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1. Estrous SynchronizationEstrous Synchronization
SuperovulationSuperovulation
andand
Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer

2. Estrous SynchronizationEstrous Synchronization
A management technique that makes useA management technique that makes use
of hormones to control or reschedule theof hormones to control or reschedule the
estrous cycleestrous cycle
Hormones associated with reproduction
LH & FSH
Progesterone
Estrogen
Prostaglandin

3. Why synchronize?Why synchronize?
 Group females for parturition (calvingGroup females for parturition (calving
interval)interval)
 Shorten breeding seasonShorten breeding season
 Reduce estrus detectionReduce estrus detection

4. Advantages of implementing aAdvantages of implementing a
synchronization programsynchronization program
 Calves produced early in season will weanCalves produced early in season will wean
heavier because they are olderheavier because they are older
 Cows require 40-60 days to recover fromCows require 40-60 days to recover from
calving before next breedingcalving before next breeding
– Cows that bred earlier have better chance ofCows that bred earlier have better chance of
maintaining 365 d calving interval the nextmaintaining 365 d calving interval the next
yearyear

5. Basis for Synchronization ofBasis for Synchronization of
EstrusEstrus
 Manipulate life span of CLManipulate life span of CL
 Manipulate growth of follicles and timing ofManipulate growth of follicles and timing of
ovulationovulation

6. MethodMethod TradenameTradename UtilizationUtilization
GonadotropinsGonadotropins CystorelinCystorelin
FertagylFertagyl
MaturefemalesMaturefemales
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins EstrumateEstrumate
LutalyseLutalyse
ProstamateProstamate
Cycling femalesCycling females
ProgestinsProgestins MGAMGA
CIDRCIDR
Pre-pubertal heifersPre-pubertal heifers
Post-partum orPost-partum or
AnestrousfemalesAnestrousfemales
Synchronization Methods

7. Synchronization MethodsSynchronization Methods
Gonadotropins(GnRH protocols)Gonadotropins(GnRH protocols)
 Naturally occurring hormone thatNaturally occurring hormone that
stimulates the release of LH and FSH thatstimulates the release of LH and FSH that
stimulates follicular developmentstimulates follicular development
 Protocols include Ovsynch and CosynchProtocols include Ovsynch and Cosynch

8. Synchronization methodsSynchronization methods
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins
– Naturally occurring hormone that causesNaturally occurring hormone that causes
regression of the CL (luteolysis) andregression of the CL (luteolysis) and
decreases progesterone secretion whichdecreases progesterone secretion which
results in a return to estrusresults in a return to estrus
– Can expect estrus within two days followingCan expect estrus within two days following
injectioninjection
– Protocols include PGF one-shot method andProtocols include PGF one-shot method and
PGF two-shot methodPGF two-shot method

9. Synchronization methodsSynchronization methods
ProgestinsProgestins
 Form of progesterone that extends theForm of progesterone that extends the
period of time progesterone is present andperiod of time progesterone is present and
prevents animal from coming into heatprevents animal from coming into heat
 Protocols include MGA+prostaglandin andProtocols include MGA+prostaglandin and
CIDRCIDR

10. Synchronization methods:Synchronization methods:
drug trade names and effectivenessdrug trade names and effectiveness
MethodMethod TradeTrade
namename
Female “type” for drugFemale “type” for drug
effectivenesseffectiveness
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins Lutalyse*Lutalyse*
Estrumate*Estrumate*
Prostamate*Prostamate*
EquimateEquimate∞∞
*Cycling cows or heifers*Cycling cows or heifers
∞∞
Cycling maresCycling mares
ProgestinsProgestins MGA*MGA*
CIDR*CIDR*
RegumateRegumate∞∞
*Cycling cows or heifers*Cycling cows or heifers
*Anestrous cows or heifers*Anestrous cows or heifers
∞∞
MaresMares
* Cattle ∞
Equine ^Swine

11. Synchronization methods:Synchronization methods:
drug trade names and effectivenessdrug trade names and effectiveness
MethodMethod TradeTrade
namename
Female “Type” for drugFemale “Type” for drug
effectivenesseffectiveness
GonadotropinGonadotropin
ReleasingReleasing
HormonesHormones
Cystorelin*Cystorelin*
Fertagyl*Fertagyl*
OvuplantOvuplant∞∞
*Postpartum cows*Postpartum cows
*Anestrous cows*Anestrous cows
∞∞
Cycling maresCycling mares
PlacentalPlacental
GonadotropinsGonadotropins
PG600^PG600^ ^Peri-pubertal gilts^Peri-pubertal gilts
* Cattle ∞Equine ^Swine

12. Cost $2.50/head

13. One Injection of PGFOne Injection of PGF
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Useful for detection ofUseful for detection of
estrus in heifers andestrus in heifers and
cowscows
– Decreased drug costDecreased drug cost
– Limited animalLimited animal
handlinghandling
 LimitationsLimitations
– 10-25% of females10-25% of females
may not be detected inmay not be detected in
estrus during days 0 toestrus during days 0 to
1010
– Poor degree ofPoor degree of
synchrony on femalessynchrony on females
that return to estrusthat return to estrus
– Must have CLMust have CL
– Length of estrusLength of estrus
detectiondetection
– AbortionAbortion

14. Cost $4.70/head

15. Two Injections of PGFTwo Injections of PGF
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Useful for detection ofUseful for detection of
estrus in heifers andestrus in heifers and
cowscows
– Tighter synchrony thanTighter synchrony than
one injection methodone injection method
– Can use fixedCan use fixed
insemination time afterinsemination time after
22ndnd
injectioninjection
 LimitationsLimitations
– Females must haveFemales must have
functional CLfunctional CL
– Length of estrusLength of estrus
detectiondetection
– Administration of PGFAdministration of PGF
will cause abortion inwill cause abortion in
pregnant animalspregnant animals

16. Cost $8.00/head

17. MGA and ProstaglandinMGA and Prostaglandin
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Proven system forProven system for
heifersheifers
– Inexpensive methodInexpensive method
– Can hasten cyclicity inCan hasten cyclicity in
anestrous femalesanestrous females
 LimitationsLimitations
– Length of programLength of program
– Must have appropriateMust have appropriate
feeding space to allowfeeding space to allow
efficient consumptionefficient consumption
– Estrus synchronizationEstrus synchronization
may be variablemay be variable
– Must ensure uniformMust ensure uniform
daily consumption ofdaily consumption of
feed supplement priorfeed supplement prior
to and during oralto and during oral
administration of MGAadministration of MGA

18. Cost $14.00/head

19. CIDRCIDR
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Useful for detection ofUseful for detection of
estrus in heifers andestrus in heifers and
cowscows
– Induces cyclicity in aInduces cyclicity in a
percentage ofpercentage of
anestrous cattleanestrous cattle
– High pregnancy ratesHigh pregnancy rates
 LimitationsLimitations
– Possible retentionPossible retention
failure of CIDRfailure of CIDR
– Cost per treatmentCost per treatment
may be higher thanmay be higher than
other methodsother methods
– An additional day ofAn additional day of
processing forprocessing for
hormone treatmenthormone treatment
would be required towould be required to
facilitate fixed time AIfacilitate fixed time AI

20. Cost $9.00/head
Cost $9.00/head

21. GnRHGnRH
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Higher and tighter rateHigher and tighter rate
of estrus synchronyof estrus synchrony
compared to PGFcompared to PGF
protocolsprotocols
– Allows for estrusAllows for estrus
detection or timed AIdetection or timed AI
 LimitationsLimitations
– Higher cost due toHigher cost due to
hormone injectionshormone injections
– Increase of time andIncrease of time and
laborlabor
– Not recommended forNot recommended for
use in heifersuse in heifers

22. Synchronization in the MareSynchronization in the Mare
Products used: Equimate, Estrumate, LutalyseProducts used: Equimate, Estrumate, Lutalyse
 When administered in diestrus, expect ovulation in 7-12When administered in diestrus, expect ovulation in 7-12
daysdays
 If 30-35mm follicle is present, expect ovulation in 2-4If 30-35mm follicle is present, expect ovulation in 2-4
daysdays
 Will only work when fully functional CL is presentWill only work when fully functional CL is present
 ““short cycling” refers to restarting the estrous cycle earlyshort cycling” refers to restarting the estrous cycle early
Prostaglandin should be given after day 6Prostaglandin should be given after day 6
 hCG can be given to mares resulting in immediatehCG can be given to mares resulting in immediate
ovulationovulation

23. Synchronization in the SowSynchronization in the Sow
Prostaglandin will notProstaglandin will not
cause CL regression untilcause CL regression until
day 12 of cycle becauseday 12 of cycle because
LH binds to luteal cellLH binds to luteal cell
receptor with strongreceptor with strong
affinity following ovulationaffinity following ovulation
and is not released untiland is not released until
day 12. Repeatedday 12. Repeated
injections over two toinjections over two to
three days will regress CLthree days will regress CL
sooner, but is notsooner, but is not
practical.practical.
 Common progestins willCommon progestins will
synchronize estrus butsynchronize estrus but
cause ovarian cystscause ovarian cysts
 Regumate has beenRegumate has been
found to be effectivefound to be effective
 Noncycling gilts can beNoncycling gilts can be
synchronized with P.G.synchronized with P.G.
600 (400 IU eCG and 200600 (400 IU eCG and 200
IU hCG)IU hCG)

24. Synchronization in the EweSynchronization in the Ewe
Most common protocols use either useMost common protocols use either use
prostaglandins or CIDRprostaglandins or CIDR

25. Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer
 Removal of embryos from biological damRemoval of embryos from biological dam
(donor) and placement into a surrogate(donor) and placement into a surrogate
dam (recipient) for differentiation, growthdam (recipient) for differentiation, growth
and birthand birth

26. Purpose of Embryo TransferPurpose of Embryo Transfer
 Increase productivity of geneticallyIncrease productivity of genetically
superior donorssuperior donors
 Maximize use of valuable semenMaximize use of valuable semen
 Transport genetics across long distancesTransport genetics across long distances
 Production of identical offspring by embryoProduction of identical offspring by embryo
splittingsplitting
– (potentially valuable as research animals)(potentially valuable as research animals)

27. Limitations of Embryo TransferLimitations of Embryo Transfer
 ExpensiveExpensive
 Labor intensiveLabor intensive
 Requires extensive training andRequires extensive training and
experienceexperience

28. Successful Embryo TransferSuccessful Embryo Transfer
Requires:Requires:
 SuperovulationSuperovulation
 Artificial insemination of the donor femaleArtificial insemination of the donor female
 Recovery of embryos from the donorRecovery of embryos from the donor
 Maintenance of embryosMaintenance of embryos
 Transfer of embryos to recipient femaleTransfer of embryos to recipient female

29. SuperovulationSuperovulation
 Treatment of a female with gonadotropinsTreatment of a female with gonadotropins
(generally FSH) to increase the number of(generally FSH) to increase the number of
oocytes that are selected to becomeoocytes that are selected to become
dominant follicles and ovulatedominant follicles and ovulate
– a typical treatment response in cattle woulda typical treatment response in cattle would
be 8 to 10 ovulationsbe 8 to 10 ovulations

30. Superovulation ProceduresSuperovulation Procedures
 Hormones used for SuperovulationHormones used for Superovulation
 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
– [Short half-life ~2 hours][Short half-life ~2 hours]
– Used for commercial SOETUsed for commercial SOET
 PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin;PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin;
eCG)eCG)
– [Long half-life ~ 2 - 4 days][Long half-life ~ 2 - 4 days]
– Not approved for use in commercial SOET in the US.Not approved for use in commercial SOET in the US.
Used frequently for research in Europe.Used frequently for research in Europe.

31. FSH dosage for superovulation ofFSH dosage for superovulation of
cattlecattle
Bos TaurusBos Taurus Bos IndicusBos Indicus HeifersHeifers
AMAM PMPM AMAM PMPM AMAM PMPM
Day 1Day 1 5 mg5 mg 5 mg5 mg 4 mg4 mg 4 mg4 mg 3 mg3 mg 3 mg3 mg
Day 2Day 2 4 mg4 mg 4 mg4 mg 3 mg3 mg 3 mg3 mg 3 mg3 mg 3 mg3 mg
Day 3Day 3 3 mg3 mg 3 mg3 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg
Day 4Day 4 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg 2 mg2 mg
TotalTotal 28 mg28 mg 22 mg22 mg 20 mg20 mg

32. Steps of Embryo Transfer inSteps of Embryo Transfer in
CowsCows
1.1. Synchronization of recipients with donorSynchronization of recipients with donor
GoalGoal: want donor and recipient to be in: want donor and recipient to be in
same stage of estrous cyclesame stage of estrous cycle
ReasonReason: preparation of recipient uterus to: preparation of recipient uterus to
support embryogenesissupport embryogenesis
HowHow: treat recipient with synchronization: treat recipient with synchronization
protocol that induces estrus to occur atprotocol that induces estrus to occur at
same time as the donorsame time as the donor

33. 2.2. Superovulation of donor femaleSuperovulation of donor female
GoalGoal: hyperstimulate ovaries with: hyperstimulate ovaries with
gonadotropinsgonadotropins
ReasonReason: provide higher than normal: provide higher than normal
numbers of follicles that will ovulatenumbers of follicles that will ovulate
HowHow: inject donor with FSH: inject donor with FSH
Steps of Embryo Transfer inSteps of Embryo Transfer in
CowsCows

34. 3.3. Inseminate donor with semen fromInseminate donor with semen from
genetically superior bullgenetically superior bull
GoalGoal: to generate the best fertilization rates and: to generate the best fertilization rates and
genetic combinations possiblegenetic combinations possible
ReasonReason: enhance rate of genetic progress: enhance rate of genetic progress
HowHow: utilize highly fertile semen and trained: utilize highly fertile semen and trained
inseminatorsinseminators
Steps of Embryo Transfer inSteps of Embryo Transfer in
CowsCows

35. 4.4. Recovery and identification of viable embryosRecovery and identification of viable embryos
GoalGoal: nonsurgically collect (flush) embryos from: nonsurgically collect (flush) embryos from
donor for transferdonor for transfer
ReasonReason: to recover viable embryos: to recover viable embryos
HowHow: block with local anesthetic to relax rectum, at: block with local anesthetic to relax rectum, at
day 6-8 a Foleys catheter is inserted into uterus andday 6-8 a Foleys catheter is inserted into uterus and
inflated to prevent retrograde flow of flushing medium,inflated to prevent retrograde flow of flushing medium,
introduce medium, lavage uterus and collect fluidintroduce medium, lavage uterus and collect fluid
Steps of Embryo Transfer inSteps of Embryo Transfer in
CowsCows

36. 5.5. Transfer of viable embryos intoTransfer of viable embryos into
synchronized recipientssynchronized recipients
GoalGoal: to deposit a potentially viable embryo into the: to deposit a potentially viable embryo into the
uterine horn of each recipientuterine horn of each recipient
ReasonReason: to achieve pregnancy in each recipient: to achieve pregnancy in each recipient
HowHow: a single embryo is placed into the uterine horn: a single embryo is placed into the uterine horn
(ipsilateral to the CL) using a transfer pipette(ipsilateral to the CL) using a transfer pipette
Steps of Embryo Transfer inSteps of Embryo Transfer in
CowsCows

37. Embryo GradingEmbryo Grading
 Criteria for classifyingCriteria for classifying
embryosembryos
– Even number of cellsEven number of cells
– uniform divisionuniform division
– healthy zonahealthy zona
pellucidapellucida
Embryo QualityEmbryo Quality
1 – Excellent1 – Excellent
2 – Good2 – Good
3 – Fair3 – Fair
4 – Poor4 – Poor
5 – Degenerate5 – Degenerate