAINTAIN TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS.
• ALTERATION OR DISTURBANCE IN THESE CYCLES LEADS TO FORMATION OF
CANCER CELLS
Growth Death

4. • CHANGES IN GENE CAUSES CANCER CELLS TO
GROW
• THOSE CHANGES ARE CAUSED BY MUTATION
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MUTATION
• POINT MUTATION
• CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION

5. POINT MUTATION
• CHANGE IN SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE IN
GENE
• P53 INACTIVATES
• IT LOSSES ITS FUNCTION
• P53 GENE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL
DEATH CYCLE

6. • DELETION
• DELETION OF CHROMOSOME
• PREDOMINANT IN THE CHILDRENS IN EARLIER
STAGES
• THER IS A SPECIFIC POINT C -13 HAS WILL
GET DELETED
• THAT PARTICULAR GENE IS REQUIRED FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF RETINO BLASTOMA
PROTEIN
CHROMOSOMAL
MUTATION
Chromosome
13
Specific sequence in long
hand of the CH-13 will get
deleted

7. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• TRANSLOCATION
• IT TRANSLOCATES TWO DIFFERENT
CHROMOSOMES
• THE TRANSLOACATION HAPPENS
BETWEEN C-8 AND C-14
• C-8 CONTAINS MYC GENE WHICH IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BODY'S 15%
CELL GROWTH SECRETIN PROTEIN
• WHERE MYC GENE IS THE
TRANSLOCATION FACTOR
• LOCATED NEAR IGH
• IGH HEAVY CHAIN DOSENT HAVE ANY
REGULATION IN FUNCTIONS

8. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• INSERTION
• INSERTION BETWEEN TWO GENES
• VIRUS MEDIATED CANCER
• ALV VIRUS IT INSERTS ITS RNA
BETWEEN THE EXON 1 AND 2
• EXON ONE CODES THE
REGULATORY REGION FOR MYC
• 2 AND 3 ARE FOR ACTIVATED REGION
• THE RNA CHANGES THE WAY OF
SPLICING
• SO NO REGULATION IN MYC
SYNTHESIS

9. 2.HOW IMMUNE RESPONSE OF OUR BODY
REACTS TO CANCER CELLS AND HOW
CANCER CELLS ELUDE OUR BODY'S
IMMUNE RESPONSE

10. • THE FIRST STEPS BEGINS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LOCATING THE CANCER
CELLS LOCATION AMONG THE GROUPS OF NORMAL CELLS
1.DETECTION PHASE
2.KILLING PHASE

11. 1) DETECTION/IDENTIFICATION
* ALL NUCLEATED CELLS IN
OUR BODY CONTAINS MHC
CLASS-1 AND 2
MOLECULES
* MHC CLASS-1 AND 2
MOLECULES ARE PRESENT
IN THE SURFACE OF THE
NUCLEATED CELLS

12. • MHC CLASS 1 AND 2 HOLDS THE PEPTIDE
THAT IS CELLULAR OUR NON CELLULAR
• THE OTHER CELLS DETECTS THE FOREIGN
PARTICLE OR SOME MODIFICATIONS ARE
FOUND IN THIS CELLS SO IT SIGNALS
OTHER IMMUNE RESPONSES LIKE
PHAGOCYTES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS
AND ANTIBODY MEDIATED CELLS
• WHICH COMES CLOSE AND ENGULFS THE
CELL

13. HOW CANCER CELLS
ELUDE IMMUNE RESPONSE
OF OUR BODY

14. 1.MHC EXPRESSION
• TO MINIMIZE THE EXPRESSION OF MHC EXPRESSION OUTSIDE THE CELL
• IT REDUCES THE FORMATION OF MHC RECEPTOR SO THE CONTACT WITH THE
IMMUNE RESPONSE WILL BE MINIMIZED
Infected cell
eith MHC
receptor
Normal cell with
MHC receptor

15. 2.ANTIGENIC
REGULATION
• IT ENGULFS THE MHC
CLASS 2 MOLECLES IN
THE ANTIGEN
PRESENTING CELLS
1) Macrophages
which engulfs
cancer cells
2) Cancer cells which are
chopped by macrophages
3) MHC holding the
peptide of the antigen
4) Cancer cells engulfing
the MHC molecules

16. • THE MHC MOLECULES PRESENT ON THE CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE PASSES
SIGNAL TO THE OTHER CELLS AND ACTIVATEAS IMMUNE RESPONSE
• T-CELLS AND B-CELLS RECEIVES THE INFORMATION AND COMES IN CONTACT
WITH THE INFECTED CELLS
• B-CELLS THEN PROLIFERATES AND DIFFERENTIATES INTO AN ANTIBODY-
SECRETING EFFECTOR CELLS TO ELIMINATE THE ANTIGENS
• THE CANCER CELLS ENGULFS THE MHC CLASS 2 MOLECUES SO THE IMUNE
RESPONSE WOULDN’T BE FOUND THOSE CELLS
• THERE ARE ALSO SOME OTHER RESPONSES INHIBITED BY THE CANCER CELLS
• CO-STIMULATORY RESPONSE
• ANTIBODY MASKING

17. CAR T-CELL
THERAPY

18. CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (CAR)
• CARs ARE RECOMBINANT
RECEPTORS FOR ANTIGENS
WHICH REDIRECT THE
SPECIFICITY AND FUNCTION
OF T LYMPHOCYTES AND
OTHER IMMUNE CELLS IN A
SINGLE MOLECULES

19. • THE CAR IS MADE UP OF A MURINE SINGLE-CHAIN ANTIBODY FRAGEMENT AND
THIS RECONGISES CD19 AND FUSES TO INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING DOMAINS
FROM 4-1BB (CD137) AND CD3 ZETA
• THE CAR TRANSMITS A SINGLE TO PROMOTE,
1.T-CELL EXPANSION
2. ACTIVATION
3. TARGET CELL ELIMINATION
4. PERSISTANCE OF TISGENLECLEUCEL CELLS
• MULTIPLE SIDE EFFECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CAR T-CELL THERAPY AND THE
MOST COMMON TWO EFFECTS ARE
1. CYTOKINE-RELEASE SYNDROME
2. CAR- RELATED ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME

20. GENERATION
• FIRST GENERATION : IT CONTAINS A SINGLE CD3 CHAIN
INTRACELLULAR DOMAIN DEVOID OF ADDITIONAL CONSTIMULATORY
DOMAINS.
• SECOND GENERATION : IT CONTAINS ADDITIONAL CYTOPLASMIC
DOMAINS SUCH AS CD28,4-1BB,OX-40, CAPABLE OF DELIVERING THE
SECONDARY SIGNAL.
• THIRD GENERATION : IT IS MADE BY COMBINIG MULTIPLE
COSTIMULATORY SIGNALING DOMAINS WITHIN THE ENDODOMAINS.

21. CONCLUSION 1
CAR T-CELL THERAPY, SHORT FOR CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR T-CELL THERAPY, IS AN
INNOVATIVE AND PERSONALIZED IMMUNOTHERAPY APPROACH USED IN THE TREATMENT OF
CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER, PARTICULARLY BLOOD CANCERS LIKE LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA.
HERE'S A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF HOW IT WORKS:
 COLLECTION: THE PATIENT'S OWN T CELLS (A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL) ARE EXTRACTED
FROM THEIR BLOOD THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED LEUKAPHERESIS.
 GENETIC MODIFICATION: IN THE LABORATORY, THESE T CELLS ARE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TO
EXPRESS CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (CARS) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE RECEPTORS ARE
DESIGNED TO TARGET SPECIFIC PROTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF CANCER CELLS.
 EXPANSION: THE MODIFIED CAR T CELLS ARE THEN CULTURED AND MULTIPLIED TO CREATE A
LARGE POPULATION OF THESE SPECIALIZED IMMUNE CELLS.
 INFUSION: THE EXPANDED CAR T CELLS ARE INFUSED BACK INTO THE PATIENT'S BLOODSTREAM.
ONCE INSIDE THE BODY, THEY SEEK OUT AND ATTACH TO CANCER CELLS THROUGH THE
CARS.DESTRUCTION: WHEN THE CAR T CELLS BIND TO THE CANCER CELLS, THEY ACTIVATE AND
INITIATE A POWERFUL IMMUNE RESPONSE. THIS RESPONSE INCLUDES THE DESTRUCTION OF
CANCER CELLS AND THE ACTIVATION OF OTHER IMMUNE CELLS TO JOIN THE ATTACK.

22. • CAR T-CELL THERAPY HAS SHOWN REMARKABLE SUCCESS IN SOME CASES,
LEADING TO REMISSION OR LONG-LASTING RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WHO
HAD NOT RESPONDED TO OTHER TREATMENTS.
• HOWEVER, IT CAN ALSO HAVE SIGNIFICANT SIDE EFFECTS, INCLUDING
CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME (CRS) AND NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY, WHICH
NEED CAREFUL MANAGEMENT.
• THE FIELD OF CAR T-CELL THERAPY CONTINUES TO ADVANCE, AND ONGOING
RESEARCH AIMS TO EXPAND ITS APPLICATION TO OTHER TYPES OF CANCER
AND IMPROVE ITS SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS.
• IT'S ESSENTIAL TO CONSULT WITH HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS FOR
SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT ITS USE AND AVAILABILITY
FOR YOUR CONDITION.

23. CONCLUSION 2:
CAR T-CELL THERAPY REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENT IN CANCER TREATMENT,
OFFERING A PERSONALIZED APPROACH BY MODIFYING A PATIENT'S IMMUNE CELLS TO
COMBAT CANCER. WHILE IT HAS SHOWN REMARKABLE SUCCESS IN SOME CASES, IT'S
IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND CONSULT WITH MEDICAL EXPERTS
TO DETERMINE ITS SUITABILITY FOR INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. ONGOING RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THIS FIELD HOLD PROMISE FOR EXPANDING ITS APPLICATION AND
IMPROVING ITS SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CANCER.
THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CAR T-CELL THERAPY ARE PROMISING AND ENCOMPASS
SEVERAL KEY AREAS:
1. BROADER CANCER APPLICATIONS: RESEARCHERS ARE EXPLORING THE EXTENSION OF CAR
T-CELL THERAPY TO VARIOUS TYPES OF SOLID TUMORS, EXPANDING ITS POTENTIAL BEYOND
BLOOD CANCERS. THIS COULD REVOLUTIONIZE THE TREATMENT OF A WIDER RANGE OF
CANCER TYPES.
2. REDUCED SIDE EFFECTS: ONGOING RESEARCH AIMS TO MINIMIZE THE SIDE EFFECTS
ASSOCIATED WITH CAR T-CELL THERAPY, PARTICULARLY CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME
(CRS) AND NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY. ENHANCED SAFETY MEASURES AND IMPROVED CAR
DESIGNS MAY MITIGATE THESE RISKS.

24. 4. COMBINATION THERAPIES: COMBINING CAR T-CELL THERAPY WITH OTHER
TREATMENTS LIKE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS OR TARGETED THERAPIES MAY ENHANCE
EFFECTIVENESS AND BROADEN ITS APPLICATION.
5. ENHANCED MANUFACTURING: STREAMLINING AND SCALING UP THE MANUFACTURING
PROCESS TO PRODUCE CAR T-CELL THERAPIES MORE EFFICIENTLY COULD MAKE THEM
MORE WIDELY AVAILABLE.
6. REDUCED COSTS: AS TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES AND PRODUCTION BECOMES MORE
EFFICIENT, THERE'S HOPE THAT CAR T-CELL THERAPIES WILL BECOME MORE
AFFORDABLE, INCREASING ACCESS FOR PATIENTS.
7. PERSONALIZED APPROACHES: ADVANCEMENTS IN PRECISION MEDICINE MAY LEAD TO
EVEN MORE PERSONALIZED CAR T-CELL THERAPIES, TARGETING SPECIFIC MUTATIONS
OR BIOMARKERS UNIQUE TO EACH PATIENT'S CANCER.
8. LONG-TERM DURABILITY: RESEARCHERS ARE STUDYING WAYS TO IMPROVE THE
DURABILITY OF CAR T-CELL RESPONSES, ENSURING THAT REMISSIONS ARE LONG-
LASTING.
IN SUMMARY, CAR T-CELL THERAPY HOLDS IMMENSE PROMISE FOR THE FUTURE OF
CANCER TREATMENT, WITH ONGOING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS FOCUSED ON