1. Research Methodology forResearch Methodology for
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
Rushdi ShamsRushdi Shams
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & TechnologyKhulna University of Engineering & Technology
2. What is ResearchWhat is Research
The systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon with which we are concerned or
interested. (Practical Research: Planning and Design
by Paul Leedy)
It involves interpretation of data to draw conclusions
Research is not restating previous facts
It is not searching new knowledge for information
3. What is ResearchWhat is Research
Are you representing other peoples’ work in a stylish
well-understood manner?
Then it is not a research
Are you seeking knowledge on the architecture of cars
by buying a car?
Then it is not research
4. What is ResearchWhat is Research
Originates with a question or problem.
Requires a clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan of procedure.
Usually divides the principal problem into more
manageable sub-problems.
Guided by the specific research problem, question, or
hypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires the collection and interpretation of data in
attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the
research.
Builds on previous research.
6. Research MethodologyResearch Methodology
Propose a research. In order to do that, you will
have to review literatures.
Conduct a research. The ideas you generated from
the knowledge gathered in literature review should be
carried out; analysis will be done; results will be
produced
Document your work. This documentation will be
the stem to produce
Conference papers for sharing knowledge with scholars
Journal papers for archiving
7.
8. Propose a ResearchPropose a Research
A Formal way to propose a research is writing up a research
proposal that will have precise indications on your research
and related work found from literature review
9. Why will you review LiteratureWhy will you review Literature
The literature review is a critical look at the existing
research that is significant to your project.
You should evaluate what has already been done,
show the relationships between different work, and
show how it relates to your project.
It is not supposed to be just a summary of other
people's work.
10. What should Literature Review answerWhat should Literature Review answer
What do we already know in the area concerned?
What are the existing theories?
Are there any inconsistencies or other shortcomings?
What views need to be (further) tested?
What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory
or too limited?
Why study (further) the research problem?
12. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
After reviewing the relevant literature, you should
begin thinking about your proposal
Your proposal will communicate your intentions to
your committee,
It will serve as a plan for yourself and the committee,
and
Connects yourself with the committee
It should indicate that-
You have identified a problem
You read enough literature to discuss the subject intelligently,
You developed a strategy for completing the research.
13. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
A Research Proposal will generally contain following
sections-
Problem Statement
Which area the problem belongs to
What has been done so far
What problems are still not solved
Why are those problems need to be solved
Motivation
What problem are you particularly interested of
What is your motive to solve that
Narrower description of your research
14. Research ProposalResearch Proposal
Approach
Brief description of your research
How will you solve the problems
What are the steps to accomplish your goal?
Are you aware of the upcoming problems?
Challenges
Difference with other work
How your research will contribute
Applications
Where your findings can be applied
16. ThesisThesis
Documentation is vital as A good researcher should
know the way to let other researchers know about his
work
If you wrote a good proposal, it should serve as the
basis for the beginning chapters for your thesis.
17. ThesisThesis
Your thesis should meet the following criteria-
1. Evidence of an original investigation or the testing of
ideas.
2.Competence in independent work or
experimentation.
3. An understanding of appropriate techniques.
4.Ability to make critical use of published work and
source material.
5.Appreciation of the relationship of the special theme
to the wider field of knowledge.
6.Originality as shown by the topic researched or the
methodology employed.
7.Distinct contribution to knowledge.
18. Scientific Writing: IMRADScientific Writing: IMRAD
Every scientific writing generally will have four
sections having an acronym of IMRAD-
Introduction
Methods
Results and
Discussion
Now, let’s take a look at the very basic parts of a
technical documentation
19. TitleTitle
Title is a label- not sentence
Fewest possible words that adequately describe the
contents of the thesis
Indexing and abstracting services depend heavily on
the accuracy of the title
Avoid abbreviations
20. AuthorsAuthors
Alphabetical order or order of importance
Persons who actively contributed to the overall design
and execution of the experiments
First name, middle name, last name
Address of institution where the research is done
Address in same serial to the authors
21. AbstractAbstract
Precise summary of the content
Brief summary of each of the sections
Should not exceed 250 words though there is no hard
and fast rule
States the principal objectives and scope of the
investigation
Describes the methodologies employed
Summarize the results
State the principal conclusions
22. IntroductionIntroduction
Enough background information so that reader can
understand results
Reader should not need to refer to previous
publications on the topic
Introduction should describe
Nature and scope of the problem investigated
Review of related literature
Method of the investigation
Principal results
Principal conclusions
25. DiscussionsDiscussions
Try to present principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the results
Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation
and define unsettled points
Show how your results and interpretations agree with
previously published work
Don't be shy; discuss theoretical implication of your
work as well as practical applications
State your conclusions as clearly as possible
Summarize your evidence for each conclusion
27. ReferencesReferences
List only significant, published references
Check all parts of every reference against the original
copy the publications
You can find Reference styles
1. http://www.computer.org/author/style/refer.htm
2. http://www.apastyle.org/
3. http://www.acm.org/pubs/submissions/submission.
htm
29. Why PublicationWhy Publication
If you gather knowledge, apply it, invent something
new and do not share with scholars, the invention will
not be useful for human race
To make your research useful, you can submit them to
journals
In journals, your research will be archived and will be
plentiful to conduct other researches
You can submit them to conferences
You can share ideas with scholars that can broaden
your view and instil newer ideas
30. Things to consider during PublicationThings to consider during Publication
If you intend to publish your research work, then you
need to know the nuts and bolts-
Information on conferences
Call for Papers
Review Process
Submitting your Research Work
Feedback from Reviewers
Preparing Final Version
31. Information on ConferencesInformation on Conferences
Personal web pages
http://www.tml.hut.fi/~pv/conferences.html
Public databases
http://www.papersinvited.com/
Organizations
http://webapps1.ieee.org/conferenceSearch/search.do
http://campus.acm.org/calendar/
SIGs
http://www.sigmm.org/Events/events_page
32. Call for PapersCall for Papers
When you find a suitable conference, just don’t
blindly submit your paper. Carefully, take a look at-
Title of the conference
Where will it be held
Date of conference
Deadline of paper submission
Topics of Interest
Instructions for Authors
33. Review ProcessReview Process
In order to place your paper in journal or a conference
proceedings, your paper will be reviewed generally
based on-
Originality of your research work
Contribution to the knowledge-based society
Organization of the writing
Quality of Language
References you used
34. Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your Research
Before submission ask comments from your
colleagues and supervisor
When the paper is ready, prepare it according to the
Instructions for Authors
Layout
Format
Number of pages
Word count
Figures
35. Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your Research
Most conferences have electronic submission
web page
Email
Otherwise you have to submit the paper either using
normal or courier mail
Make sure that you get an acknowledgement from the
submission
36. Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from Reviewers
Usually, conferences announce beforehand when the
review results should be ready
The results are usually emailed to all authors
Read the results carefully
Remember that good conferences accept less than
half of the papers
Acceptance ratio can be even below 20%
37. Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from Reviewers
If the paper is not accepted, consider improving it
according to the comments and submitting it to
another conference
Usually, it pays of to cool down for couple of days or
even weeks
38. Preparing Final VersionPreparing Final Version
Make the corrections suggested by the reviewers
Follow the instructions given the to the authors
Often, the final layout is different than the review
version
Send the final version to the conference well before
the deadline
40. What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to say
Communicate the Key Ideas
Make sure that your talk emphasizes the key ideas and skips
over what is standard, obvious, or merely complicated.
Don’t get Bogged Down in Details
Details are out of place in an oral presentation. This rule cannot
be over-emphasized.
Structure Your Talk
A good speaker always lets the audience know exactly where
they are and where they are headed. Your presentation should
be broken into several distinct parts, each with its own
objectives and style. Each part should be dearly delineated.
41. What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to say
Use an Organized Approach
A sample time-frame for presentation of a paper can
be-
Introduction (5%)
Proposal (15%)
Theoretical basis, results and evaluations (45%)
Conclusion (15%)
Discussion (20%)
42. Getting through AudienceGetting through Audience
Practise your talk
Use Repetition
Convey Enthusiasm, Excitement, Confidence
Use Humour but don’t over-run
Maintain eye contact
Control your voice
Control your motion
Take care with your appearance
Don’t start talking with apologies
43. Visual and Aural AidsVisual and Aural Aids
Overhead projectors
Don’t overload transparencies
Avoid slide covering
Use colors effectively
Use pictures and tables
Beware of the microphone
Familiarize yourself with stage
