Reptiles of pakistan
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•137 views
hi! thanks for looking here. it's all about major reptiles category of pakistan, included crocodiles, squamata, serpents and testudines. provide information about their status in Pakistan. All data is collected from authentic sources. Have a goodday.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Ascidia - Zoology - exam point of view
Ascidiacea (commonly known as the ascidians or sea squirts) is a paraphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders
Despite their plant-like appearance, sea squirts are actually more closely related to vertebrates than they are to invertebrates such as sponges and coral.
There are more than 3,000 known sea squirt species found on the seabed around the world, with the majority of sea squirt species being found in the warmer, nutrient-rich tropical waters.
Sea squirts can vary from just 3cm to 30cm in length depending on the species of sea squirt and its habitat.
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservation
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservationMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
The document discusses wildlife and conservation efforts in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of wildlife found in Pakistan, including 188 mammal species and 666 bird species. It then outlines several major threats facing Pakistani wildlife, such as habitat loss due to deforestation, agriculture, and urban growth. The document also describes Pakistan's national parks system and the 21 national parks established to protect the country's biodiversity and wildlife. It emphasizes that conservation is important to preserve Pakistan's biological heritage for future generations.Endangered species of pakistan
Group #12 presented on endangered species of Pakistan. They discussed 9 endangered species found in Pakistan: Markhor, Crane, Siberian Ibex, Red Headed Vulture, Himalayan Musk Deer, Hog Deer, Snow Leopard, and White Headed Duck. The presentation addressed each species' description, habitat, threats facing the species, and conservation status. Hunting, habitat loss, and competition from domestic animals were cited as primary threats. Most species are classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under national laws.
Elasmobranchii
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
Aves
1) Birds are endothermic vertebrates with feathers that descended from bipedal dinosaurs.
2) They have several adaptations for flight including lightweight bones filled with air sacs, loss of teeth replaced by beaks, and reduced wrist, palm, and digit bones.
3) The earliest known bird is Archaeopteryx from the Jurassic period, which had both reptilian and avian features like teeth, a long tail, and feathers.
Reptiles of pakistan
This document summarizes a presentation on reptiles of Pakistan given by four presenters. It discusses various reptile species found in Pakistan including two families of crocodilians (Mugger crocodile and Gharial), sea turtles (Green and Olive Ridley), freshwater turtles, and monitors lizards (Yellow Monitor). It provides details on the physical characteristics, habitats, distributions and conservation status of these reptile species. Many of the native reptile species in Pakistan are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and overhunting.
Reptiles
Reptiles were the first terrestrial vertebrates and dominated during the Mesozoic era. There are around 7,000 reptile species worldwide today, with the most successful group being squamates (snakes and lizards). Reptiles are characterized by scaly skin, laying amniotic eggs, and various anatomical adaptations for living on land such as efficient lungs and kidneys. The four surviving orders are squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and the tuatara; turtles are notable for their protective shells.
Lesson 15 fish life cycle
A fish goes through several stages in its life cycle: it begins as an egg, then develops into a larval fish while still relying on a yolk sac for nutrients, progresses to a fry that can feed independently, becomes a juvenile fish that is not yet able to reproduce, and finally reaches adulthood where it can reproduce.
Recommended
Ascidia - Zoology - exam point of view
Ascidiacea (commonly known as the ascidians or sea squirts) is a paraphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders
Despite their plant-like appearance, sea squirts are actually more closely related to vertebrates than they are to invertebrates such as sponges and coral.
There are more than 3,000 known sea squirt species found on the seabed around the world, with the majority of sea squirt species being found in the warmer, nutrient-rich tropical waters.
Sea squirts can vary from just 3cm to 30cm in length depending on the species of sea squirt and its habitat.
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservation
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservationMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
The document discusses wildlife and conservation efforts in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of wildlife found in Pakistan, including 188 mammal species and 666 bird species. It then outlines several major threats facing Pakistani wildlife, such as habitat loss due to deforestation, agriculture, and urban growth. The document also describes Pakistan's national parks system and the 21 national parks established to protect the country's biodiversity and wildlife. It emphasizes that conservation is important to preserve Pakistan's biological heritage for future generations.Endangered species of pakistan
Group #12 presented on endangered species of Pakistan. They discussed 9 endangered species found in Pakistan: Markhor, Crane, Siberian Ibex, Red Headed Vulture, Himalayan Musk Deer, Hog Deer, Snow Leopard, and White Headed Duck. The presentation addressed each species' description, habitat, threats facing the species, and conservation status. Hunting, habitat loss, and competition from domestic animals were cited as primary threats. Most species are classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under national laws.
Elasmobranchii
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
Aves
1) Birds are endothermic vertebrates with feathers that descended from bipedal dinosaurs.
2) They have several adaptations for flight including lightweight bones filled with air sacs, loss of teeth replaced by beaks, and reduced wrist, palm, and digit bones.
3) The earliest known bird is Archaeopteryx from the Jurassic period, which had both reptilian and avian features like teeth, a long tail, and feathers.
Reptiles of pakistan
This document summarizes a presentation on reptiles of Pakistan given by four presenters. It discusses various reptile species found in Pakistan including two families of crocodilians (Mugger crocodile and Gharial), sea turtles (Green and Olive Ridley), freshwater turtles, and monitors lizards (Yellow Monitor). It provides details on the physical characteristics, habitats, distributions and conservation status of these reptile species. Many of the native reptile species in Pakistan are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and overhunting.
Reptiles
Reptiles were the first terrestrial vertebrates and dominated during the Mesozoic era. There are around 7,000 reptile species worldwide today, with the most successful group being squamates (snakes and lizards). Reptiles are characterized by scaly skin, laying amniotic eggs, and various anatomical adaptations for living on land such as efficient lungs and kidneys. The four surviving orders are squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and the tuatara; turtles are notable for their protective shells.
Lesson 15 fish life cycle
A fish goes through several stages in its life cycle: it begins as an egg, then develops into a larval fish while still relying on a yolk sac for nutrients, progresses to a fry that can feed independently, becomes a juvenile fish that is not yet able to reproduce, and finally reaches adulthood where it can reproduce.
Wildlife trade Presentation;UOR,Faculty Of Agriculture,Mapalana
International wildlife trade involves the legal and illegal trade of wild animals, plants, and their products globally. It is a large industry valued between $7-23 billion annually. However, illegal wildlife trade threatens many species with extinction as it is driven by high demand and profits from trafficking endangered species like elephants, rhinos, and tigers. Impacts include loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and compromised security. Organizations like TRAFFIC and CITES aim to regulate and monitor wildlife trade to promote sustainable and legal trade while curbing poaching and illegal trafficking.
Fish market survey
The accessibility of fish in the market relies upon the interest and supply of fish in the market transport and communication facilities and period of catch and culture of fish. A total of 26 fish species such types Indian major carp, catfish, exotic carp etc are available in the market. From the study it was observed that the dominant portion of the market following carp 50%, shrimp & prawn 20%, catfish 8%, Tilapia 10% and other species 12% represented species. Carp fishes were dominant in the studied market because of the market location where carp species are cultured very much. It also observed that Rui, Catla, kalibaus, mrigal, minor carp,common carp,silver carp,grass carp, bighead carp ,pangas, tilapia, bagda and galda were most available in the market because of those species has the highest demand in the market. Fish marketing channel in fish market completely managed, supported, financed and controlled with rules by traditional, diligent and skillful middlemen. The present study it was observed the (faria) carried the fish from fish farmers to the markets by their own or hired transport and sell them to aratdars or the fish farmers carried their catches sell them to aratdars and sell it to wholesalers. Farmer/fishermen also sell directly to the wholesaler. In a very rare case, farmers carry the fishes to the markets and sell them to the retailers or consumer. Several problem of fisherman and consideration sanitation, water supply, hygienic condition, drainage facilities and insufficient ice facilities all over the fish market and there are lack of preservation facilities & shortage of ice supply are in turn affects the quality of fish. The fish farmer’s education background is not satisfactory because five farmers asked them education level to four farmers were up to the eight grade and one person was passed B.Com whose name is Tapas Sarkar.
Classification of aves
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Birds of pakistan
This document summarizes the different bird orders and families found in Pakistan. It discusses loons, grebes, petrels, gannets, boobies, darters, pelicans, storks, flamingos, waterfowl, ospreys, pheasants, cranes, bustards, jacanas, plovers, lapwings, skuas, sandgrouse, pigeons, parrots, owls, rollers, hornbills, barbets, pittas and many families of passerine birds found in the country. In total, it provides information on over 50 orders and families of birds that live in or migrate to Pakistan.
Origen and classification of veretebrates 2017 new microsoft powerpoint prese...
1) Vertebrates evolved from early chordates like tunicates and lancelets. Fossils show the progression of vertebrate evolution over time.
2) Chordates are defined by four key features - a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. These features are present in vertebrate embryos and some persist in adults.
3) Vertebrates are classified into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals based on shared characteristics.
Class Mammalia
Class Mammalia is characterized by having mammary glands, hair, a diaphragm, and three middle ear ossicles. Mammals also have a heterodont dentition, sweat, sebaceous, and scent glands, a four chambered heart, and a large cerebral cortex. There are three main types of mammals: monotremes like the platypus and echidna, marsupials which have a pouch like kangaroos, and placental mammals which give birth to young that develop fully inside the mother like humans. Gestation periods vary greatly among mammals from 16 days in mice to 640 days in African elephants. Mammals can decrease their metabolic rates through torpor,
Lecture 1. history aquaculture
Aquaculture refers to culturing aquatic animals like fish, shrimp, and shellfish. It began over 4000 years ago when Sumerians kept fish in ponds. Ancient Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, and Indians also engaged in early forms of fish culture. In modern times, aquaculture has expanded globally and plays an important role in food production, economic growth, and employment. A wide variety of fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic species are now farmed using advanced techniques.
Endoparasite of fish
Cestodes are endoparasitic tapeworms that can infect the intestines of fish. They have complex life cycles involving an intermediate host, often a copepod. Larval cestodes encyst in the viscera or musculature of fish intermediate hosts. Infected fish may show sluggishness, emaciation, gut blockage, and chronic mortality. Adult cestodes interfere with intestinal absorption and can cause hemorrhagic enteritis. Diagnosis involves examining intestinal contents for proglottids or eggs. Control relies on eliminating intermediate hosts from fish cultures and environments.
Introduction of exotic species in india
The document discusses the introduction of exotic fish species in Indian aquaculture. It provides examples of exotic species introduced, such as common carp, bighead carp, tilapia, and white leg shrimp. While the introduction of exotic species provided some economic benefits, it also caused ecological impacts like competition with native species, loss of biodiversity, and transmission of diseases. Proper management of introductions is needed to balance benefits with minimizing risks to the environment.
Fisheries status of Chhattisgarh 2021
The document provides an overview of fisheries in Chhattisgarh, India. It discusses the state's water resources available for aquaculture, including rivers, reservoirs, and ponds. Major species cultured are Indian major carps and exotic carps. The state produces over 28 million fish seed annually, ranking fifth in India. Several government schemes have led to growth in fish production and area under culture. Factors like suitable resources and government support have contributed to Chhattisgarh's prominence in aquaculture.
Jawless fishes powerpoint
The jawless fishes, or class Agnatha, are the most primitive fish with long, eel-like bodies lacking paired fins, jaws, and operculum. They have circular mouths that cannot close and use a rasping tongue and sharp teeth to tear holes in prey and suck out fluids, with less than 50 living species such as hagfish that burrow and eat worms or scavenge using slime for protection and parasitic lampreys that have a strong sense of smell to find prey.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Wildlife in Pakistan
The document summarizes wildlife found in various habitats across Pakistan, including high elevation lands, subtropical lands, coastal and marine areas. It describes several endangered species found in each region, such as the snow leopard, markhor goat, olive ridley turtle, and green sea turtle. It provides details on their physical characteristics, population numbers, geographic locations, and diets. Overall, the document outlines the biodiversity of wildlife habitats in Pakistan and some of the iconic threatened species found within each one.
ORDER :- CYPRINIFORMES
This document provides information on taxonomies of commercially important fish belonging to the order Cypriniformes. It begins by describing the order Cypriniformes, which contains over 3000 species of freshwater fish divided among characins, electric eels, and carps. It then lists the main families in this order including Cyprinidae, which is the largest family containing carps and minnows. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information on taxonomy and characteristics of several commercially important species within the family Cyprinidae, including the rohu, catla, common carp, grass carp, and mrigal carp.
Ppt ecology of fish pond ecosystem
This document provides information about pond ecosystems. It discusses the key components of a pond ecosystem including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers in a pond include phytoplankton and aquatic plants that carry out photosynthesis. Primary consumers feed on producers and include zooplankton and insects. Secondary consumers are carnivores that prey on primary consumers, like small fish and frogs. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter. The document also describes the food chains and energy flow within a pond ecosystem.
Marine fisheries resources and marine species of India.pdf
ICAR-CMFRI Scientific and contributions in Marine Fisheries Resources management studies along the Indian coast, special focus on Fisheries resources and marine species identification
Fish population dynamics and shock assesment(5th sem)
This document provides an introduction to fish stock assessment and key concepts. It discusses the primary objective of fish stock assessment as determining the optimal exploitation level to achieve maximum sustainable yield. It defines the stock concept as a subset of a species inhabiting a particular area with consistent growth and mortality parameters. The document emphasizes that fish stock assessment should be performed separately for each identified stock.
Hypophysation
The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
Reptilia classification by deepak rawal
This document summarizes a presentation about reptile classification given by Deepak Rawal. It discusses the general characteristics of reptiles and provides a classification of living reptiles into four orders: Chelonia (turtles), Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Squamata (lizards and snakes). Within Squamata, lizards are classified under Lacertilia and snakes under Ophidia. Key differences between lizards and snakes are outlined. Information on poisonous and non-poisonous snakes in India is also provided.
Classification of reptilia
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
More Related Content
What's hot
Wildlife trade Presentation;UOR,Faculty Of Agriculture,Mapalana
International wildlife trade involves the legal and illegal trade of wild animals, plants, and their products globally. It is a large industry valued between $7-23 billion annually. However, illegal wildlife trade threatens many species with extinction as it is driven by high demand and profits from trafficking endangered species like elephants, rhinos, and tigers. Impacts include loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and compromised security. Organizations like TRAFFIC and CITES aim to regulate and monitor wildlife trade to promote sustainable and legal trade while curbing poaching and illegal trafficking.
Fish market survey
The accessibility of fish in the market relies upon the interest and supply of fish in the market transport and communication facilities and period of catch and culture of fish. A total of 26 fish species such types Indian major carp, catfish, exotic carp etc are available in the market. From the study it was observed that the dominant portion of the market following carp 50%, shrimp & prawn 20%, catfish 8%, Tilapia 10% and other species 12% represented species. Carp fishes were dominant in the studied market because of the market location where carp species are cultured very much. It also observed that Rui, Catla, kalibaus, mrigal, minor carp,common carp,silver carp,grass carp, bighead carp ,pangas, tilapia, bagda and galda were most available in the market because of those species has the highest demand in the market. Fish marketing channel in fish market completely managed, supported, financed and controlled with rules by traditional, diligent and skillful middlemen. The present study it was observed the (faria) carried the fish from fish farmers to the markets by their own or hired transport and sell them to aratdars or the fish farmers carried their catches sell them to aratdars and sell it to wholesalers. Farmer/fishermen also sell directly to the wholesaler. In a very rare case, farmers carry the fishes to the markets and sell them to the retailers or consumer. Several problem of fisherman and consideration sanitation, water supply, hygienic condition, drainage facilities and insufficient ice facilities all over the fish market and there are lack of preservation facilities & shortage of ice supply are in turn affects the quality of fish. The fish farmer’s education background is not satisfactory because five farmers asked them education level to four farmers were up to the eight grade and one person was passed B.Com whose name is Tapas Sarkar.
Classification of aves
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Birds of pakistan
This document summarizes the different bird orders and families found in Pakistan. It discusses loons, grebes, petrels, gannets, boobies, darters, pelicans, storks, flamingos, waterfowl, ospreys, pheasants, cranes, bustards, jacanas, plovers, lapwings, skuas, sandgrouse, pigeons, parrots, owls, rollers, hornbills, barbets, pittas and many families of passerine birds found in the country. In total, it provides information on over 50 orders and families of birds that live in or migrate to Pakistan.
Origen and classification of veretebrates 2017 new microsoft powerpoint prese...
1) Vertebrates evolved from early chordates like tunicates and lancelets. Fossils show the progression of vertebrate evolution over time.
2) Chordates are defined by four key features - a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. These features are present in vertebrate embryos and some persist in adults.
3) Vertebrates are classified into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals based on shared characteristics.
Class Mammalia
Class Mammalia is characterized by having mammary glands, hair, a diaphragm, and three middle ear ossicles. Mammals also have a heterodont dentition, sweat, sebaceous, and scent glands, a four chambered heart, and a large cerebral cortex. There are three main types of mammals: monotremes like the platypus and echidna, marsupials which have a pouch like kangaroos, and placental mammals which give birth to young that develop fully inside the mother like humans. Gestation periods vary greatly among mammals from 16 days in mice to 640 days in African elephants. Mammals can decrease their metabolic rates through torpor,
Lecture 1. history aquaculture
Aquaculture refers to culturing aquatic animals like fish, shrimp, and shellfish. It began over 4000 years ago when Sumerians kept fish in ponds. Ancient Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, and Indians also engaged in early forms of fish culture. In modern times, aquaculture has expanded globally and plays an important role in food production, economic growth, and employment. A wide variety of fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic species are now farmed using advanced techniques.
Endoparasite of fish
Cestodes are endoparasitic tapeworms that can infect the intestines of fish. They have complex life cycles involving an intermediate host, often a copepod. Larval cestodes encyst in the viscera or musculature of fish intermediate hosts. Infected fish may show sluggishness, emaciation, gut blockage, and chronic mortality. Adult cestodes interfere with intestinal absorption and can cause hemorrhagic enteritis. Diagnosis involves examining intestinal contents for proglottids or eggs. Control relies on eliminating intermediate hosts from fish cultures and environments.
Introduction of exotic species in india
The document discusses the introduction of exotic fish species in Indian aquaculture. It provides examples of exotic species introduced, such as common carp, bighead carp, tilapia, and white leg shrimp. While the introduction of exotic species provided some economic benefits, it also caused ecological impacts like competition with native species, loss of biodiversity, and transmission of diseases. Proper management of introductions is needed to balance benefits with minimizing risks to the environment.
Fisheries status of Chhattisgarh 2021
The document provides an overview of fisheries in Chhattisgarh, India. It discusses the state's water resources available for aquaculture, including rivers, reservoirs, and ponds. Major species cultured are Indian major carps and exotic carps. The state produces over 28 million fish seed annually, ranking fifth in India. Several government schemes have led to growth in fish production and area under culture. Factors like suitable resources and government support have contributed to Chhattisgarh's prominence in aquaculture.
Jawless fishes powerpoint
The jawless fishes, or class Agnatha, are the most primitive fish with long, eel-like bodies lacking paired fins, jaws, and operculum. They have circular mouths that cannot close and use a rasping tongue and sharp teeth to tear holes in prey and suck out fluids, with less than 50 living species such as hagfish that burrow and eat worms or scavenge using slime for protection and parasitic lampreys that have a strong sense of smell to find prey.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Wildlife in Pakistan
The document summarizes wildlife found in various habitats across Pakistan, including high elevation lands, subtropical lands, coastal and marine areas. It describes several endangered species found in each region, such as the snow leopard, markhor goat, olive ridley turtle, and green sea turtle. It provides details on their physical characteristics, population numbers, geographic locations, and diets. Overall, the document outlines the biodiversity of wildlife habitats in Pakistan and some of the iconic threatened species found within each one.
ORDER :- CYPRINIFORMES
This document provides information on taxonomies of commercially important fish belonging to the order Cypriniformes. It begins by describing the order Cypriniformes, which contains over 3000 species of freshwater fish divided among characins, electric eels, and carps. It then lists the main families in this order including Cyprinidae, which is the largest family containing carps and minnows. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information on taxonomy and characteristics of several commercially important species within the family Cyprinidae, including the rohu, catla, common carp, grass carp, and mrigal carp.
Ppt ecology of fish pond ecosystem
This document provides information about pond ecosystems. It discusses the key components of a pond ecosystem including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers in a pond include phytoplankton and aquatic plants that carry out photosynthesis. Primary consumers feed on producers and include zooplankton and insects. Secondary consumers are carnivores that prey on primary consumers, like small fish and frogs. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter. The document also describes the food chains and energy flow within a pond ecosystem.
Marine fisheries resources and marine species of India.pdf
ICAR-CMFRI Scientific and contributions in Marine Fisheries Resources management studies along the Indian coast, special focus on Fisheries resources and marine species identification
Fish population dynamics and shock assesment(5th sem)
This document provides an introduction to fish stock assessment and key concepts. It discusses the primary objective of fish stock assessment as determining the optimal exploitation level to achieve maximum sustainable yield. It defines the stock concept as a subset of a species inhabiting a particular area with consistent growth and mortality parameters. The document emphasizes that fish stock assessment should be performed separately for each identified stock.
Hypophysation
The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
What's hot (20)
Wildlife trade Presentation;UOR,Faculty Of Agriculture,Mapalana
Wildlife trade Presentation;UOR,Faculty Of Agriculture,Mapalana
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
Origen and classification of veretebrates 2017 new microsoft powerpoint prese...
Origen and classification of veretebrates 2017 new microsoft powerpoint prese...
Marine fisheries resources and marine species of India.pdf
Marine fisheries resources and marine species of India.pdf
Fish population dynamics and shock assesment(5th sem)
Fish population dynamics and shock assesment(5th sem)
Similar to Reptiles of pakistan
Reptilia classification by deepak rawal
This document summarizes a presentation about reptile classification given by Deepak Rawal. It discusses the general characteristics of reptiles and provides a classification of living reptiles into four orders: Chelonia (turtles), Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Squamata (lizards and snakes). Within Squamata, lizards are classified under Lacertilia and snakes under Ophidia. Key differences between lizards and snakes are outlined. Information on poisonous and non-poisonous snakes in India is also provided.
Classification of reptilia
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
Endemic animals of india2
This document lists endemic animals found in India, including reptiles, amphibians, and birds. It provides the scientific names and brief descriptions of over 50 endemic reptile species, 30 endemic amphibian species, and over 20 endemic bird species found only in India. It also identifies several critically endangered endemic species, including the Red-crowned Roofed Turtle, Four-toed River Terrapin, Bufoides meghalayanus toad, and Great Indian Bustard, and describes threats such as habitat loss facing these endangered endemics.
Order - Perissodactyla, wildlife Biology
- Perissodactyla are odd-toed ungulates that include horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. They evolved during the Paleocene epoch around 60 million years ago.
- There are 3 families within Perissodactyla: Equidae (horses and related species), Tapiridae (tapirs), and Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses).
- Rhinoceroses have thick skin, are herbivores, and have either one or two horns made of keratin. There are 5 extant rhinoceros species that are endangered due to habitat loss and poaching.
Biodiversity of birds
This document summarizes various bird species found in Pakistan, including the Chukar partridge, Grebes, Procellariids like petrels, Storm petrels, Sulids like gannets and boobies, Darters, Grey pelicans, Flamingos, Kalij pheasants, Pigeons and doves, owls like the baron owl, and barbets. It provides information on their taxonomic classification and key characteristics.
Echinoderms
The document summarizes the five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (sea lilies). It describes the key characteristics of each class, including their anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and distinguishing features. The classes are defined by attributes such as number of arms, presence of a central disc, tube foot structure, feeding method, and whether they are sessile or mobile.
Chapter 9 arthropods zoology
Phylum Arthropods are the most abundant animals, making up over 83% of all animal species. They have been highly successful due to their hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, ability to live in extreme environments, and filling many ecological niches. All arthropods have in common an exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and highly evolved nervous systems. The two main groups are chelicerates and mandibulates.
Wild life of pakistan
Wild life of Pakistan all species and their status is included according to coarse content of BS students
Mammalia classification by deepak rawal
The document presents a classification of mammals, outlining 18 orders of mammals including their defining characteristics and examples. It describes the distinguishing features of major groups like monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Examples of different orders are provided, highlighting anatomical adaptations of mammals like bats, whales, primates, and more.
Vertebrates animals part 2
This document discusses the five main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. It provides distinguishing characteristics of each group, such as their skin/scales, how they breathe, whether they are viviparous or oviparous, examples of animals that belong to each group, and activities for classifying characteristics and choosing an animal to write about.
Vertebrates animals part 2
This document discusses the five main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. It provides distinguishing characteristics of each group, such as their skin/scales, how they breathe, whether they are viviparous or oviparous, examples of animals that belong to each group, and activities for classifying characteristics and choosing an animal to write about.
Intro. to Reptile Notes 2016
Reptiles include turtles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, and crocodilians. They are cold-blooded with scale-covered skin and breathe through lungs. There are 5 orders of reptiles: Rhynchocephalia containing the tuatara; Chelonia containing turtles; Squamata containing lizards and snakes; and Crocodilia containing crocodiles and alligators. Reptiles range in size from 3 inches to over 30 feet and live on every continent except Antarctica.
Diversity of Amphibians and Reptiles.pptx
This document discusses the diversity of amphibians and reptiles. It describes the three groups of amphibians - Anurans, Gymnophiona/Apoda, and Caudata/Urodela. It then covers the main groups of reptiles - Rhynchocephalia, Chelonia, Crocodilia, and Squamata. For Squamata, it lists several snake families including Typhlopidae, Lamprophiidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, and Vipendae. The document provides an overview of the classification and characteristics of the different amphibian and reptile groups.
Vertebrates animals part 2
This document discusses the five main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. It provides key distinguishing characteristics of each group, such as their skin/scales, means of breathing, reproduction type, locomotion areas. Examples are given of common animals that fall under each vertebrate group. The document ends with review questions to test understanding of vertebrate classification.
Mammals
Mammals are a class of warm-blooded vertebrates that have hair or fur and produce milk to feed their young. The document discusses the key characteristics of mammals and divides them into subclasses and orders. It provides examples and details for monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. The largest orders described are rodents, bats, cetaceans, carnivorans, artiodactyls, and primates.
Wild life snakes of the world a study By Dr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses different species of snakes around the world. It provides information on 2700 species and subspecies of snakes globally and the four main families of snakes. The bulk of the document consists of images and brief descriptions of various venomous and non-venomous snake species from locations around the world, including cobras, vipers, pythons, and others.
59.wild life snakes of the world a study A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan...
A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Vertebrates_Revised.ppt
This document provides an overview of vertebrates, describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including chordates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines distinguishing anatomical features such as the presence of a notochord, nerve chord and pharyngeal slits in chordates. Major classes of each group are introduced along with examples of body forms, reproduction methods, and adaptations for aquatic or terrestrial environments.
Presentation on Eagle
A brief introduction of raptor bird eagle. Eagle is called bird of prey. There are approximately 60 species of eagle living in our planet. Lets find out their food habit, distribution and many more.
21. classification of mammals (bagcat)
i like to update this because i like it .. it not mine but from my good friend. hope you like it .. :-)
Similar to Reptiles of pakistan (20)
Wild life snakes of the world a study By Dr.Allah Dad Khan
Wild life snakes of the world a study By Dr.Allah Dad Khan
59.wild life snakes of the world a study A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan...
59.wild life snakes of the world a study A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan...
Recently uploaded
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国佩斯大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Recently uploaded (20)
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Reptiles of pakistan
- 1. Reptiles of Pakistan Class Reptilia
- 2. General characters • Reptiles are cold blooded Vertebrates. • Reptiles are terrestrial (or) aquatic animals. • The body of Reptiles is covered with horny scales (or) bonyscutes. • In Reptiles Skin is dry. • Glands are absent in the skin of Reptiles. • Four limbs are present. They are pentadactyl (having 5 fingers). • Skull occipital incompletely. • In Reptiles Vertebrae are gastrocentrous.
- 3. General character • In Reptiles Ribs from a true sternum. • Respiration is carried on by the lungs. • In Reptiles Heart is divided into two auricles and ventricle is divided into2 chambers incompletely. • Right & left aortic arches are completely formed. • Red blood corpuscles are nucleated in Reptiles. • In Reptiles Kidneys are meta nephric. Each kidney is provided with separate ureter. • In Reptiles Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are seen. • Cloaca is present. • Fertilization is internal. Eggs are laid on land. • In Reptiles Extra embryonic membranes are present during the development of the embryo .
- 4. Total number of species order wise Order Counts Order crocodilians 2 Order squamata 153 Suborder Serpentes 67 Order testudines 15
- 5. Status of species • Endemic species 02 • Threatened species 06 • Endangered species 03
- 6. Order crocodilians • Family Crocodylidae (crocodiles) - 1 species • ES TS • Crocodylus palustris • (Mugger Crocodile, Indian Crocodile, Indus Crocodile or Marsh crocodile) • Indus river
- 7. Distribution • Order crocodilians • Gavialis gangeticus • (Indian Gavial or Gharial) • Indus river and nara canal • Threatened species
- 8. Order squamata • Suborder Lacertilia • Family Agamidae (agamas) - 22 species • Laudakia himalayana (Himalayan Agama) • N Pakistan kashmir
- 9. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Agamidae (agamas) - 22 species • Laudakia tuberculata (Kashmir Rock Agama) • North Pakistan
- 10. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Crossobamon eversmanni • Baluchistan Sand Gecko or Comb-toed Gecko • Balochistan
- 11. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Crossobamon orientalis • Sind Gecko • Rohri and Shikarpur District, Upper Sind
- 12. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Cyrtodactylus walli • Chitral Gecko or Swat Stone Gecko • Chitral
- 13. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Cyrtopodium kachhensis • Kutch Gecko • Sindh
- 14. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Teratolepis fasciata • Carrot-tail Viper Gecko or Sindh Ground Gecko • Sindh • ES
- 15. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species • Teratoscincus microlepis • Small-scaled Wonder Gecko or Baluch Plate-tailed Gecko • Baluchistan
- 16. Suborder Lacertilia Family Gekkonidae (eyelid and lidless geckoes) - 33 species Scapteira aporosceles Chagai Desert Lacerta Baluchistan
- 17. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Scincidae (skinks) - 15 species • Eurylepis taeniolatus • Alpine Punjab Skink or Yellow-bellied Mole Skink • Punjab
- 18. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Scincidae (skinks) - 15 species • Ophiomorus blanfordi • Makran Sand Swimmer • Balochistan
- 19. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Scincidae (skinks) - 15 species • Ophiomorus raithmai • Indus Sand Swimmer • Indus valley desert
- 20. Suborder Lacertilia • Family Varanidae (monitor lizards) - 2 species • Varanus g. koniecznyi • Thar Desert Monitor • Sindh
- 21. Suborder Serpentes • Family Elapidae (kraits and cobras) - 4 species • Bungarus s. sindanus • Sind Krait(sub species) • Sindh
- 22. Suborder Serpentes • Family Elapidae (kraits and cobras) - 4 species • Naja oxiana • Central Asian Cobra or Oxus Cobra • Northern part of Pakistan • TS
- 23. Suborder Serpentes • Family Pythonidae (pythons) - 1 species • Python molurus • Indian Python, Black-tailed Python or Sind Python • Sindh
- 24. Suborder Serpentes • Family Viperidae (vipers and pit vipers) - 7 species • Eristicophis macmahonii • Asian Sand Viper, Leaf-nosed Viper • Baloshitan • ES
- 25. Suborder Serpentes • Family Viperidae (vipers and pit vipers) - 7 species • Gloydius himalayanus • Himalayan Pit Viper • Northern part of Pakistan
- 26. Order testudines • Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles) - 4 species • Chelonia mydas • Green 'Sea' Turtle • Arabian sea • Threatened species
- 27. Order testudines • Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles) - 4 species • Caretta caretta • Loggerhead Sea Turtle • Arabian sea • TS
- 28. Order testudines • Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles) - 4 species • Eretmochelys imbricata • Hawksbill Turtle • Arabian sea • ES
- 29. Order testudines • Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles) - 4 species • Lepidochelys olivacea • Olive Ridley Turtle • Arabian sea • TS
- 30. Order testudines • Family Testudinidae (true tortoises) - 2 species • Agrionemys horsfieldii • Afghan Tortoise, Horsfield's Tortoise or Central Asian Tortoise • N Pakistan • ES