This ppt is related to the concept of report writing which is essential part of a research methodology

1. SUBJECT:LEGAL EDUCATION AND ADVANCE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY .
TOPIC:REPORT WRITING AND ITS UTILITIES.
PRESENTED BY:MANISHA SINGH
. LL.M IInd Sem.

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction..
Steps of report writing.
Components of report writing.
Style of report writing.
Types of report writing.
Utilities of report writing.
Conclusion.

3. INTRODUCTION.
 “A Research work remains incomplete until it is
reported”.
 Research report writing is a very important part of
research and it requires special skill.
 Report writing is the last step to complete the research
process. In this step the researcher has to make
complete amount of the research of activity
conducted.

4. CONTD.....
 A report therefore is a description of an event carried
back to someone who was not present on scene.
 It is formal communication return for a specific
purpose and include a description of procedures
followed for collection and analysis of data, their
significance , the conclusion drawn from them and
recommendation if required.

5. MEANING.
The report is derived from a Latin word – “ Reportare’’-
which means to carry back = ( Re – back + Portare)=
To carry

6. STEPS IN REPORT WRITING
 Logical analysis of subject matter.
 Preparation of rough draft.
 Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft.
 Preparation of final bibliography.
 Writing the final draft.
 Plan the project well in advance.
 The time for completing data collection and data
processing should be plan and implemented.
 The time for report writing should be planned.

7. COMPONENTS OF REPORT
WRITING
 Usually a research report contains the following parts:
Introductory part
Main body
Reference part .
.

8. CONTD......

9. CONTD
MAIN BODY OF THE REPORT. It is divided into six
Major Section.
• Introduction: It consist of statement of problem, need
for research , available literature on the topic and
review.
• Aim and object: The main body of the research report
continues with the aims and object part. It includes
general or specific objects of the study. The sequence
of objectives can adjust according to need and
convenience.
• Method or Methodology: This section describes the
type of study, variable used, method of sampling size.

10. CONTD.
 Result or Finding: The fourth section of the main body
is research finding. It is a crucial part of the report.
The systematic presentation of finding is a difficult
task. This presents the data and statistical analysis.
 Discussion: After presentation of finding discussion
section comes. The discussion may include finding
from other related studies that support or reject your
hypothesis.
 Conclusion and Suggestion: A conclusion or
suggestion should follow logically from discussion and
it may also include suggestion and recommendations.

11. CONTD.
 Reference Part: Previous work on the subject is the
basis of every advanced research.
 The reference system can be changed according to the
nature of study.
 It consist of books , reports of committee or
commission , statutes , articles, published reports etc.

12. TYPES OF REPORT.
 The research report is classified based on two things; nature of
research and target audience.
 On the basis of nature of research.
Qualitative Research Report
 This is the type of report written for qualitative research. It outlines the
methods, processes, and findings of a qualitative method of systematic
investigation. In educational research, a qualitative research report
provides an opportunity for one to apply his or her knowledge and
develop skills in planning and executing qualitative research projects.
 A qualitative research report is usually descriptive in nature. Hence, in
addition to presenting details of the research process, you must also
create a descriptive narrative of the information

13. CONTD.
 Quantitative Research Report :
 Quantitative research is a type of systematic
investigation that pays attention to numerical or
statistical values in a bid to find answers to research
questions.
 In this type of research report, the researcher presents
quantitative data to support the research process and
findings. Unlike a qualitative research report that is
mainly descriptive, a quantitative research report
works with numbers; that is, it is numerical in nature

14. CONTD...
 On basis of target audience. A technical research
report is a detailed document that you present after
carrying out industry-based research. This report is
highly specialized because it provides information for
a technical audience; that is, individuals with above-
average knowledge in the field of study.
 Popular Research Report. A popular research report
is one for a general audience; that is, for individuals
who do not necessarily have any knowledge in the field
of study. A popular research report aims to make
information accessible to everyone.
 It is written in very simple language, which makes it
easy to understand the findings and
recommendations.

15. Style of Report Writing.
 Accuracy and clarity must be the principal goals.
 The report must be creative , must have sufficient
clarity in terms of both thought and language .
 The sentence should be expressed in a simple concise
manner and as far as possible slang; flippant phrases
and entangled clauses and sub clauses should be
avoided .
 In order to highlight the important points in and
adequate manner , long paragraphs should always be
avoided as far as practicable each paragraph may be sub
–divided into small paragraphs.
 The report must be made free from any influence by any
elements of extortion or persuasion .
.

16. CONTD.
 The researcher should always try to avoid the spelling mistakes,
inconsistencies as well as grammatical errors.
 Standard rules must be followed to prevent any error relating to
punctuations .
 There should be a free flow of language in the report , otherwise
it will be irritating .
 An effective Research report is necessary obliged to undergo the
process of several revision before it is published.
 Proper chapterisation is an essential feature of research report.
A standard report always contains chapters , sub –sections ,
tables and adequate charts.
 The term chapter should be typed in capital letters and chapter
number should be capitalized in Roman numerals.
 In order to make the report more impressive and authentic,
report writer may make use of footnotes frequently.

17. Utilities of report writing.
 Knowledge Transfer: As already stated above, one of
the reasons for carrying out research is to contribute to
the existing body of knowledge, and this is made
possible with a research report. A research report
serves as a means to effectively communicate the
findings of a systematic investigation to all.
 Identification of Knowledge Gaps: With a research
report, you'd be able to identify knowledge gaps for
further inquiry. A research report shows what has been
done while hinting at other areas needing systematic
investigation.

18. CONTD....
 Evaluation: Large scale organizations are engaged in
multi dimensional activites. It is not possible for single
top executive to keep a personal watch on what others
are doing. So the executive depends on reports to
evaluate the performance of various departments or
units.
 Decision making tools: Today’s complex business
organization required thousand of information.
Reports provide the required information a large
number of important decisions in business or any
other area are taken on the basis of the information
presented in the report

19. CONTD....
 Investigation: Whenever there is any problem, a
committee or commission or study group investigates
the problem to find out the reasons behind the
problem and present the findings with or without
recommendations in the form of a report .
 Development of skill: A report writing skill develops
the power of designing, organization , coordination,
judgment and communication.

20. CONTD.....
 Professional Advancement : Report also plays a
major role in professional progress and advancement.
For promotion to the rank and file position ,
satisfactory job performance is enough to help a
person . But for promotion to high level position ,
intellectual ability is highly required . Such ability can
be expressed through the report submitted to higher
authority.
 A Managerial Tool: Various reports make activities
easy for the managers . For planning, organizing ,
coordinating , motivating and controlling. A manager
may find help from a report which acts as a source of
information

21. CONCLUSION.
 It is concluded that report writing is an art which is
learnt by practice and experience rather than by mere
doctrination.
 It is also that research work is incomplete until the
report of labour put it in reduced into writing with the
view to communicate others. It includes the purpose,
the importance , the limitations the procedure etc.