The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and spread to Europe by the 16th century. It had a profound impact on European intellectual and artistic life, influencing fields like art, philosophy, literature, and science. Key developments included the emergence of humanism as a new philosophy focusing on Greek and Roman sources, breakthroughs in science like Copernicus' theory challenging the Ptolemaic system, and influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo producing famous works that epitomized Renaissance ideals. The movement also spread to other regions like France, Germany, England, and Spain in the 15th-16th centuries, influencing their cultures as well through art, literature, architecture, and other areas.

1. Renaissance

2. The Renaissance was a cultural movement
that profoundly affected European
intellectual life in the early modern period.
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the
rest of Europe by the 16th century, its
influence was felt
in art, architecture, philosophy, literature,
music, science, technology, politics,
religion, and other aspects of intellectual
inquiry.
INTRODUCTION

4. THE BEGINING
1401
Renaissance started with the artistic
combat between Lorenzo Ghiberti and
Filippo Brunelleschi who competed for
the contract to build the bronze doors for
the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral.
During this period, art and money went hand-in-
hand. rich families offered young artists money and
the chance to create marvelous works of art for
them or the community.
Jules Michelet defined the 16th
century Renaissance in France as a period
in Europe's cultural history that
represented a break from the Middle
Ages, creating a modern understanding
of humanity and its place in the world.

5. 1401 HUMANISM
In some ways, Renaissance humanism was not a
philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to
the medieval scholastic mode, which focused on
resolving contradictions between authors,
Renaissance humanists would study ancient texts in
the original and appraise them through a
combination of reasoning and empirical evidence.
Humanist education was based on the programme
of Studia Humanitatis, the study of five
humanities: poetry, grammar, history, moral
philosophy, and rhetoric. Although historians have
sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely,
most have settled on "a middle of the road
definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and
assimilate the language, literature, learning and
values of ancient Greece and Rome". Above all,
humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique
and extraordinary ability of the human mind".
1430

6. Pico della Mirandola writer of the famous Oration
on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the
"Manifesto of the Renaissance".

7. 1401
1430
1450
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of
the printing press in about 1440 democratized learning and
allowed a faster propagation of more widely distributed ideas.
In the first period of the Italian Renaissance, humanists
favored the study of humanities over natural philosophy
or applied mathematics, and their reverence for classical
sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views
of the universe. Writing around 1450, Nicholas
Cusanus anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Copernicus,
but in a philosophical fashion.Science and art were
intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists
such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of
anatomy and nature. Da Vinci set up controlled experiments in
water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of
movement and aerodynamics, and he devised principles of
research method that led Fritjof Capra to classify him as the
"father of modern science". Other examples of Da Vinci's
contribution during this period include machines designed to
saw marbles and lift monoliths, and new discoveries in
acoustics, botany, geology, anatomy, and mechanics.

8. Theory of Nicolaus Copernicus NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

9. Da Vinci’s Inventions
Flying Machine Parachute
Vitruvian man Crossbow

10. Leonardo Da Vinci
1401
1401
1401
1401
1430
1430
1450
1478

11. Leonardodi ser Pieroda Vinci(15 April 1452 – 2
May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High
Renaissance who was active as a
painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist,
sculptor and architect. While his fame initially
rested on his achievements as a painter, he also
became known for his notebooks, in which he
made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects,
including anatomy, astronomy, botany,
cartography, painting, and paleontology.
Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance
humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a
contribution to later generations of artists matched
only by that of his younger
contemporary, Michelangelo.
1430

12. Leonardo’s paintings
Leonardo’s paintings
Leonardo’s paintings
Mona Lisa-1519
Mona Lisa-1519 The Last Supper-1490s
Lady with an Ermine-1489
Salvador Mundi-1500
Salvador Mundi-1500 Virgin Of The Rocks

13. SandroBotticelli
1401
1430
1450
1478
1481

14. Alessandrodi Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c. 1445– May 17, 1510), known
as SandroBotticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.
Botticelli's posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century,
when he was rediscovered by the Pre-Raphaelites who stimulated a
reappraisal of his work. Since then, his paintings have been seen to
represent the linear grace of Early Renaissance painting. In addition to the
mythological subjects for which he is best known today, Botticelli painted a
wide range of religious subjects (including dozens of renditions of
the Madonna and Child, many in the round tondo shape) and also some
portraits. His best-known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera,
both in the Uffizi in Florence. Botticelli lived all his life in the same
neighbourhood of Florence; his only significant times elsewhere were the
months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and the Sistine Chapel in Rome
in 1481–82.

15. Birth Of Venus-1486
Sandro’spaintings
Young Woman Portrait-1485
Primavera-1482
Calumny Of Apelles-1495

16. Michelangelo
1481
1488

17. Michelangelodi LodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni ,known simply as Michelangelo , was an
Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in
the Republic of Florence, whose work had a major influence on the development
of Western art, particularly in relation to the Renaissance notions
of humanism and naturalism. He is often considered a contender for the title of the
archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and elder contemporary, Leonardo
da Vinci. Given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and
reminiscences, Michelangelo is among best-documented artist of the 16th century and
several scholars have described Michelangelo as the most accomplished artist of his
era.He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of
thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created two of the most
influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. His design of
the Laurentian Library pioneered Mannerist architecture, At the age of 74, he
succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica. He
transformed the plan so that the western end was finished to his design, as was the
dome, with some modification, after his death.

18. Michelangelo’s paintings
Adam’s Birth-1508 The Pieta-1499
The Last Judgment-1541
David-1501
David-1501

19. Discovery Of America
1481
1481
1488
1492

20. Between 1492 and 1504, Columbus completed
four round-trip voyages between Spain and
the Americas, each voyage being sponsored by
the Crown of Castile. On his first voyage he
independently discovered the
Americas, initiating the beginning of the
European exploration and colonization of the
Americas, as well as the Columbian exchange,
and are thus important to the Age of
Discovery, Western history, and human
history writ large. Columbus always insisted, in
the face of mounting evidence to the contrary,
that the lands that he visited during those
voyages were part of the Asian continent, as
previously described by Marco Polo and other
European travelers. Columbus's refusal to
acknowledge that the lands he had visited and
claimed for Spain were not part of Asia might
explain, in part, why the American continent was
named after the Florentine explorer Amerigo
Vespucci—who received credit for recognizing it
as a "New World"—and not after Columbus.

21. Raphael
1481
1488
1492
1504

22. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, known as Raphael was an
Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His
work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of
composition, and visual achievement of
the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together
with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the
traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael
was enormously productive, running an unusually large
workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a
large body of work. His career falls naturally into three
phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari:
his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four
years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions
of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant
twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their
close associates. Many of his works are found in
the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael
Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his
career. The best known work is The School of Athens in
the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years
in Rome, much of his work was executed by his workshop
from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He
was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside
Rome his work was mostly known from his
collaborative printmaking.

23. Raphael’s paintings
School Of Athens-1511
Triumph Of Galatea-1512
Triumph Of Galatea-1512
Madonna Del Prato-1506
La Velata-1515 Madonna Del Prato-1506

24. 1481
1488
1492
1504
1515
Renaissance in France

25. In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France,
imported by King Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy.
A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was
the inability of the Church to offer assistance against
the Black Death. Francis I imported Italian art and artists,
including Leonardo da Vinc, and built ornate palaces at
great expense. Writers such as François Rabelais, Pierre
de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, and Michel de
Montaigne, painters such as Jean Clouet, and musicians
such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of
the Renaissance.
In 1533, a fourteen-year-old Caterina de' Medici (1519–
1589), born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of
Urbino and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne,
married Henry II of France, second son of King Francis I
and Queen Claude. Though she became famous and
infamous for her role in France's religious wars, she
made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences,
and music (including the origins of ballet) to the French
court from her native Florence.

26. French Renaissance Art-15-16th Centuries

27. Renaissance in Germany
1515
1517

28. In the second half of the 15th century, the
Renaissance spirit spread to Germany and
the Low Countries, where the development
of the printing press (ca. 1450) and
Renaissance artists such as Albrecht Dürer
(1471–1528) predated the influence from
Italy. In the early Protestant areas of the
country humanism became closely linked to
the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation,
and the art and writing of the German
Renaissance frequently reflected this
dispute. However, the Gothic style and
medieval scholastic philosophy remained
exclusively until the turn of the 16th century.
Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg (ruling
1493–1519) was the first truly Renaissance
monarch of the Holy Roman Empire.

29. Emperor Maximilian I, by Albrecht Dürer-1519

30. Renaissance in Spain
1515
1517
1525

31. The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the
Mediterranean possessions of the Aragonese Crown and the city
of Valencia. Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from
the Kingdom of Aragon, including Ausiàs March and Joanot
Martorell. In the Kingdom of Castile, the early Renaissance was
heavily influenced by the Italian humanism, starting with writers
and poets such as the Marquis of Santillana, who introduced the
new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century. Other writers,
such as Jorge Manrique, Fernando de Rojas, Juan del Encina, Juan
Boscán Almogáver, and Garcilaso de la Vega, kept a close
resemblance to the Italian canon. Miguel de
Cervantes's masterpiece Don Quixote is credited as the first
Western novel. Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th
century, with influential writers such as philosopher Juan Luis
Vives, grammarian Antonio de Nebrija and natural historian Pedro
de Mexía.Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious
themes and mysticism, with poets such as fray Luis de
León, Teresa of Ávila, and John of the Cross, and treated issues
related to the exploration of the New World, with chroniclers and
writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las
Casas, giving rise to a body of work, now known as Spanish
Renaissance literature. The late Renaissance in Spain produced
artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de
Victoria and Antonio de Cabezon.

32. Renaissance spanish architecture

33. Renaissance Music
1535
1517
1515
1525

34. From this changing society emerged a
common, unifying musical language, in
particular the polyphonic style of
the Franco-Flemish school. The
development of printing made
distribution of music possible on a wide
scale. Demand for music as
entertainment and as an activity for
educated amateurs increased with the
emergence of a bourgeois class.
Dissemination of chansons, motets,
and masses throughout Europe coincided
with the unification of polyphonic
practice into the fluid style that
culminated in the second half of the
sixteenth century in the work of
composers such
as Palestrina, Lassus, Victoria,
and William Byrd.

35. Renaissance in England
1515
1517
1525
1535
1555

36. In England, the sixteenth century
marked the beginning of the English
Renaissance with the work of
writers William Shakespeare (1564 –
1616), Christopher Marlowe (1564 –
1593), Edmund Spenser (1552/1553 –
1599), Sir Thomas More (1478 –
1535), Francis Bacon (1561 –
1626), Sir Philip Sidney (1554 – 1586),
architects (such as Inigo Jones (1573 –
1652), who introduced Italianate
architecture to England), and
composers such as Thomas
Tallis (1505 – 1585), John Taverner (c.
1490 – 1545), and William Byrd
(c.1539/40 or 1543 – 1623).

37. Renaissance English Architecture

38. Cities-core of the Renaissance
Firenze Rome Madrid
Milano Sevilla Paris

39. Giannhs Georgiou