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The Evolution and Implementation of Reproductive Synchronization ProtocolsRepro Protocology 101 Paul M. Fricke, Ph.D. Professor of Dairy Science  University of Wisconsin-Madison
SynchTimeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
Manipulating Luteal Function in Cattle
Mechanism of Luteolysis in Cattle 1956Hysterectomy was shown to extend luteal lifespan in cattle  (Wiltbank and Casida, J AnimSci 15:134-140)
1967–  Removal of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL prevented luteal regression, whereas regression occurred normally when the uterine horn contralateral to the CL was removed (Ginther et al., J ReprodFertil 14:225-229)
Conclusions: 1) The luteolytic substance originates from the uterus 2) Luteolysis is a local rather than a systemic process
A Brief History of Prostaglandin 1979– Lutalyse approved for use in cattle by the FDA DinoprostTromethamine Naturally occurring PGF2 in the form of the tromethamine salt Lutalyse® – Pfizer Cloprostenol Sodium Synthetic analog of PGF2  Estrumate® – Intervet
PGF2 PGF2 PGF2 TAI (80h) Targeted Breeding SystemUpjohn - 1980 46% CR 46% CR 4% CR Estrus Estrus 14 Days 14 Days
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1980 Targeted breeding system SynchTimeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
Follicular Function during the Reproductive Cycle Ovarian Follicle Corpus Luteum
New Technology 1986 O.J. Ginther at Wisconsin J. E. Fortune at Cornell
Progesterone Ovulation Atresia Follicular Size Dominance Deviation Recruitment 10 Ovulation 21 Follicular Waves Day After Ovulation
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
GnRH PGF2 GnRH - PGF Twagiramungu et al., 1990 6 Days EDAI
73% of cows detected in estrus on D 7 and 8 in the GnRH – PGF group GnRH or Saline PGF Twagiramungu et al., 1990
Ovsynch Pursley and Wiltbank, 1995 GnRH PGF2 GnRH TAI 7 Days 48 h 16 h
Ovsynch  Schedule
Ovsynch  Schedule
Jun, 2001 Mar, 2000 Distribution of DIM at 1st AI Service:Farm 1 DIM at 1st AI Fresh Date
Jun, 2004 Nov, 2003 Distribution of DIM at 1st AI Service:Farm 2 DIM at 1st AI Fresh Date
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
Pre-Synch Ovsynch Moriera et al., 2001 PGF2α TAI GnRH GnRH PGF2α PGF2α 7 days 16 h 12 days 56 h 14 days
Conception Rate to TAI Ovsynch vs. Presynch – 12 d interval n=262 n=272 n=264 n=278
Presynch/Ovsynch 14/12
Pre-Synch Ovsynch PGF2α TAI GnRH GnRH PGF2α PGF2α EDAI 10 to 12 days 16 h 7 days 56 h 14 days
Frequency of AI Relative to the Second PGF Injection of Presynch
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
PGF2 GnRH GnRH PGF2 PGF2 Compliance –Presynch/Ovsynch On any given day, 95% of your cows  get the correct injection 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 =77% 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 =59%
To Resynch or Not to Resynch That is the question….
Presynch/Ovsynch & Resynch
G US+P G+TAI 23% (28/120) 19 26 28 T T R US+G G+TAI P 34% (41/121) 26 33 35 T T R US+G G+TAI P 38% (54/143) 33 40 42 T T R n=711 G+TAI 0 R Fricke et al., J. Dairy Sci.  86:3941-3950; 2003
G P G   TAI T T R F 32 39 41 42 Synch and Resynch Presynch/ Ovsynch for first TAI G TAI   P G P P R T T R R F 0 Resynch for nonpregnant cows
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
GnRH PGF GnRH +TAI 48 h 7 Days GnRH PGF TAI GnRH GnRH PGF GnRH +TAI 7Days 56 h 16 h 7 Days 72 h Comparison among Cosynch and Ovsynch 56 protocolsBrusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052. Cows were submitted for TAI after Presynch or as Resynch treatment 1507 TAI in 927 lactating Holstein cows
Effect of Treatment on conception rate and pregnancy loss Brusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published 2008 Ovsynch56 protocol published Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
Future Directions
Effect of Cyclicity Status on P/AI and Pregnancy Loss after first TAISterry et al., 2006; J Dairy Sci 89:4237 n=105 n=274
Double Your Pleasure Double Your Fun
Double Ovsynch ScheduleSouza et al., 2009
Effect of synchronization protocol on pregnancies per AI, DIM, lactation number, BCS and locomotion score in lactating dairy cowsSouza et al., Theriogenology 2009
Effect of treatment onfertility 39 to 45 d after TAISouza et al., 2009 n=88 n=107 n=69 n=73
1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1990 GnRH + PGF protocol published 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published 2008 Ovsynch56 protocol published 2009 Double Ovsynch protocol published Synch Timeline  1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
5-Day OvsynchProtocol
Comparison among Resynch protocolsGiordano et al., unpublished. GnRH PGF TAI GnRH 25% n=375 7Days 56 h 16 h GnRH PGF GnRH TAI GnRH 31% n=361 7Days 56 h 16 h GnRH PGF hCG TAI GnRH 33% n=346 7Days 56 h 16 h d 18 d 25 d 32 d 34 d 35
Repro protocology 101

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Repro protocology 101

  • 1. The Evolution and Implementation of Reproductive Synchronization ProtocolsRepro Protocology 101 Paul M. Fricke, Ph.D. Professor of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin-Madison
  • 2. SynchTimeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 4. Mechanism of Luteolysis in Cattle 1956Hysterectomy was shown to extend luteal lifespan in cattle (Wiltbank and Casida, J AnimSci 15:134-140)
  • 5. 1967– Removal of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL prevented luteal regression, whereas regression occurred normally when the uterine horn contralateral to the CL was removed (Ginther et al., J ReprodFertil 14:225-229)
  • 6. Conclusions: 1) The luteolytic substance originates from the uterus 2) Luteolysis is a local rather than a systemic process
  • 7. A Brief History of Prostaglandin 1979– Lutalyse approved for use in cattle by the FDA DinoprostTromethamine Naturally occurring PGF2 in the form of the tromethamine salt Lutalyse® – Pfizer Cloprostenol Sodium Synthetic analog of PGF2 Estrumate® – Intervet
  • 8. PGF2 PGF2 PGF2 TAI (80h) Targeted Breeding SystemUpjohn - 1980 46% CR 46% CR 4% CR Estrus Estrus 14 Days 14 Days
  • 9. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1980 Targeted breeding system SynchTimeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 10. Follicular Function during the Reproductive Cycle Ovarian Follicle Corpus Luteum
  • 11. New Technology 1986 O.J. Ginther at Wisconsin J. E. Fortune at Cornell
  • 12. Progesterone Ovulation Atresia Follicular Size Dominance Deviation Recruitment 10 Ovulation 21 Follicular Waves Day After Ovulation
  • 13. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 14. GnRH PGF2 GnRH - PGF Twagiramungu et al., 1990 6 Days EDAI
  • 15. 73% of cows detected in estrus on D 7 and 8 in the GnRH – PGF group GnRH or Saline PGF Twagiramungu et al., 1990
  • 16. Ovsynch Pursley and Wiltbank, 1995 GnRH PGF2 GnRH TAI 7 Days 48 h 16 h
  • 19. Jun, 2001 Mar, 2000 Distribution of DIM at 1st AI Service:Farm 1 DIM at 1st AI Fresh Date
  • 20. Jun, 2004 Nov, 2003 Distribution of DIM at 1st AI Service:Farm 2 DIM at 1st AI Fresh Date
  • 21. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 22. Pre-Synch Ovsynch Moriera et al., 2001 PGF2α TAI GnRH GnRH PGF2α PGF2α 7 days 16 h 12 days 56 h 14 days
  • 23. Conception Rate to TAI Ovsynch vs. Presynch – 12 d interval n=262 n=272 n=264 n=278
  • 25. Pre-Synch Ovsynch PGF2α TAI GnRH GnRH PGF2α PGF2α EDAI 10 to 12 days 16 h 7 days 56 h 14 days
  • 26. Frequency of AI Relative to the Second PGF Injection of Presynch
  • 27.
  • 28. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 29. PGF2 GnRH GnRH PGF2 PGF2 Compliance –Presynch/Ovsynch On any given day, 95% of your cows get the correct injection 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 =77% 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 =59%
  • 30. To Resynch or Not to Resynch That is the question….
  • 32. G US+P G+TAI 23% (28/120) 19 26 28 T T R US+G G+TAI P 34% (41/121) 26 33 35 T T R US+G G+TAI P 38% (54/143) 33 40 42 T T R n=711 G+TAI 0 R Fricke et al., J. Dairy Sci. 86:3941-3950; 2003
  • 33. G P G TAI T T R F 32 39 41 42 Synch and Resynch Presynch/ Ovsynch for first TAI G TAI P G P P R T T R R F 0 Resynch for nonpregnant cows
  • 34. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 35. GnRH PGF GnRH +TAI 48 h 7 Days GnRH PGF TAI GnRH GnRH PGF GnRH +TAI 7Days 56 h 16 h 7 Days 72 h Comparison among Cosynch and Ovsynch 56 protocolsBrusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052. Cows were submitted for TAI after Presynch or as Resynch treatment 1507 TAI in 927 lactating Holstein cows
  • 36. Effect of Treatment on conception rate and pregnancy loss Brusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.
  • 37. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published 2008 Ovsynch56 protocol published Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Effect of Cyclicity Status on P/AI and Pregnancy Loss after first TAISterry et al., 2006; J Dairy Sci 89:4237 n=105 n=274
  • 46. Double Your Pleasure Double Your Fun
  • 48. Effect of synchronization protocol on pregnancies per AI, DIM, lactation number, BCS and locomotion score in lactating dairy cowsSouza et al., Theriogenology 2009
  • 49. Effect of treatment onfertility 39 to 45 d after TAISouza et al., 2009 n=88 n=107 n=69 n=73
  • 50. 1979 Lutalyse approved for use in cattle 1986 Follicular waves discovered 1990 GnRH + PGF protocol published 1995 Ovsynch protocol published 2001 Presynch Ovsynch protocol published 1980 Targeted breeding system 2003 Resynch protocol comparison published 2008 Ovsynch56 protocol published 2009 Double Ovsynch protocol published Synch Timeline 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985
  • 51.
  • 53.
  • 54. Comparison among Resynch protocolsGiordano et al., unpublished. GnRH PGF TAI GnRH 25% n=375 7Days 56 h 16 h GnRH PGF GnRH TAI GnRH 31% n=361 7Days 56 h 16 h GnRH PGF hCG TAI GnRH 33% n=346 7Days 56 h 16 h d 18 d 25 d 32 d 34 d 35