This document discusses reproductive hormones. It defines reproductive hormones as those responsible for sexual development, libido, and menstruation. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that controls hormone production and can cause issues if dysfunctional. It outlines the roles of FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone in the male and female reproductive systems and menstrual/estrous cycles. Finally, it discusses some health impacts of reproductive hormones like osteoporosis, heart disease, infertility, and mood changes.

1. REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
Dr.Nitin Khajotia
22/9/2022
Life “literally” depends on it.

2. WhatareReproductivehormones?
- Hormones that are responsible for sexual
development.
- Responsible for maintenance of libido
- Causes menstruation in females
- Hypothalamus controls hormone production in
the pituitary gland by means of gonadotropin –
releasing hormone "GnRH".

3. HormonalAxis
Hypothalamus ----- Pituitary ------- Male/Female Gonads
Depending on the gender a body may or may not have
Negative feedback mechanism
Dysfunction in this axis
can result in widespread
effects such as ambiguous
genitalia, delayed puberty
and loss of fertility.

4. Gonadotropin
Something that works on Gonads and release hormones.
-Glycoprotein hormones secreted by gonadotropic cells of
the anterior pituitary
-This includes FSH and LH
-They Control
- Normal growth
- Sexual Development
- Reproductive function
- Gonadotropins act on the gonads, controlling gamete and sex
hormone production.

5. MALE HORMONAL REGULATION
Important Location for
LH and FSH
- Sertoli cells (Inside
Seminiferous tubules)
- Leydig cells (Outside
Seminiferous tubules)

6. MALE HORMONAL REGULATION
FSH - Stimulate Sertoli cells to produce ABP
(Androgen binding protein)
LH – Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
ABP binds testosterone and transports it in the seminiferous
tubule fluid to the epididymis,
It is taken up by a receptor-mediated process into the principal
cells of the initial segment and caput epididymis.

7. Adult human male body produces about ten times more
testosterone than an adult human female body but females are
more sensitive to testosterone.
Secretes by the interstitial cells of Leydig
MALE HORMONAL REGULATION

11. MALE HORMONAL REGULATION
Hormonal Feedback
When the seminiferous tubules fail to produce sperm,
secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland increases
Conversely, when spermatogenesis proceeds too rapidly,
pituitary secretion of FSH diminishes.
Sertoli also release Inhibin – Decrease Pituitary production
of FSH Which helps in regulation of sperm production.

12. Peripheraleffectsof
Testosterone
- It is the principal male sex hormone and an
anabolic steroid
- Maintain libido
- Stimulate bone and muscle growth
- Maintenance of Secondary sexual characters
- Maintenance od accessory glands and
reproductive system e.g. Prostrate

13. Metabolism: Testosterone
After secretion of the testosterone it will circulate in the blood as:
1. Testosterone bound (tightly) to SHBG – 80%
2. Testosterone weakly bound to Albumin
3. Free Testosterone (very small amount).
For 30minutes to several hours by that time the testosterone either is
transferred to the tissues or it will degraded into inactive products that
are subsequently excreted.

14. FemaleReproductiveSystem
Organs Involved
1. Uterus
-Endometrium,
-Myometrium
-Perimetrium
2. Vagina
3. Pair of fallopian tube.

16. Female Hormones
Effect of FSH and LH
-Stimulates the Primary follicles in the ovary
Primary Follicles -> Secondary Follicles (Estrogen Production)
Secondary Follicles -> Mature Follicles
- LH Works on Mature follicles and Stimulate Ovulation.
- Which results in the formation of Corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum produces progesterone and RELAXIN

18. Female Hormones
Progesterone and Estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen Helps prepare the uterine
membrane for Implantation of fertilized egg.
Without implantation, Uterine membrane is shed down as
menstruation
- This Cycle repeats itself every 21-35 days

21. Female Hormones
Progesterone and Estrogen

22. Female Hormones
RELAXIN
-During pregnancy RELAXIN is also released from the placenta,
and the lining of the uterus.
- Rise after ovulation, during the second half of the menstrual
cycle
- Relax the wall of the uterus by inhibiting contractions
- Promote implantation of the developing and the growth of the
placenta. End of pregnancy relaxin promotes rupture of the
membranes
-In men, relaxin is secreted from the prostate gland and can be
detected in the semen, but is not generally found in the blood
circulation.

23. GeneralDiscussion

24. STD – Reproductive health
STDs attack reproductive organs.
— can cause infertility
— untreated, some can be fatal
STDs can be avoided by abstinence or by
using a condom.

25. Health and hygine
ESTROGEN Effects on Health
Low estrogen causes Osteoporosis
because Estrogen helps prevent calcium loss.
It also raises the level of HDL (good) cholesterol in the blood.
After menopause, the risk for heart disease rises sharply
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can reduce some
symptoms of menopause.

26. Health and hygiene
Disturbance of Progesterone in females
▪Menstrual Cycle Irregularities or Missed Periods
▪Causes Infertility
▪Causes Acne, makes your nails dull and brittle, heels developing cracks
▪Slow metabolism causing weight gain.
▪Migraines or Headaches and mood swings
▪Low Libido and Hot flashes

27. Health and hygiene
High Testosterone in MEN :-
-Heart muscle damage
-Prostate enlargement
-High blood pressure
-Increased risk of blood clots
-Aggressive behavior
-Mood swings, euphoria, irritability

28. Health and hygiene
Low Testosterone in MEN :-
-Low sex drive
-Difficulty achieving and maintaining
an erection
-Hair loss
-Increased body fat
-Decreased bone mass
-Affected memory

29. Thank you