This document discusses different types of research in education, including fundamental/basic research, applied research, and action research. Fundamental research aims to develop theories through analysis and experimentation, while applied research focuses on solving practical problems. Action research allows teachers and practitioners to scientifically study and improve their own practices. Both applied and fundamental research are important in the field of education, but they differ in their goals, investigators, problem scope, data collection methods, and conclusions. Overall, educational research seeks to both expand knowledge and enhance educational practices through various methodological approaches.

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RESEARCH IN ENGLISH
Submitted to, ANAMIKA MADAM
Submitted by, Gayathri Krishna

2. Progress of human civilization and development of science and technology is the result of
human desire to know more and more about his physical and social environment and human efforts
to use natural and human potentialsprogressively for the good of humanity. It is true that there is
rapid growth and increase of human population. Similarly, human knowledge is increasing relatively
at very high rate than population. The human knowledge growth depends on human experiences,
solutions of their problems, thinking and Research studies.
Research has been defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of
controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories,
resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events. It involves Inductive and Deductive
methods. Inductive methods analyse the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles,
structures or process underlying the phenomenon observed whereas Deductive methods verify the
hypothesized principles through observations.
Main states evolved in the process of research study are as follows:-
1) Identify a significant research problem.
2) Prepare a research proposal
3) Conduct a pilot study
4) Conduct a main study
5) Prepare a report
Identifying the purpose in a research process is very importanct. Major types of research based on
purpose are
1) Fundamental or Basic Research
2) Applied Research
3) Action Research

3. FUNDAMENTAL OR BASIC RESEARCH
Fundamental or basic research is the formal and systematic process of deductive-inductive
analysis, leading to the development of theories. It is an approach which often leads to knowledge
for knowledge’s sake. It is usually carried on in laboratory or some other sterile environment,
sometimes with animals. Basic Research is primarily concerned with the formulation of the theory or
a contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Its major aim is to obtain and use the empirical
data to formulate, expand or evaluate theory. This type of research draws its pattern and spirit from
the physical science. It represents a rigorous and structured type of analysis. Example, progress in
educational practices has been related to progress in the discovery of general laws through
psychological, educational and sociological research.
APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied Research has most of the characteristics of fundamental research, including the use
of sampling techniques and the subsequent inferences about the target population. However, its
purpose is improving a product or a process by testing theoretical concept in actual problem
situations.
Most Educational Research is Applied Research, for it attempts to develop generalizations
about teaching, learning process, instructional materials, the behaviour of children and way to modify
it and so on.
Applied Research is undertaken to solve an immediate practical problem and the goal of
adding to scientific knowledge is secondary. It is the research performed in relation to actual
problems and under the conditions in which they are found in practice. Through Applied Research,
educators are often able to solve their problems at the appropriate level of complexity, i.e., in the
classroom teaching learning situation. Most educational research studies are classified at the applied
end of the continuum. They are more concerned with “what” works best than with “why”. For
example, Applied Research tests the Principle of Reinforcement to determine their effectiveness in
improving learning and behaviour.

4. ACTION RESEARCH
Since the late 1930s, the fields of social psychology and education have shown great interest
in what has been called Action Research. It is focused mainly on the immediate application, not on
the development of theory or on generalization of applications.
This is a very old method to suggest new applications for practical problems. It is very useful
in teaching. The concept of action research is based on the ‘MODERN HUMAN ORGANISATION
THEORY’. This organization theory is task and relationship centred.
The concept of action research is being used in education since 1926. Buckingham has
mentioned this concept firt in his book ‘Research for Teachers’. But, Stephen M.Corey used this
concept for solving the problems of education for the first time.
The purpose of Action Research is to improve school practices and at the same time to
improve those who try to improve the practices: to combine the research process, habits of thinking,
ability to work harmoniously with others and professional spirit. If most classroom teachers are to be
involved in research activity, it will probably be in the area of Action Research.
According to Corey, “Action Research is a process for studying problems by practitioners
scientifically to take decision for improving their current practices”. Action Research project does not
contribute to new knowledge but it improves and modifies the correct practices.
The action research projects may be designed in the following fields of education:-
1) in improving and modifying the classroom teaching strategies, tactics and teachinf aids.
2) in developing interests, attitude and values of the students towards their studies.
3) in dealing the classroom problems and school problem relating to discipline and code of
conduct.
4) in solving the personal problems of students relating to school situations or poor
adjustment.
5) in dealing with the problems of school administration organization.

5. Many observers have disparaged action research as nothing more than the application of
common sense or good management. But whether or not, it is worthy of the term
research, it does apply scientific thinking and methods to real life problems and
represents a great improvement over teachers’ subjective judgements and decisions
based on folklore and limited personal experiences.
Educational Research is concerned with the development and testing of theories of how
students and teachers behave in educational settings. The educational research has two main
functions:-
1) to contribute new knowledge in education.
2) to improve the educational practices.
Two major types of researches occur in the field of education are discovered, but in Action/Applied
Research, the day-to-day problem of educational process are solved. Both types of researches
occupy important place in the field of education. Differences between the two have been given in
the following tabular form:-
ACTION/APPLIED RESEARCH FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
1. Purpose
The improvement in school and
classroom teaching process
Contributes new knowledge in the form of new
theory.
2. Investigator
Investigator must be directly associated
with the problems. He or She may be
‘teacher’ by profession.
Investigator should have Post Graduate Degree in
the subject and specialization in the field.
3. Problem
The form of problem is very narrow. It is
selected and finalized by the investigator Problem is broad. It is selected by the researcher

6. himself. but it is approved by external experts.
4. Data Collection
Observation and teacher made tests are
used for collecting data.
Usually Standardised tests are used for collecting
data in basic research.
5. Conclusions
Conclusions are in the form of remedial
measures for improving current
practices.
Conclusions are in the form of generalizations.
6. Importance
Major importance is focused on solving
problems of School as well as classroom
teahing.
Major importance is to answer the basic
questions in the field of education.
Research is a process to study the basic problems which contribute in the edifice of human
knowledge. The research process establishes new truth, finds out new facts, formulates new theory
and suggests new applications. Besides, it is a purposeful activity.
The main focus of education is on the development of a child. The teaching process brings
the desirable change among learners. The basic problems of teaching and education are studied in
educational research. W.M. Travels has defined the term “Educational Research”: as “that activity
which is directed towards the development of science of behaviour in educational situation”.
One thing that we have to pay attention is that the heart of the research is not on Statistics
but on the thinking behind the research.

7. REFERENCES
1. Sharma, Yogendra K. ‘Methodology and Technique of Educational Research’. Kanishka
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2011.
2. MedaryMarjorie,’Each One Teach One’, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
3. Sharma, Dr. Praveen, ‘Teaching of English : Skills and Methods’, Shipra Publications, Delhi,
2011.