The document discusses how to report speech accurately in reported or indirect speech by making necessary changes to tense, time, place and structure. It explains that the tense of the main verb needs to be changed by one step into the past, except in certain cases like when the original verb is in past perfect tense or contains modal verbs. It also discusses how to change time and place expressions appropriately in reported speech. Finally, it covers different reporting verbs and structures that can be used as well as how to report questions in indirect speech.

1. REPORTED
SPEECH
 TENSE, TIME & PLACE CHANGES
 REPORTING VERBS & STRUCTURES
 REPORTING QUESTIONS

2. TENSE CHANGE
We use Reported Speech to express what
another person has said without using their
exact words
 We change the tense of the main verb by putting it
one step further into the past

4. NO TENSE CHANGE
 If the verb in direct specch is in the PAST PERFECT
Ex: ‘He had never spoken about it before’ She said
She said he had never spoken about it before
 If the direct speech contains one of the following modal verbs:
WOULD, MIGHT, COULD, SHOULD, OUGHT TO
 If the statement reported is still TRUE
Ex: ‘I like fish’ She said
She said she likes fish
 If the reporting verb is in the present
Ex: ‘It is 40º in Athens at the moment
Jeremy says it is 40 º in Athens at the moment

5. TIME & PLACE EXPRESSIONS
CHANGESDIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
NOW THEN
TODAY THAT DAY
THIS MORNING THAT MORNING
TOMORROW THE NEXT/ FOLLOWING DAY
NEXT WEEK THE NEXT/ FOLLOWING WEEK
YESTERDAY THE PREVIOUS DAY, THE DAY
BEFORE
TWO DAYS AGO TWO DAYS BEFORE/ EARLIER
LAST WEEK THE WEEK BEFORE, THE
PREVIOUS WEEK
HERE THERE
THIS /THESE THAT / THOSE
COME GO

6. REPORTING VERBS & STRUCTURES
Reporting Verbs can take different structures:
 Reporting verb + OBJECT: tell
 Reporting verb+ (TO+ OBJECT): say, explain
 Reporting verb + Infinitive with to: offer, promise, refuse, threaten
ex: ‘ I’ll help you mend the car if you like’
He offered to help me mend the car
 Rerporting verb+ OBJECT+ Infinitive with to: advise, ask, encourage
Invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, tell, urge, warn
ex: ‘ Don’t forget to phone Jim’
He reminded her to phone Jim

7. The following pattern can be used after verbs
such as suggest/ recommend:
SUGGEST + GERUND
RECOMMEND
She suggested joining a youth club
SUGGEST + (that)+ Subject+ Past Simple
RECOMMEND
She suggested we joined a youth club

8. REPORTING QUESTIONS
Reported questions word order
Affirmative Sentence
Where are you from? She asked She asked me where I was from
 If there is no question word we use IF or WHETHER
Do you smoke? She asked She asked me whether I smoked