Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory proposes that a child's development is influenced by different environmental systems, including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. The microsystem contains the relationships and interactions a child has with their immediate surroundings, such as family, school, neighbors, and peers. The mesosystem comprises the connections between a child's microsystems, while the exosystem involves contexts that don't directly involve the child but still influence them, such as a parent's workplace. Finally, the macrosystem cuts across all other systems and captures the culture and customs of the society.
The effective management of people has an important bearing on organizational success. The course provides conceptual and practical skills in areas such as the strategic aspects of human resource management, manpower planning, Dynamic Role of Human Resource Management, Implementation of Human Resource Strategies and Importance of Leadership Skills.
The effective management of people has an important bearing on organizational success. The course provides conceptual and practical skills in areas such as the strategic aspects of human resource management, manpower planning, Dynamic Role of Human Resource Management, Implementation of Human Resource Strategies and Importance of Leadership Skills.
Using the Social-Emotional Assessment/Evaluation Measure (SEAM™) with Young C...Brookes Publishing
In this 60-minute webinar, you’ll learn how your program can use the SEAM to reliably assess social-emotional development in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers at risk for delays or challenges and monitor social-emotional development over time.
Jane Squires and Misti Waddell, two of the SEAM developers, will introduce this revised tool and show samples of the two-part assessment (SEAM and SEAM Family Profile). They will also
• highlight the 10 benchmarks on the SEAM
• outline administration procedures
• describe the research behind the tool
• discuss how SEAM results can be used to focus intervention efforts
• share how the SEAM Family Profile can be used to assist practitioners in identifying areas where additional guidance may be needed to help parents support their child’s social-emotional development
Using the Social-Emotional Assessment/Evaluation Measure (SEAM™) with Young C...Brookes Publishing
In this 60-minute webinar, you’ll learn how your program can use the SEAM to reliably assess social-emotional development in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers at risk for delays or challenges and monitor social-emotional development over time.
Jane Squires and Misti Waddell, two of the SEAM developers, will introduce this revised tool and show samples of the two-part assessment (SEAM and SEAM Family Profile). They will also
• highlight the 10 benchmarks on the SEAM
• outline administration procedures
• describe the research behind the tool
• discuss how SEAM results can be used to focus intervention efforts
• share how the SEAM Family Profile can be used to assist practitioners in identifying areas where additional guidance may be needed to help parents support their child’s social-emotional development
CH 3 Social contexts and Socioemotional development.pptxVATHVARY
Describe two contemporary
perspectives on socioemotional development.
Discuss how the
social contexts of families, peers, and
schools are linked with socioemotional
development.
Explain these aspects of
children’s socioemotional development:
self-esteem, identity, moral development,
and emotional development.
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
2. Born in Russia
Immigrated to the US at age 6
Enlisted in the US army immediately after
completing his PhD
Co-founder of the Head Start program
-Designed to serve at-risk nursery
students to prepare them for school
3. Development is the result of the
relationships between people and their
environments.
4. Implications
Cannot evaluate a child’s development
only in the immediate environment.
Must also examine the interactions among
the larger environments that a child
develops in.
5. Microsystem: Relationships with direct
contact to the child
Mesosystem: Connection between
relationships of child’s Microsystem
Exosystem: Structures in which child
the child does not have direct contact
Macrosystem: Cultural context
6. Based on Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The Ecology of Human
Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
7. Variables that the child is directly exposed to
Relationships: Family, school, religious
institution, neighbors
Family: Most influential and durable influence
on child
Environment: Geographic, Material structures
Child’s body
General health
Brain functioning – physiological and
psychological
Emotions
Cognitive System
8. Most of the child’s behavior is learned in
the microsystem
The microsystem consists of bi-directional
influences
Parents actively shape the development
of the child
Children actively shape their
environment
Personal attributes influence
responses from other people
Children actively select and avoid
specific environments
Bi-directional relationships are the
foundation for a child’s cognitive and
emotional growth
10. Institutions of society that indirectly
affect a child’s development
Examples:
Parent’s workplace
Funding for education
These impact a child’s development
by influencing structures in the
microsystem
11. Cultural context
Provides the values, beliefs, customs, and
laws of the culture in which a child grows up
- Influences how parents, teachers, and
others raise a child
- May be conscious or unconscious
Influences the societal values, legislation,
and financial resources provided by a
society to help families function
Influences the interactions of all other layers
12. Properties of the four layers of
relationship
Each layer has an effect on a child’s
development
Each layer is complex
Conflict within any layer ripples
throughout other layers
As a child develops, interaction within
environments becomes more complex
Complexity is the result of the
maturation of a child’s physical and
cognitive structures
14. Primary relationship must be intended to
last a lifetime
Teachers need to work to support the
primary child-adult relationship
Schools should create an environment
that welcomes and nurtures families
Education should foster societal attitudes
that value all work done on behalf of
children