This document outlines the key aspects of research methodology. It discusses general types of research including basic, applied, evaluation, action, and orientational research. It also examines research paradigms such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. The document provides guidance on selecting a research topic and narrowing it to a specific problem. It emphasizes the importance of formulating a research question and constructing a testable hypothesis, with the note that hypotheses are generally not formulated for qualitative research since they are more exploratory in nature.

1. Research Methodology
Prepared by:
Hawa Ahmad Ghabag
Fawzia Abduassalam

2. O U T L I N E :
Introduction
General kinds of research
Research paradigms
Selecting a research area
 Stating your study problem
 Narrow your topic
stating a research question
Formulating a hypothesis
References

3. Introduction
 Methodology and methods
 Educational research

4. General kinds of research
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Evaluation research
4. Action research
5. Orientational research

6. Research paradigms
 Qualitative research
 Quantitative research
 Mixed research

7. Selecting a research topic :
an idea or a problem ?
One of the most important aspects of a research paper is the TOPIC.
Sometimes success depends on right selection because the writing is
so much more fun when you know what you are writing about.

8. How to decide :
 Pick up a subject that interests you and relevant to your study
 Select a field you know about
 Choose an argumentative topics
 Look in front of you
 Brainstorm
 Use a topic once again

9. Sources of research ideas:
 Real-world experience
 Practical issues
 Past research
 Theory

10. Narrow your selected topic
Research topic(broad area)
Research problem(educational issue)
Research purpose (study objective)
Research question
Hypothesis

11. Research question :
A research question is a statement of the specific question(s) to which the
researcher seeks an answer .
It is therefore, an extension of a statement of the purpose of the study in that it
specifies exactly the questions that the researcher will attempt to answer .

12.  Quantitative research questions :
They state the relationship being investigated between the target variables .
 Qualitative research questions:
They are not specific. Instead, they are more likely to a general question about a
process, or about exploring a particular phenomenon.

13. Types of quantitative questions
 Descriptive questions
 Predictive questions
 Causal questions

14. Formulating a hypothesis
It is the formal statement of the researcher’s prediction of the relationship
that exists among the variables under investigation .
It logically follows the statement of the research question.
Sources of hypothesis :
 Literature review
 Theory
It must be capable of being refuted or confirmed.

17. Q. Why are hypotheses typically not formulated in
qualitative research?

18. References :
 Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative,
qualitative, and mixed approaches. Sage.
 Hatch, E. M., & Lazaraton, A. (1991). The research manual: Design and
statistics for applied linguistics. New York, NY: Newbury House Publishers.
 Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2013). Second language research:
Methodology and design. Routledge.