The document provides an overview of the research methodology process for science and technology. It defines research and notes that research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, interpreting data to draw conclusions, and building on past research rather than just restating facts. The document outlines Wallace's model for the research process and discusses key stages including proposing a research topic after reviewing literature, conducting the research, and documenting the work through publications like conference and journal papers. It also provides guidance on components of documentation like the research proposal, thesis, scientific writing format IMRAD, and considerations for publication.

1. Research Methodology forResearch Methodology for
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
Rushdi ShamsRushdi Shams
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & TechnologyKhulna University of Engineering & Technology

2. What is ResearchWhat is Research
The systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon with which we are concerned or
interested. (Practical Research: Planning and Design
by Paul Leedy)
It involves interpretation of data to draw conclusions
Research is not restating previous facts
It is not searching new knowledge for information

3. What is ResearchWhat is Research
Are you representing other peoples’ work in a stylish
well-understood manner?
Then it is not a research
Are you seeking knowledge on the architecture of cars
by buying a car?
Then it is not research

4. What is ResearchWhat is Research
 Originates with a question or problem.
 Requires a clear articulation of a goal.
 Follows a specific plan of procedure.
 Usually divides the principal problem into more
manageable sub-problems.
 Guided by the specific research problem, question, or
hypothesis.
 Accepts certain critical assumptions.
 Requires the collection and interpretation of data in
attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the
research.
 Builds on previous research.

5. Wallace’s ModelWallace’s Model

6. Research MethodologyResearch Methodology
Propose a research. In order to do that, you will
have to review literatures.
Conduct a research. The ideas you generated from
the knowledge gathered in literature review should be
carried out; analysis will be done; results will be
produced
Document your work. This documentation will be
the stem to produce
 Conference papers for sharing knowledge with scholars
 Journal papers for archiving

8. Propose a ResearchPropose a Research
A Formal way to propose a research is writing up a research
proposal that will have precise indications on your research
and related work found from literature review

9. Why will you review LiteratureWhy will you review Literature
The literature review is a critical look at the existing
research that is significant to your project.
You should evaluate what has already been done,
show the relationships between different work, and
show how it relates to your project.
It is not supposed to be just a summary of other
people's work.

10. What should Literature Review answerWhat should Literature Review answer
What do we already know in the area concerned?
What are the existing theories?
Are there any inconsistencies or other shortcomings?
What views need to be (further) tested?
What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory
or too limited?
Why study (further) the research problem?

11. Literature Review ResourcesLiterature Review Resources
The ACM Portal
http://portal.acm.com
Kluwer Online
http://www.kluweronline.com
IEEExplore
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
CrossRef
http://www.crossref.org

12. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
After reviewing the relevant literature, you should
begin thinking about your proposal
Your proposal will communicate your intentions to
your committee,
It will serve as a plan for yourself and the committee,
and
Connects yourself with the committee
It should indicate that-
 You have identified a problem
 You read enough literature to discuss the subject intelligently,
 You developed a strategy for completing the research.

13. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
A Research Proposal will generally contain following
sections-
Problem Statement
 Which area the problem belongs to
 What has been done so far
 What problems are still not solved
 Why are those problems need to be solved
Motivation
 What problem are you particularly interested of
 What is your motive to solve that
 Narrower description of your research

14. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
Approach
 Brief description of your research
 How will you solve the problems
 What are the steps to accomplish your goal?
 Are you aware of the upcoming problems?
Challenges
 Difference with other work
 How your research will contribute
Applications
 Where your findings can be applied

15. DocumentationDocumentation
After completing the research you promised in your research
proposal, you have to document them.

16. ThesisThesis
Documentation is vital as A good researcher should
know the way to let other researchers know about his
work
If you wrote a good proposal, it should serve as the
basis for the beginning chapters for your thesis.

17. ThesisThesis
Your thesis should meet the following criteria-
1. Evidence of an original investigation or the testing of
ideas.
2.Competence in independent work or
experimentation.
3. An understanding of appropriate techniques.
4.Ability to make critical use of published work and
source material.
5.Appreciation of the relationship of the special theme
to the wider field of knowledge.
6.Originality as shown by the topic researched or the
methodology employed.
7.Distinct contribution to knowledge.

18. Scientific Writing: IMRADScientific Writing: IMRAD
Every scientific writing generally will have four
sections having an acronym of IMRAD-
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results and
 Discussion
Now, let’s take a look at the very basic parts of a
technical documentation

19. TitleTitle
Title is a label- not sentence
Fewest possible words that adequately describe the
contents of the thesis
Indexing and abstracting services depend heavily on
the accuracy of the title
Avoid abbreviations

20. AuthorsAuthors
Alphabetical order or order of importance
Persons who actively contributed to the overall design
and execution of the experiments
First name, middle name, last name
Address of institution where the research is done
Address in same serial to the authors

21. AbstractAbstract
Precise summary of the content
Brief summary of each of the sections
Should not exceed 250 words though there is no hard
and fast rule
States the principal objectives and scope of the
investigation
Describes the methodologies employed
Summarize the results
State the principal conclusions

22. IntroductionIntroduction
Enough background information so that reader can
understand results
Reader should not need to refer to previous
publications on the topic
Introduction should describe
Nature and scope of the problem investigated
Review of related literature
Method of the investigation
Principal results
Principal conclusions

23. MethodsMethods
Describe the experimental design
Provide enough detail so that others can repeat the
experiment
Use past tense

24. ResultsResults
Overall description of experiment
Present the data
Results are presented in past tense
Avoid redundancy

25. DiscussionsDiscussions
Try to present principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the results
Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation
and define unsettled points
Show how your results and interpretations agree with
previously published work
Don't be shy; discuss theoretical implication of your
work as well as practical applications
State your conclusions as clearly as possible
Summarize your evidence for each conclusion

26. AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
Acknowledge any significant technical help, etc.
Acknowledge any outside financial assistance
Grants, contracts, or fellowships

27. ReferencesReferences
 List only significant, published references
 Check all parts of every reference against the original
copy the publications
 You can find Reference styles
1. http://www.computer.org/author/style/refer.htm
2. http://www.apastyle.org/
3. http://www.acm.org/pubs/submissions/submission.
htm

28. PublicationPublication
Nihil simul inventum est et perfectum
means
Nothing is invented and perfected at the same time

29. Why PublicationWhy Publication
If you gather knowledge, apply it, invent something
new and do not share with scholars, the invention will
not be useful for human race
To make your research useful, you can submit them to
journals
In journals, your research will be archived and will be
plentiful to conduct other researches
You can submit them to conferences
You can share ideas with scholars that can broaden
your view and instil newer ideas

30. Things to consider during PublicationThings to consider during Publication
If you intend to publish your research work, then you
need to know the nuts and bolts-
 Information on conferences
 Call for Papers
 Review Process
 Submitting your Research Work
 Feedback from Reviewers
 Preparing Final Version

31. Information on ConferencesInformation on Conferences
Personal web pages
http://www.tml.hut.fi/~pv/conferences.html
Public databases
http://www.papersinvited.com/
Organizations
http://webapps1.ieee.org/conferenceSearch/search.do
http://campus.acm.org/calendar/
SIGs
http://www.sigmm.org/Events/events_page

32. Call for PapersCall for Papers
When you find a suitable conference, just don’t
blindly submit your paper. Carefully, take a look at-
 Title of the conference
 Where will it be held
 Date of conference
 Deadline of paper submission
 Topics of Interest
 Instructions for Authors

33. Review ProcessReview Process
In order to place your paper in journal or a conference
proceedings, your paper will be reviewed generally
based on-
 Originality of your research work
 Contribution to the knowledge-based society
 Organization of the writing
 Quality of Language
 References you used

34. Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your Research
Before submission ask comments from your
colleagues and supervisor
When the paper is ready, prepare it according to the
Instructions for Authors
 Layout
 Format
 Number of pages
 Word count
 Figures

35. Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your Research
Most conferences have electronic submission
 web page
 Email
Otherwise you have to submit the paper either using
normal or courier mail
Make sure that you get an acknowledgement from the
submission

36. Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from Reviewers
Usually, conferences announce beforehand when the
review results should be ready
The results are usually emailed to all authors
Read the results carefully
Remember that good conferences accept less than
half of the papers
Acceptance ratio can be even below 20%

37. Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from Reviewers
If the paper is not accepted, consider improving it
according to the comments and submitting it to
another conference
Usually, it pays of to cool down for couple of days or
even weeks

38. Preparing Final VersionPreparing Final Version
Make the corrections suggested by the reviewers
Follow the instructions given the to the authors
Often, the final layout is different than the review
version
Send the final version to the conference well before
the deadline

39. Research PresentationResearch Presentation
In conferences, you will have to present your research work
which is as important as your research and documentation

40. What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to say
Communicate the Key Ideas
Make sure that your talk emphasizes the key ideas and skips
over what is standard, obvious, or merely complicated.
Don’t get Bogged Down in Details
Details are out of place in an oral presentation. This rule cannot
be over-emphasized.
Structure Your Talk
A good speaker always lets the audience know exactly where
they are and where they are headed. Your presentation should
be broken into several distinct parts, each with its own
objectives and style. Each part should be dearly delineated.

41. What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to say
Use an Organized Approach
A sample time-frame for presentation of a paper can
be-
 Introduction (5%)
 Proposal (15%)
 Theoretical basis, results and evaluations (45%)
 Conclusion (15%)
 Discussion (20%)

42. Getting through AudienceGetting through Audience
Practise your talk
Use Repetition
Convey Enthusiasm, Excitement, Confidence
Use Humour but don’t over-run
Maintain eye contact
Control your voice
Control your motion
Take care with your appearance
Don’t start talking with apologies

43. Visual and Aural AidsVisual and Aural Aids
Overhead projectors
Don’t overload transparencies
Avoid slide covering
Use colors effectively
Use pictures and tables
Beware of the microphone
Familiarize yourself with stage

44. QQ
AA