Role of Nutrition in diseases in livestock

1. Dr. Pankaj Kumar SinghDr. Pankaj Kumar Singh
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of Animal NutritionDepartment of Animal Nutrition
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar,Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar,
IndiaIndia
E-mail: vetpank@gmail.comE-mail: vetpank@gmail.com
Nutritional Management of
Common Diseases of Livestock

2. Nutritional Management of CommonNutritional Management of Common
Diseases of LivestockDiseases of Livestock

3. NutritionNutrition
 MaintenanceMaintenance
 Production (Growth, Milk, Wool, Egg etc.)Production (Growth, Milk, Wool, Egg etc.)
 ReproductionReproduction
 Disease controlDisease control
 Resistance/ ImmunityResistance/ Immunity
 ResilienceResilience
 Nutritional controlNutritional control
 Nutritional ameliorationNutritional amelioration

4. Nutritional Management of:Nutritional Management of:
BloatBloat
AcidosisAcidosis
KetosisKetosis

5. Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany
Ruminal Microbial Fermentation:Ruminal Microbial Fermentation:
--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate
((CoCo22~ 65%, CH~ 65%, CH44~ 25%, N~ 25%, N22 ~ 7%, O~ 7%, O22 ~ 1%, H~ 1%, H22 and Hand H22S~ tracesS~ traces))
Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered
--30 ml of mixed gases/ min/ kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases/ min/ kg ingested feed
Elimination of Gases:Elimination of Gases:
1. Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1. Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min
2. Absorption through GIT2. Absorption through GIT
3. Expulsion through anus-3. Expulsion through anus-
--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate
-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen.-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen.
Sometimes,Sometimes,-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT))
Reason:-Reason:- excess production of gasses in short time periodexcess production of gasses in short time period
- any obstruction in GIT.- any obstruction in GIT.

6. Bloat ….Bloat ….
TypesTypes (on basis of forms of gas):(on basis of forms of gas):
1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat
- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the
ruminal contentsruminal contents
2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat
-- in the form of free gas separated from the ingesta.in the form of free gas separated from the ingesta.
## Frothy bloat is the most common type and mayFrothy bloat is the most common type and may
lead to fatality if not treated properly.lead to fatality if not treated properly.

7. Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat
(A). Primary or frothy bloat :
1) Plant factor:
a) Soluble proteins: legume forages lead to
formation of foam e.g.- Berseem, Lucerne
- Rapid release of soluble proteins during
chewing and ruminal degradation.
-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other
particulate matter by microorganisms

8. Etiology of Bloat…Etiology of Bloat…
2)2) Animal factor:Animal factor:
Species:Species:
BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle,loat can occur in both sheep and cattle,
although it is most common in thealthough it is most common in the cattle.cattle.
(McDonell, 2007)(McDonell, 2007)
SexSex:: ♂ may be♂ may be more prone thanmore prone than ♀♀
Breed:Breed:
-- feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattlefeedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle
than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and Parrott, 1994)(Vogel and Parrott, 1994)
Individuality:Individuality:

9. Bloat…Bloat…
3) Feed factors:3) Feed factors:
a)a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size::
- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability
Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

10. Etiology of Bloat…Etiology of Bloat…
b)b) High concentrate dietHigh concentrate diet
AcidosisAcidosis→bacterial cell lysis →→bacterial cell lysis → release ofrelease of
mucopolysaccharidemucopolysaccharide →→ increased viscosityincreased viscosity →→
stable foamstable foam (Coulmen(Coulmen et al.,et al., 20002000))
c)c) SaponinsSaponins::
bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfabacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa
saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam
(Majak et al., 1980)(Majak et al., 1980)
d)d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning::
ruminal motilityruminal motility↓↓
-prevent eructation of gases leading to bloat-prevent eructation of gases leading to bloat

11. Etiology of Bloat…Etiology of Bloat…
Microbiological Factors:Microbiological Factors:
 Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and someBacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some
unidentified macromolecule by lysis.unidentified macromolecule by lysis.
 Extent of slime production varies among bacteria.Extent of slime production varies among bacteria.
 Slime production bySlime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related tois closely related to
the amount of available energythe amount of available energy ((soluble sugars)soluble sugars) (Cheng et al., 1976)(Cheng et al., 1976)
 Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor
 Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen
4.4.

12. Etiology of Bloat…Etiology of Bloat…
B.B. Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat ::
-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)
-gas accumulates & unable to eruct-gas accumulates & unable to eruct
a. Physical obstruction of G.I tract:a. Physical obstruction of G.I tract:
- foreign body, diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body, diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany
b. Tetanus:b. Tetanus:
Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall
c) Ruminal atony:c) Ruminal atony:
Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia, anaphylaxis and grainAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia, anaphylaxis and grain
overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis
e) Unusual postures:e) Unusual postures:
Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency, other restrictive positions inAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency, other restrictive positions in
handling facilities, crowded transportation vehicles etc. may alsohandling facilities, crowded transportation vehicles etc. may also
interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

13. Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)
Three degrees of bloat: A -Three degrees of bloat: A - mildmild, B -, B - moderatemoderate, C -, C - severesevere

14. Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
 Animal is uncomfortable; may get up and lie down.Animal is uncomfortable; may get up and lie down.
 Frequent defecation, kicking at the belly, and rollFrequent defecation, kicking at the belly, and roll
over to relieve the discomfort and bellowing.over to relieve the discomfort and bellowing.

15. Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
 DyspneaDyspnea
 Protrusion of the tongueProtrusion of the tongue
 Drooling of salivaDrooling of saliva
 Forward stretching of head.Forward stretching of head.
 Respiratory rateRespiratory rate ↑↑
 Death within 15 min-1hrDeath within 15 min-1hr
due to suffocationdue to suffocation

16. Bloat ManagementBloat Management
1)1) Forage selectionForage selection::
a.a. Mixture of grassesMixture of grasses
and legumeand legume
50:50 of legume: grass is considered safe for level.50:50 of legume: grass is considered safe for level.
b. Scientists have produced bloat reducingb. Scientists have produced bloat reducing
cultivar of alfalafacultivar of alfalafa viz.viz. AC Grazeland Br.AC Grazeland Br.
CoulmanCoulman et alet al., (2000)., (2000)

17. 2) Field management2) Field management
(A). Inclusion of sp. Grass:(A). Inclusion of sp. Grass:
Cultivation of grassesCultivation of grasses likelike medow grasses, orchadmedow grasses, orchad
grass and trimothygrass and trimothy
(B) Strategic fertilization:(B) Strategic fertilization:
 NaCl fertilizer may reduce the legume degradationNaCl fertilizer may reduce the legume degradation
rate by enhancing Na:K ratiorate by enhancing Na:K ratio
(Phillips(Phillips et alet al., 2001)., 2001)
 ↑↑ water-soluble CHO. Conc. of grass & rumen turnoverwater-soluble CHO. Conc. of grass & rumen turnover
rate to allow high herbage intakes and productivity.rate to allow high herbage intakes and productivity.
 Na increases rumen pH which prevents bloatNa increases rumen pH which prevents bloat
•

18. 3) Grazing management3) Grazing management
 Feed with coarse hay or straw, thenFeed with coarse hay or straw, then
expose to legume pastureexpose to legume pasture
 MaturityMaturity: Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so,: Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so,
allow to graze mature herbageallow to graze mature herbage
 Strip gazing:Strip gazing:
by placing an electric fence→ forced to graze stem.by placing an electric fence→ forced to graze stem.
will ↑ DMI and ↓ intake of soluble proteinwill ↑ DMI and ↓ intake of soluble protein
 Seasonal Management:Seasonal Management:
Hay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool andHay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool and
moist condition.moist condition.
Cool and moist cond. extend vegetative stagesCool and moist cond. extend vegetative stages
((RadostitsRadostits et alet al.,.,, 2000), 2000)

19. 4) Tannin supplementation4) Tannin supplementation
 Tannin (CT) fromTannin (CT) from Quebracho, reduces the severity ofQuebracho, reduces the severity of
bloat, through reducing microbial activities, biofilmbloat, through reducing microbial activities, biofilm
production, and ruminal gas productionproduction, and ruminal gas production (Min(Min et al.,et al., 2006)2006)
 The substitution of a small amount (approximatelyThe substitution of a small amount (approximately
10%) of ingested alfalfa DM by10%) of ingested alfalfa DM by Onobrychis viciifoliaOnobrychis viciifolia
helps in prevention of bloathelps in prevention of bloat
(McMahon(McMahon et al.,et al., 1999 and1999 and
Ouebracho O. vicifolia

20. 5) Antifoaming agents5) Antifoaming agents
a) Oils and fatsa) Oils and fats
--individual drenching: @ 50-100mlindividual drenching: @ 50-100ml
Spraying over pastureSpraying over pasture
-Spraying emulsified oil in water over pasture-Spraying emulsified oil in water over pasture
ineffective during rainy seasonsineffective during rainy seasons
b) Polaxalene:b) Polaxalene:
-non-ionic surfactant @ 2g/ 100kg BW per day-non-ionic surfactant @ 2g/ 100kg BW per day
-introduce 2-3 weeks before season bloat.-introduce 2-3 weeks before season bloat.
-unpalatability limits its use in water-unpalatability limits its use in water
-can be mixed in water along with pluronic L64, which-can be mixed in water along with pluronic L64, which
masks it palatability effectmasks it palatability effect ((MinMin et alet al.,., 2005)2005)

21. 5) Antifoaming agents5) Antifoaming agents cont..cont..
c) Alcohol ethoxylate detergent:c) Alcohol ethoxylate detergent:
--equally effective as poloxalenesequally effective as poloxalenes
-administered-administered viavia medicated blocks (Teric) @ 10%.medicated blocks (Teric) @ 10%.
-taken by cow voluntarily 17-20g daily-taken by cow voluntarily 17-20g daily (MVM, 2005)(MVM, 2005)
d) Monensin:d) Monensin:
-polyether ionophoric antibiotic-polyether ionophoric antibiotic
-administerd as sustained release capsule which-administerd as sustained release capsule which
diffuses slowly from a matrixdiffuses slowly from a matrix
(Majak(Majak et al.,et al., 2003)2003)

22. Bloat managementBloat management
1) Increase in roughage level:1) Increase in roughage level:
 feeding of increased roughage level in long formfeeding of increased roughage level in long form
(unchopped) will help to reduce bloat,(unchopped) will help to reduce bloat,
 but voluntary intake of long roughage may varybut voluntary intake of long roughage may vary
considerable.considerable.

23. 2) Grain consistency2) Grain consistency
A minimalA minimal processingprocessing of grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) isof grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) is
recommended for slow ruminal digestionrecommended for slow ruminal digestion
(McAllister and Cheng, 1996).(McAllister and Cheng, 1996).
In smaller grain particle, more starchIn smaller grain particle, more starch
is exposed to microbial enzymesis exposed to microbial enzymes
--↑production of VFAs↑production of VFAs and mucopolysacch.and mucopolysacch.
- decline in pH & increase in the viscosity- decline in pH & increase in the viscosity
(Cheng and Hironaka, 1973).(Cheng and Hironaka, 1973).
Pelleting is also not recommendedPelleting is also not recommended::
- F- Fine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet.ine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet.
-- Enhance development of stable foam.Enhance development of stable foam.

24. 3) Grain type & variety3) Grain type & variety
a) Feed less degradable grainsa) Feed less degradable grains
e.g.e.g. Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat & barleyRate and extent of fermentation of wheat & barley >> sorghum and maizesorghum and maize
(McAllister et al.,(McAllister et al.,
1993)1993)
Differences among barley and wheat varietiesDifferences among barley and wheat varieties
e.g.e.g. hard-red winter wheathard-red winter wheat is safer than soft-redis safer than soft-red
winter wheat (has greater foam strength)winter wheat (has greater foam strength)
(Akins(Akins et alet al., 2009)., 2009)
The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdableThe chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable
grains then with slowly degrdable grains.grains then with slowly degrdable grains.
Therefore, selection of grain is veryTherefore, selection of grain is very
important in bloat prone animals.important in bloat prone animals.

25. 4) Antifoaming agents4) Antifoaming agents
 Use of tallow @ 3-5 % in total rationUse of tallow @ 3-5 % in total ration
(Gramlich et al., 1993)(Gramlich et al., 1993)
 PolaxalenePolaxalene (Hall and Majak, 1992).(Hall and Majak, 1992).

26. 5)5) Dietary saltsDietary salts
 Addition of common salt (NaCl) @ 4 % to the dietAddition of common salt (NaCl) @ 4 % to the diet
may produce its protective effect by increasing watermay produce its protective effect by increasing water
intake and diluting the rumen contentsintake and diluting the rumen contents
 (Cheng et al., 1979)(Cheng et al., 1979)
-Effect is short term,-Effect is short term,
--Could be used as a temporary measure when bloat isCould be used as a temporary measure when bloat is
unexpectedly encountered in feedlot.unexpectedly encountered in feedlot.
 Salt also reduces feed intake, resulting in a reducedSalt also reduces feed intake, resulting in a reduced
rate of gain.rate of gain.

27. 6) others6) others
 Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period ofAvoid overfeeding of animals after a period of
starvation like bad weather & transportationstarvation like bad weather & transportation
 Always ensure proper water availability duringAlways ensure proper water availability during
all the times.all the times.

28. TreatmentTreatment
 Restrict the intake of causative feed or legumeRestrict the intake of causative feed or legume
In mild cases.In mild cases.
 Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg. soybean)Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg. soybean)
and mineral oils (paraffins), at doses of 250-500 mland mineral oils (paraffins), at doses of 250-500 ml
could be administered depending on severity.could be administered depending on severity.
 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant, isDioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant, is
commonly incorporated along with oils in earlycommonly incorporated along with oils in early
phases of condition.phases of condition.
 Poloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloatPoloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloat

29. Treat…Treat…
If due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction
--pass stomach tube of the largest borepass stomach tube of the largest bore
-blow and move it back and forth-blow and move it back and forth
In frothy bloat,In frothy bloat,
an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered
while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place..
Stomach tube

30. Treat…Treat…
In severe frothy bloat a
trocar and cannula may
be used
If, cannula provides relief,
administer an
antifoaming
agent through it.
If the cannula fails & the
animal’s life is threatened,
an emergency rumenotomy
should be performed

31. II.II. ACIDOSISACIDOSIS
 Production of large quantity of lactic acidProduction of large quantity of lactic acid
within the rumen with a profound change inwithin the rumen with a profound change in
the biochemical constituents and microbialthe biochemical constituents and microbial
population.population.
 Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5
 Sudden intake of highly fermentableSudden intake of highly fermentable
carbohydrates.carbohydrates.

32. ACIDOSISACIDOSIS
Etiology:Etiology:
Dry periodDry period ::
Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets
 Changes in rumen function:Changes in rumen function:
-- Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers
 Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis
 LactobacilliLactobacilli
 Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers
 Selenomonas ruminantium,Selenomonas ruminantium,
 Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii
Reduction in rumen papillae length andReduction in rumen papillae length and
absorptive capacity of VFAabsorptive capacity of VFA
 ~~ 50% absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50% absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

33. ACIDOSISACIDOSIS contdcontd ……
Parturition/lactationParturition/lactation ::
High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis
 Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately
- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate
 Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly
 Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time
 Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically
 Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFA’sAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFA’s
- Slower absorption- Slower absorption
 Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH
 Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae
 Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids
 Leading toLeading to acidosisacidosis

34. Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis
 Switch to low grain-high fibre diets.Switch to low grain-high fibre diets.
 Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and watersupple of green grass and water
 Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (SachharmoycesSachharmoyces
cervisae, Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae, Selenomonas ruminantium)
 Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cudIntraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud
from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobaltfrom healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt
sulphate till rumen flora is established.sulphate till rumen flora is established.
 Use of 2.5% sodium bicarbonate at the doseUse of 2.5% sodium bicarbonate at the dose
rate of 2ml/kg body weight.rate of 2ml/kg body weight.
 Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide @Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide @
1g/kg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal.1g/kg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal.

35. III. KETOSIS & FATTY LIVERIII. KETOSIS & FATTY LIVER
EtiologyEtiology
 Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output
 StarvationStarvation
 Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance
 Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy
 Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization
 Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy
 Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat
 Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies
 Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate
-- Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

36. KETOSIS & FATTY LIVERKETOSIS & FATTY LIVER contd …contd …
 Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liver
Lack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetate
Lack of carnitineLack of carnitine
Lack of niacinLack of niacin
Endocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons
Reduced DM intake – the main etiologyReduced DM intake – the main etiology
Reasons of lower DM/energy intakeReasons of lower DM/energy intake
 ParturitionParturition~~ Decrease byDecrease by ~~30% during30% during ±±2d of calving2d of calving
 Milk feverMilk fever
 AcidosisAcidosis

37. Ketosis : Clinical SignsKetosis : Clinical Signs
 DigestiveDigestive
􀂄􀂄 AnorexiaAnorexia
􀂄􀂄 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility
􀂄􀂄 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production
􀂄􀂄 Dry, firm, fecesDry, firm, feces
􀂄􀂄 DepressedDepressed
 Nervous symptoms:Nervous symptoms:
􀂄􀂄 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable
􀂄􀂄 AtaxiaAtaxia
􀂄􀂄 Excess salivationExcess salivation
􀂄􀂄 AggressivenessAggressiveness

38. Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis
(Acetoacetate, β-hydroxy butyrate, acetone)(Acetoacetate, β-hydroxy butyrate, acetone)
 HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia
> 100 mg / dl> 100 mg / dl
 HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia
Normal 40 – 60 mg /dlNormal 40 – 60 mg /dl
Ketosis 10 – 30 mg/dlKetosis 10 – 30 mg/dl
 KetoneriaKetoneria
 Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

39. Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests
 Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum
 Placed approximately one gram of a 1:100Placed approximately one gram of a 1:100
mixture of sodium nitroprusside & ammoniummixture of sodium nitroprusside & ammonium
sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (orsulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or
serum).serum).
 Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc. ammoniumShake well and then add 2 cc of conc. ammonium
hydroxide.hydroxide.
 Look for purple color at liquid interface.Look for purple color at liquid interface.

40. Ketosis: Therapy and PreventionKetosis: Therapy and Prevention
 Dextrose – d-glucoseDextrose – d-glucose
- 500cc at 50%> solution IV- 500cc at 50%> solution IV
- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours
 GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids
- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone
-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

41. Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis
 Feed the animals according to the feedingFeed the animals according to the feeding
standards, providing adequate nutrients.standards, providing adequate nutrients.
 Feed the animals in such a way and at suchFeed the animals in such a way and at such
a level that should be near optimum anda level that should be near optimum and
within the capacity of the animal to consumewithin the capacity of the animal to consume
it without going off feed.it without going off feed.
 Follow the feeding strategy to maximize theFollow the feeding strategy to maximize the
intake during early lactation and minimizeintake during early lactation and minimize
prolonged mobilization of body fat.prolonged mobilization of body fat.

42. Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis
 Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry periodAvoid overfeeding throughout the dry period
-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness.-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness. Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone
 Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (highAvoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high
butyric acid Silage).butyric acid Silage).
 Increase concentrate feeding to moderateIncrease concentrate feeding to moderate
levels in the dry period and rapidly after calvinglevels in the dry period and rapidly after calving
using care to prevent the cow from going offusing care to prevent the cow from going off
feed.feed.
 In early lactation of high yielding cows,In early lactation of high yielding cows,
concentrate to forage ratio should be in orderconcentrate to forage ratio should be in order
ofof 55-65:35-4555-65:35-45 so as to ensure properso as to ensure proper
propionate levels.propionate levels.

43. Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis
 Feed high quality roughage at a minimumFeed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third
of total dry matter intake.of total dry matter intake.
 Abrupt change in feeding materials should beAbrupt change in feeding materials should be
avoided.avoided.
 Feed intake of the animals should be maximized byFeed intake of the animals should be maximized by
providing adequate comforts, exercise and with noproviding adequate comforts, exercise and with no
stress.stress.
 The cows more susceptible should be fedThe cows more susceptible should be fed
propylene glycol.propylene glycol.
--200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after
calving.calving.
*Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression*Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

44. Nutritional amelioration of ketosis:Nutritional amelioration of ketosis:
 Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors
- Sodium, magnesium salts of propionate,- Sodium, magnesium salts of propionate,
-1-2 propanediol-1-2 propanediol
- Glycerol- Glycerol
 Use of NiacinUse of Niacin
- Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis
- 3-6g /animal/day to reduce blood- 3-6g /animal/day to reduce blood ββ--
hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate
 Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin
-increase the propionate production-increase the propionate production
- beneficial in treating ketosis- beneficial in treating ketosis