The document explains the concepts of resistance in electrical circuits, covering two main configurations: series and parallel connections. In series, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances, while in parallel, the reciprocal of total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. Several examples illustrate calculations of total resistance, current, and potential differences across different configurations of resistors and electrical appliances.

1. Resistance: Part 2
Resistance Of A System of Resistors:
Resistors are joined in two ways, i.e. in series and in parallel.
Resistors in Series: When resistors are joined from end to end, it is called in series. In
this case, the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all
the resistors in the system.
Let total resistance = R
Resistance of resistors are R1, R2, R3, … Rn
Therefore, R = R1 + R2 + R3 + …………+ Rn
Resistors in parallel: When resistors are joined in parallel, the reciprocal of total
resistance of the system is equal to the sum of reciprocal of the resistance of resistors.
Fig: Resistance in Series
Fig: Resistance in Parallel
Let total resistance = R
Resistance of resistors are R1, R2, R3, … Rn
Example 1: There are three resistors joined in series in a system having resistance
equal to 10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω respectively. If the potential difference of the circuit is 240
V, find the total resistance and current through the circuit.
Solution: Given, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω and V = 240 V
Total resistance (R) =?
Current through the circuit ( I ) =?

2. According to Ohm’s Law Total resistance in series (R) = Sum of resistance of all
resistors
Or, R = 10 Ω + 20 Ω + 30 Ω = 60 Ω
We know that electric current I = V/R
Or, I = 240 V ÷ 60 Ω = 4 A
Thus, total resistance (R)= 60 Ω
Current through the circuit = 4 A
Example 2: There are two electric lamps M and N which are joined in a series having
resistance equal to 15 Ω and 20 Ω respectively. If the potential difference between two
terminals of electric circuit is 220V, find the total resistance and electric current through
the circuit. Also find the potential difference across the two lamps separately.
Solution: Given, resistance (R1) of one electric lamp, M = 15.2 Ω
Resistance (R2) of other electric lamp, N = 20 Ω
Potential difference (V) through the circuit = 220 V
Electric current (I) through the circuit =?
Potential difference through each of the electric lamp =?
According to Ohm’s Law; total resistance in series
= Sum of resistance of all resistors = 15.2 Ω + 20 Ω = 35.2 Ω
Electric Current I = V/R = 220 V ÷ 35.2 Ω = 6.25 A
Potential difference (V1) across electric lamp M = 15.2 Ω ÷ 6.25 A = 2.432 V
Potential difference (V2) across electric lamp N = 20 Ω ÷ 6.25 A = 3.2 V
Thus, electric current through the circuit = 6.25 A
Potential difference through electric lamp M = 2.432 V
Potential difference through electric lamp N = 3.2 V

3. Example 3: There are two resistors R1 and R2 having resistance equal to 20Ω and 30Ω
respectively are connected in parallel in an electric circuit. If the potential difference
across the electric circuit is 5 V, find the electric current flowing through the circuit and
the total resistance of the resistors.
Solution: Given, R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 30 Ω, Potential difference (V) = 5 V
Total resistance (R) =?
Electric current (I) through the circuit =?
We know that in parallel combination, the reciprocal of total resistance is;
Now, electric current through the circuit I = V/R
Or, I = 5 V ÷ 12 Ω = 0.416 A
Thus, total resistance R = 12 Ω
Electric current (I) through the circuit = 0.416 A
Example 4: There are five electric appliances, viz. electric heater and electric lamp, an
electric fan, computer and an exhaust fan are connected in parallel in a household. The
resistance electric appliances are 40Ω, 5 Ω, 8Ω, 20Ω and 10Ω respectively. If an electric
current of 240V is flowing through the circuit then find
a. Total resistance through the circuit
b. Total electric current (I) through the circuit and
c. the current through each of the resistor.
Solution:We know that the recpirocal of total resistance = sum of reciprocals of
individual resistances

4. Or, Rtotal = 2 Ω
Now, electric current through the circuit = V/R
Or, I = 240 V ÷ 2 Ω = 120 A
Similarly, electric current through different appliances can be calculated as follows:
Electric current through heater = 240 V ÷ 40 Ω = 6 A
Electric current through electric lamp = 240 V ÷ 5 Ω = 48 A
Electric current through electric fan = 240 V ÷ 8 Ω = 30 A
Electric current through computer = 240 V ÷ 20 Ω = 12 A
Electric current through exhaust = 240 V ÷ 10 Ω + 24 A
The total current through the circuit can be calculated by adding the electric current
through individual resistors.
Or, Itotal = 6 A + 48 A + 30 A + 12 A + 24 A = 120 A