The document discusses resilience from a developmental perspective across the lifespan. It describes four waves of resilience research including identifying individual resilience factors, embedding resilience in developmental systems, intervening to foster resilience, and examining multi-system levels. For each life stage - infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age - factors affecting resilience are discussed, such as parent-child relationships, social support systems, and adaptive coping strategies. Resilience is framed as positive adaptation despite challenges or threats at different stages of life.

1. Developmental perspective of
resilience
TANIYA THOMAS

3. RESILIENCE
Let us remember the fairy tales we heard during our bed time………

4. Resilience is a broad concept that generally refers to positive adaptation in
any kind of dynamic system that comes under challenge or threat (Masten &
Obradovi, 2008).
Human resilience refers to the processes or patterns of positive adaptation
and development in the context of significant threats to an individual’s life or
function.

5. The first wave: Identifying Individual
Resilience and Factors that Make a
Difference
The second wave: Embedding Resilience
in Developmental and Ecological
Systems, with a Focus on Processes
The Third Wave: Intervening to Foster
Resilience
The Fourth Wave: Resilience Research
on Multiple-Systems Levels, Epigenetic
Processes, and Neurobiological
Processes
4 waves

6. Is that same across???
Resilience is dynamic
 Life course theory
there are cohort and life-stage-specific environmental influences that affect an
individual’s developmental trajectory (Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006;
Elder, 1999).

7. Developmental perspective

8. infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood
old age

9. INFANCY

10. Human infancy is a lengthy period of dependency, when the young are
embedded in caregiving relationships to ensure survival (Bowlby, 1982).
Adults are instrumental in helping infants to develop physiological and
emotional regulation (Schore, 1994).

11. infant–parent relationships and
developmental neuroscience.
(1) how risks experienced by infants may influence infant functioning,
including neurological aspects of development
(2) how infants’ most intimate social environments, their relationships with
parents, may contribute to resilient functioning in infancy.

12. Genetic influences
Genetics and individual–environment interactions are key contributors to brain
structure and neural patterning (Cicchetti & Curtis, 2006; Greenough, Black, & Wallace, 1987)
Psychological processes such as parent–infant interactions can alter brain
structure, function, and organization, as well as gene expression (Curtis & Cicchetti,
2003; Eisenberg, 1995) leading to resilient functioning in the face of even severe
stressors or trauma.

13. “plasticity” of the brain during the infancy period ensures the capacity to react
to positive experience and even assault adaptively (Cicchetti & Curtis, 2006;
Stiles, 2000).
William Greenough and colleagues (1998) distinguished between two central
mechanisms of plasticity:
1. experience-expectant
2. experience-dependent.

14. (Nelson & Bosquet, 2000).
experience-expectant development-
synapses form following minimal experience during sensitive periods, usually in
the domains of sensory and perceptual functioning (e.g., vision, speech
perception).
experience-dependent development-
synapses are formed in response to unique aspects of an individual’s
environment

15. Parent child relation
Environmental stressors, such as maternal depression, poverty, and domestic
violence, may compromise the abilities of adults to be sensitive and responsive
attachment partners, but the presence of other strengths, such as a supportive
partner or a therapeutic relationship, may support the development of secure
attachments despite these challenges, illustrating contextual supports for
resilient functioning in infancy.

16. FACTORS AFFECTING RESILIENCE CHILD CHARACTERISTIC AUTHOR, YEAR
Adolescent parenthood variability in their
developmental trajectories
(Oxford et al., 2005; Shapiro &
Mangelsdorf, 1994).
infant–parent attachment
developmental adaptations:
school functioning, behavior
problems, and friendships
(Grossman, Grossman, &
Waters, 2006; Sroufe et al.,
2005)
Maternal depression
developmental difficulties (Downey & Coyne, 1990; Murray,
Cooper, & Hipwell, 2003).
social, emotional, and cognitive
difficulties and for psychiatric
disorders themselves
(Goodman &
Gotlib, 1999; Murray et al., 2003

17. Maternal Emotional
Availability
mothers who are
emotionally available to
their young children,
their children appear to
demonstrate more
optimal EA to their
mother
Easterbrooks , Driscoll &
Bartlett (2008)
Maternal Empathic
Attitudes
No significant differences

18. CHILDHOOD

19. School adjustment
Friends
Studies
Relationship with teachers

20. Masten et al (1990) have identified three kinds of resilience among groups of
children. These are:
Children who do not succumb to adversities, despite their high-risk status, for example babies
of low birth-weight
Children who develop coping strategies in situations of chronic stress, for example the children
of drug-using or alcoholic parents
Children who have suffered extreme trauma, for example through disasters, sudden loss of a
close relative, or abuse, and who have recovered and prospered.

21. Resilient children, therefore, are those who resist adversity, manage to cope
with uncertainly and are able to recover successfully from trauma (Newman,
2004).

22. Promoting resilience may enable better long-term outcomes by boosting
children’s chances of positive adaptation in future, even if optimal
environmental conditions for growth are not possible (Newman, 2004).
strong relationships with supportive parents or cares
external mentors and other social networks
positive school experiences and extra-curricular activities
capacity to ‘reframe’ adversities

23. ADOLESCENCE

24. A transition from childhood to adulthood
Peak age to have several psychiatric illness(Goldstein & Brooks,2001)
Love, substance abuse, education, financial issues etc..

25. Young people’s patterns of coping are embedded in the complex social
ecologies of their families and communities
Adolescents in poverty can excel in life if they have high self esteem or the
presence of an adult mentor
Compensatory model of resilience

26. Three types of approach to intervention have been identified in relation to the
promotion of resilience (Yates and Masten, 2004):
• Risk-focused methods.
• Asset-focused approaches.
• Process-focused approaches.

27. • These aim to reduce or prevent risks such as
premature births or teenage pregnancy. When the
avoidance of risk is not possible, or the risk is not
amenable to change, other approaches may be needed
Risk-focused
methods
• emphasise on resources that enable adaptive functioning
to counteract adversity (improved access to healthcare,
additional tutoring, provision of parent education, job
training opportunities for parents, etc). These approaches
are useful when risk factors are intractable and on-going.
Asset-focused
approaches
• These aim to protect, activate or restore fundamental
adaptational systems to support positive development,
such as strengthening positive, long-term relationships
Process-focused
approaches.

28. ADULTHOOD

29. Several changes in life- career, marriage , family, raising kids etc
Resilience has been variously defined in the family literature.
McCubbin and Mc-Cubbin (1988) define family resilience as "characteristics,
dimensions, and properties of families which help families to be resistant to
disruption in the face of change and adaptive in the face of crisis situations“
focuses on the adaptive qualities of families as they encounter stress,
particularly those processes promoting coping, endurance, and survival

30. Barnard (1994) cites several familial factors that appear to be related to
resilience, including
good fit between parent and child
maintenance of family rituals
 proactive confrontation of problems
minimal conflict in the home during infancy
the absence of divorce during adolescence
 a productive relationship between a child and his or her mother.

31. Families exhibiting warmth, cohesion, and stability appear to be correlated with
resilient children (Garmezy, 1993; Wyman, Cowen, Work, et al., 1992)
strong parent-child relationships marked by positive interactions, nurturance,
affection, and consistent discipline are also related to resilience in children
(Rutter, 1979; Werner, 1989; Werner & Smith, 1982; Wyman et al., 1992).

32. OLD AGE

33. old age is a stage of increased psychosocial stressors such as the death of loved
ones and the onset of physical health declines such as increased chronic and
disabling diseases (Davis, Zautra, & Johnson, 2007).
resilience might better be described as successfully coping with adversities
rather than reversing or overcoming them (Rowe & Kahn, 1987)
Old age presents more challenges than other stages of the life span, hence
theories of successful aging explore positive development in old age by taking
these increasing challenges into account

34. In comparison to younger adults, older adults have been found to demonstrate
an accommodative coping style in the face of adversity or failure; that is, older
adults were more flexible and better able to adjust their strivings.

35. Successful aging
older adults who are able to compensate for age-related losses can continue on
a trajectory of positive development (Staudinger, Marsiske, & Baltes,1995).
Ryff and Singer (2003) suggested that those who “flourish under fire,” are
resilient when confronted with challenges.
older adults who actively adapt to environmental and biological challenges
related to aging are reflecting the process of resilience.

36. two types of protective factors(Rutter (1987) :
individual
factors(self-efficacy
and hardiness)
social factors
(socioeconomic status
and social support)

37. Social relations have been shown to have a positive effect on adaptation in old
age (Hatch, 2005; Lin & Peek, 1999).
Rowe and Kahn (1997) believe that social relations are essential for successful
aging and continued engagement with life.
Social support can act as a facilitator of resilience, as it aids individuals to cope
with and overcome adversity.

38. Studies investigating coping with loss (e.g., Wilcox et al., 2003), terminal illness
(Pentz, 2005), and traumatic experience (e.g., Bonanno, Galea, & Bucciarelli,
2007) indicate that social support is often associated with greater life
satisfaction and well-being
Antonucci, Lansford, and Akiyama (2001) found that depressive symptomatology
and life satisfaction were significantly affected by the quality of the spousal
relationship.

39. Study says….
The 30-year study of resilient individuals conducted by Werner and
colleagues (Werner, 1989) illustrates that the relative impact of different
protective and risk factors changes at various life phases

40. RESULTS
males in their sample showed greater vulnerability than females during the
first decade of life and less during the second decade
different aspects of family functioning assumed varying levels of importance as
protective factors over the course of childhood and adolescence. During
childhood, for example, significant predictors of resilience included the presence
of alternative caregivers in the household.
During late adolescence, significant discriminators included the individual's
perception of the quality of his or her relationship with the family, especially
with the father, and the absence of maternal mental health problems in the case
of girls (Werner & Smith, 1982).

41. REFERENCE
M. Ann Easterbrooks , Joan Riley Driscoll & Jessica Dym Bartlett (2008) Resilience in Infancy: A
Relational Approach, Research in Human Development, 5:3, 139-152, DOI:
10.1080/15427600802273987
Heather Fuller-Iglesias , Besangie Sellars & Toni C. Antonucci (2008) Resilience in Old Age:
Social Relations as a Protective Factor, Research in Human Development, 5:3, 181-193, DOI:
10.1080/15427600802274043
Carolyn M. Aldwin , Michael Cunningham & Amanda L. Taylor (2010) Resilience Across the Life
Span: A Tribute to Emmy E. Werner, Research in Human Development, 7:3, 159-163
Michael Ungar , Linda Liebenberg , Roger Boothroyd , Wai Man Kwong , Tak Yan Lee , John
Leblanc , Luis Duque & Alexander Makhnach (2008) The Study of Youth Resilience Across
Cultures: Lessons from a Pilot Study of Measurement Development, Research in Human
Development, 5:3, 166-18

42. Staudinger M, Marsike & Bates(1995). Resilience and reverse capacity in later adulthood:
potential and limits of development across life span . Vol 2, disorders and adaption, pp-801-847
Goldstein, S., & Brooks, R. B. (2014). Handbook of resilience in children (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y:
Springer Science Business Media
Reich , J. W. (2010). Handbook of adult Resilience. London: THE GUILFORD PRESS New York THE
GUILFORD PRESS .

43. THANK YOU!!!