This presentation was given during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science in Feb. 2019 at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
This document discusses using a wireless sensor network to remotely monitor crops in agriculture. It proposes a prototype model developed in Qualnet simulator that uses static sensor nodes to measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity and detect pests/diseases. The sensor data is transmitted to a base station and then to a farmer's phone. Simulations tested both random and grid deployment patterns of sensor nodes. The network aims to help farmers efficiently manage resources and crop growth through real-time monitoring of field conditions.
The document discusses the Environmental Information System (ENVIS) in India. It begins by acknowledging the support of an environmental science teacher. It then provides an overview of ENVIS, including its objectives to build an environmental information repository and strengthen information collection, processing and dissemination capabilities.
ENVIS operates as a decentralized network of specialized centers covering different environmental subject areas. The key roles of ENVIS centers and nodes are to establish information sources, create databases on assigned topics, identify information gaps, publish newsletters and bulletins, and serve as an interface for users.
Specific details are provided about the focal point located in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, which works to build the information base and respond to queries. An
Pushing optics and photonics ideas into innvoation through crowdfundingSarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science in Feb. 2019 at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- applications on sericulture and...Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given in Feb. 2019 during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- applications on rice --Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given in Feb. 2019 during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
AI and Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Improved Decision-making in the Afri...AKADEMIYA2063
1. The document discusses how satellite remote sensing data and AI can help improve decision making in Africa's agricultural sector regarding food security and climate change adaptation. It highlights how satellite data can provide important climate and environmental data to help monitor climate impacts, develop adaptation plans, and forecast food production.
2. AI algorithms can analyze large satellite datasets to discover climate patterns and trends needed to optimize practices like crop management and water resources. International cooperation is important for tackling climate change, including sharing African data to improve global models and strategies.
IRJET- Literature Review on Smart Flower and Agricultural SystemIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a smart agricultural system that uses solar energy to power water pumps for irrigation. It uses solar panels, sensors, and a battery to power water pumps without the need for electricity.
2) The system uses an automatic solar tracker and sensors like light dependent resistors and moisture sensors to optimize the efficiency of the solar panels and control irrigation based on environmental conditions.
3) The solar energy is converted to electrical energy via photovoltaic cells and stored in a battery. This stored energy then powers water pumps for irrigation purposes in rural areas lacking electricity. The system provides a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel-powered pumps.
This document discusses using a wireless sensor network to remotely monitor crops in agriculture. It proposes a prototype model developed in Qualnet simulator that uses static sensor nodes to measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity and detect pests/diseases. The sensor data is transmitted to a base station and then to a farmer's phone. Simulations tested both random and grid deployment patterns of sensor nodes. The network aims to help farmers efficiently manage resources and crop growth through real-time monitoring of field conditions.
The document discusses the Environmental Information System (ENVIS) in India. It begins by acknowledging the support of an environmental science teacher. It then provides an overview of ENVIS, including its objectives to build an environmental information repository and strengthen information collection, processing and dissemination capabilities.
ENVIS operates as a decentralized network of specialized centers covering different environmental subject areas. The key roles of ENVIS centers and nodes are to establish information sources, create databases on assigned topics, identify information gaps, publish newsletters and bulletins, and serve as an interface for users.
Specific details are provided about the focal point located in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, which works to build the information base and respond to queries. An
Pushing optics and photonics ideas into innvoation through crowdfundingSarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science in Feb. 2019 at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- applications on sericulture and...Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given in Feb. 2019 during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- applications on rice --Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
This presentation was given in Feb. 2019 during the Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).
AI and Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Improved Decision-making in the Afri...AKADEMIYA2063
1. The document discusses how satellite remote sensing data and AI can help improve decision making in Africa's agricultural sector regarding food security and climate change adaptation. It highlights how satellite data can provide important climate and environmental data to help monitor climate impacts, develop adaptation plans, and forecast food production.
2. AI algorithms can analyze large satellite datasets to discover climate patterns and trends needed to optimize practices like crop management and water resources. International cooperation is important for tackling climate change, including sharing African data to improve global models and strategies.
IRJET- Literature Review on Smart Flower and Agricultural SystemIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a smart agricultural system that uses solar energy to power water pumps for irrigation. It uses solar panels, sensors, and a battery to power water pumps without the need for electricity.
2) The system uses an automatic solar tracker and sensors like light dependent resistors and moisture sensors to optimize the efficiency of the solar panels and control irrigation based on environmental conditions.
3) The solar energy is converted to electrical energy via photovoltaic cells and stored in a battery. This stored energy then powers water pumps for irrigation purposes in rural areas lacking electricity. The system provides a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel-powered pumps.
Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to detect and classify objects on Earth via satellite or aircraft sensors. The document discusses:
- Principles of remote sensing including how different surfaces reflect different wavelengths of energy.
- Applications in horticulture like monitoring crop area, disease detection, yield estimation, and disaster management.
- Four case studies applying remote sensing to issues like monitoring banana disease in Brazil, estimating mango production in India, assessing land suitability for crops in Ethiopia, and evaluating suitable areas for litchi orchards in India.
Challenges to adopting remote sensing in Indian horticulture include small land holdings, lack of demonstration of costs and benefits, and gaps in knowledge and expertise. Future prospects
Potential of using photovoltaic systems to power underwater fishing lights i...IJECEIAES
The limited stock and uncertainty of fuel prices as a source of driving the main engine and generator on ships greatly affect the lives of fishermen in Indonesia. Even though there is a policy in the form of assistance from the government in the form of subsidies, fishermen still feel doubtful about being able to get such assistance. To overcome this and with the potential of solar energy in Indonesia, as well as a manifestation of appropriate technology and blue economy policies, a photovoltaic system is made that is combined with underwater lights as a fishing tool. Activities are carried out by measuring environmental conditions and the energy that comes out of the PV system and giving questionnaires to the fishermen. The results showed that the use of PV systems combined with underwater lights in fishing activities gave good results. The result of electrical energy that can be generated is 393.24 Wh/day and can meet the ship’s electricity needs for 4 days. This result is also supported by the Wilcoxon test results for technical, economic, environmental, health, and safety aspects with a significance value of 0.001 (p<0.05).
Authors are invited to submit theoretical or empirical papers in all aspects of management, including strategy, human resources, marketing, operations, technology, information systems, finance and accounting, business economics, and public sector management. IJMRR is an international forum for research that advances the theory and practice of management. The journal publishes original works with practical significance and academic value.
The document discusses several previous studies conducted by Amity University experts related to agriculture and remote sensing. One study analyzed big data pattern mining using graphs to identify clusters and frequent subgraphs. Another used thermal imaging and hyperspectral remote sensing to monitor crop water deficit stress in rice genotypes and identify optimal wavelengths. A third compared modeling approaches to monitor water deficit stress in rice using hyperspectral data and measured relative water content. The studies demonstrated applications of machine learning, remote sensing, and hyperspectral data for agricultural monitoring and analysis.
Applications of Photonic Materials and Devices - EdukiteEduKite
Photonic is the physical science of light (photon) generation, detection and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching amplification and sensing. This Applications of Photonic Materials and Devices is a must for you to understand the theory, fabrication and applications of photonic materials and devices.
See More: https://bit.ly/2DGxKx7
This document discusses the scope and objectives of a smart crop recommendation approach project. The scope is to plot soil and environmental data to recommend suitable crop options based on the conditions. The objectives are to accurately detect soil parameters, provide efficient information to farmers, recommend optimum crops based on different parameters, and help farmers make informed cultivation decisions. It also reviews several existing related works on crop yield prediction using machine learning approaches. The planned hardware includes an Arduino UNO, sensors, and power supply. The software is the Arduino IDE. Workshops on IoT and embedded systems are planned for support. The action plan and work for the semester are also outlined.
Smart Cultivation: An Arduino-based IoT Aeroponics System for Indoor FarmingIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed and implemented an Arduino-based Internet of Things (IoT) aeroponics system for indoor farming. The system uses sensors to monitor environmental conditions and actuators to control irrigation and lighting. It aims to precisely control growth factors to enable year-round production of high-quality crops. The system integrates advanced IoT technology and automation to optimize plant growth and resource usage. Experimental results showed the system achieved significant reductions in water and fertilizer usage compared to traditional farming methods, demonstrating improved sustainability and efficiency for indoor agriculture.
A Summer Internship Project Report On Renewable EnergyLisa Brewer
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Harish Negi to fulfill the requirements of an MBA program. It discusses implementing a 10 kW rooftop solar PV system at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege in Gangagarh, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India. The project was conducted under the supervision of Asst Prof Shikha Mittal Shrivastava at Smart Energy Solutions in Noida from June 1 to July 31, 2017. Harish Negi gained exposure to executing and commissioning solar PV projects through process planning, job scheduling, maintenance management, inventory control, forecasting and quality systems.
Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT sensors, machine learning, and cloud computing. Soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors collect field data and send it to a cloud-based server. A machine learning model analyzes the data to make irrigation recommendations. The system aims to optimize water usage and minimize human intervention. It allows for customized ML techniques to advance precision agriculture. This could lower costs for farmers and help ensure crop yields amid changing water availability.
AI bots in the agriculture field can harvest crops at a higher volume and faster pace than human laborers. By leveraging computer vision helps to monitor the weed and spray them. Thus, Artificial Intelligence is helping farmers find more efficient ways to protect their crops from weeds.
1. The document discusses the development of a machine learning-based system to provide precise crop yield recommendations to farmers in India.
2. Over 60% of Indians work in agriculture but farmers often grow the same crops without trying new varieties and apply fertilizers inconsistently, affecting yields and soil quality.
3. The proposed system aims to address these issues by recommending the optimal crop for a given plot of land based on soil composition and environmental factors using machine learning algorithms.
This document provides an overview of satellite remote sensing and GIS applications in agricultural meteorology. It discusses how the World Meteorological Organization's Commission for Agricultural Meteorology has promoted the use of remote sensing and GIS since the 1970s. It describes how GIS allows agricultural planners to integrate spatial data layers like soils, climate, and land use to model natural systems and support decision making. The document gives an example of how Italy uses GIS to create wildfire risk maps by combining satellite imagery with territorial data.
ACREAGE ESTIMATION OF SUGARCANE CROP IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH USING...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used Sentinel-1 microwave satellite data to estimate the acreage of sugarcane crops in Sitapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR data from April to September 2021 was analyzed using a random forest classifier to distinguish sugarcane from other crops with an overall accuracy of 87.12% and sugarcane classification accuracy of 86.60%. The study found that approximately 1.65 lakh hectares (165,041 hectares) of the total 5,73,619 hectares of land in Sitapur District was under sugarcane cultivation, representing 28.772% of the district's area. The results demonstrated that temporal microwave remote sensing data
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
The document discusses the use of artificial intelligence in agriculture. It notes that the global population is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, requiring a 70% increase in food production. AI can help address this challenge by improving yields, managing resources more efficiently, and automating farming activities. Specifically, the document outlines how AI is used for automated irrigation, remote crop monitoring using computer vision, harvesting of vine crops with multi-sensor data collection, decision support systems, driverless tractors, weed removal robots, and drone applications such as precision fertilizer planning and disease monitoring. The conclusion states that AI can optimize resource use and efficiency to help solve issues of scarcity and labor shortages in agriculture.
The document provides information on various research institutes and organizations in and around Coimbatore, India. It lists institutes such as the Sugarcane Breeding Institute near Agriculture University, Veerakeralam which conducts research in areas like biotechnology, plant breeding, and more. It also mentions the IFGTB Institute of Forest Genetic and Tree Breeding in Puram, and vacancies at the Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) in TNAU Botanical Garden. Deadlines and contact information are provided for opportunities at these and other research institutes including DRDO, CBNR, AIM Bioscience, Micro Lab, Sunglow Biotech, and more.
Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) as powerful techni...nitinrane33
Precision agriculture utilizes modern technology to optimize agricultural practices, resulting in increased productivity while reducing costs and environmental impact. The use of remote sensing (RS), drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed precision agriculture. These advanced technologies provide farmers with accurate, cost-effective, and timely tools to manage crops and resources effectively. This paper evaluates the use of these techniques in precision agriculture, including their benefits, and effective applications. Remote sensing involves using satellites, aircraft, or drones to collect data on crops and the environment, such as soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation indices. With high-resolution images and three-dimensional maps of crops, UAVs enable farmers to identify and address issues like pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies. Machine learning algorithms analyze large amounts of data to predict crop yields, optimize irrigation and fertilization, and identify areas of the field that need attention. Several case studies highlight the effectiveness of these techniques in different agricultural settings. However, the paper also acknowledges the challenges associated with adopting these technologies, such as cost, data management, and regulatory issues. While the initial investment in drones and sensors may be high, the long-term benefits in terms of increased yields, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability are substantial. Farmers need to be trained in the use of these technologies to make informed decisions, and effective data management and analysis are crucial. Additionally, regulatory frameworks are still evolving, and clear guidelines are required for data privacy, safety, and ethical use. Although challenges remain, the benefits of increased productivity, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability make these technologies an attractive investment for farmers worldwide.
Keynote for the 9th International Scientific Conference
RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2019: Research and Innovation for Bioeconomy, 26-28th September 2019 Vytautas Magnus University | Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania http://www.ruraldevelopment.lt
This talk provides an overview of the multiple, sometimes contrasting perspectives on agtech players and their role for future agriculture and challenges for education and training (in France).
Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to detect and classify objects on Earth via satellite or aircraft sensors. The document discusses:
- Principles of remote sensing including how different surfaces reflect different wavelengths of energy.
- Applications in horticulture like monitoring crop area, disease detection, yield estimation, and disaster management.
- Four case studies applying remote sensing to issues like monitoring banana disease in Brazil, estimating mango production in India, assessing land suitability for crops in Ethiopia, and evaluating suitable areas for litchi orchards in India.
Challenges to adopting remote sensing in Indian horticulture include small land holdings, lack of demonstration of costs and benefits, and gaps in knowledge and expertise. Future prospects
Potential of using photovoltaic systems to power underwater fishing lights i...IJECEIAES
The limited stock and uncertainty of fuel prices as a source of driving the main engine and generator on ships greatly affect the lives of fishermen in Indonesia. Even though there is a policy in the form of assistance from the government in the form of subsidies, fishermen still feel doubtful about being able to get such assistance. To overcome this and with the potential of solar energy in Indonesia, as well as a manifestation of appropriate technology and blue economy policies, a photovoltaic system is made that is combined with underwater lights as a fishing tool. Activities are carried out by measuring environmental conditions and the energy that comes out of the PV system and giving questionnaires to the fishermen. The results showed that the use of PV systems combined with underwater lights in fishing activities gave good results. The result of electrical energy that can be generated is 393.24 Wh/day and can meet the ship’s electricity needs for 4 days. This result is also supported by the Wilcoxon test results for technical, economic, environmental, health, and safety aspects with a significance value of 0.001 (p<0.05).
Authors are invited to submit theoretical or empirical papers in all aspects of management, including strategy, human resources, marketing, operations, technology, information systems, finance and accounting, business economics, and public sector management. IJMRR is an international forum for research that advances the theory and practice of management. The journal publishes original works with practical significance and academic value.
The document discusses several previous studies conducted by Amity University experts related to agriculture and remote sensing. One study analyzed big data pattern mining using graphs to identify clusters and frequent subgraphs. Another used thermal imaging and hyperspectral remote sensing to monitor crop water deficit stress in rice genotypes and identify optimal wavelengths. A third compared modeling approaches to monitor water deficit stress in rice using hyperspectral data and measured relative water content. The studies demonstrated applications of machine learning, remote sensing, and hyperspectral data for agricultural monitoring and analysis.
Applications of Photonic Materials and Devices - EdukiteEduKite
Photonic is the physical science of light (photon) generation, detection and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching amplification and sensing. This Applications of Photonic Materials and Devices is a must for you to understand the theory, fabrication and applications of photonic materials and devices.
See More: https://bit.ly/2DGxKx7
This document discusses the scope and objectives of a smart crop recommendation approach project. The scope is to plot soil and environmental data to recommend suitable crop options based on the conditions. The objectives are to accurately detect soil parameters, provide efficient information to farmers, recommend optimum crops based on different parameters, and help farmers make informed cultivation decisions. It also reviews several existing related works on crop yield prediction using machine learning approaches. The planned hardware includes an Arduino UNO, sensors, and power supply. The software is the Arduino IDE. Workshops on IoT and embedded systems are planned for support. The action plan and work for the semester are also outlined.
Smart Cultivation: An Arduino-based IoT Aeroponics System for Indoor FarmingIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed and implemented an Arduino-based Internet of Things (IoT) aeroponics system for indoor farming. The system uses sensors to monitor environmental conditions and actuators to control irrigation and lighting. It aims to precisely control growth factors to enable year-round production of high-quality crops. The system integrates advanced IoT technology and automation to optimize plant growth and resource usage. Experimental results showed the system achieved significant reductions in water and fertilizer usage compared to traditional farming methods, demonstrating improved sustainability and efficiency for indoor agriculture.
A Summer Internship Project Report On Renewable EnergyLisa Brewer
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Harish Negi to fulfill the requirements of an MBA program. It discusses implementing a 10 kW rooftop solar PV system at Sitaram Bhartiya Intercollege in Gangagarh, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India. The project was conducted under the supervision of Asst Prof Shikha Mittal Shrivastava at Smart Energy Solutions in Noida from June 1 to July 31, 2017. Harish Negi gained exposure to executing and commissioning solar PV projects through process planning, job scheduling, maintenance management, inventory control, forecasting and quality systems.
Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT sensors, machine learning, and cloud computing. Soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors collect field data and send it to a cloud-based server. A machine learning model analyzes the data to make irrigation recommendations. The system aims to optimize water usage and minimize human intervention. It allows for customized ML techniques to advance precision agriculture. This could lower costs for farmers and help ensure crop yields amid changing water availability.
AI bots in the agriculture field can harvest crops at a higher volume and faster pace than human laborers. By leveraging computer vision helps to monitor the weed and spray them. Thus, Artificial Intelligence is helping farmers find more efficient ways to protect their crops from weeds.
1. The document discusses the development of a machine learning-based system to provide precise crop yield recommendations to farmers in India.
2. Over 60% of Indians work in agriculture but farmers often grow the same crops without trying new varieties and apply fertilizers inconsistently, affecting yields and soil quality.
3. The proposed system aims to address these issues by recommending the optimal crop for a given plot of land based on soil composition and environmental factors using machine learning algorithms.
This document provides an overview of satellite remote sensing and GIS applications in agricultural meteorology. It discusses how the World Meteorological Organization's Commission for Agricultural Meteorology has promoted the use of remote sensing and GIS since the 1970s. It describes how GIS allows agricultural planners to integrate spatial data layers like soils, climate, and land use to model natural systems and support decision making. The document gives an example of how Italy uses GIS to create wildfire risk maps by combining satellite imagery with territorial data.
ACREAGE ESTIMATION OF SUGARCANE CROP IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH USING...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used Sentinel-1 microwave satellite data to estimate the acreage of sugarcane crops in Sitapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR data from April to September 2021 was analyzed using a random forest classifier to distinguish sugarcane from other crops with an overall accuracy of 87.12% and sugarcane classification accuracy of 86.60%. The study found that approximately 1.65 lakh hectares (165,041 hectares) of the total 5,73,619 hectares of land in Sitapur District was under sugarcane cultivation, representing 28.772% of the district's area. The results demonstrated that temporal microwave remote sensing data
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
The document discusses the use of artificial intelligence in agriculture. It notes that the global population is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, requiring a 70% increase in food production. AI can help address this challenge by improving yields, managing resources more efficiently, and automating farming activities. Specifically, the document outlines how AI is used for automated irrigation, remote crop monitoring using computer vision, harvesting of vine crops with multi-sensor data collection, decision support systems, driverless tractors, weed removal robots, and drone applications such as precision fertilizer planning and disease monitoring. The conclusion states that AI can optimize resource use and efficiency to help solve issues of scarcity and labor shortages in agriculture.
The document provides information on various research institutes and organizations in and around Coimbatore, India. It lists institutes such as the Sugarcane Breeding Institute near Agriculture University, Veerakeralam which conducts research in areas like biotechnology, plant breeding, and more. It also mentions the IFGTB Institute of Forest Genetic and Tree Breeding in Puram, and vacancies at the Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) in TNAU Botanical Garden. Deadlines and contact information are provided for opportunities at these and other research institutes including DRDO, CBNR, AIM Bioscience, Micro Lab, Sunglow Biotech, and more.
Remote Sensing (RS), UAV/drones, and Machine Learning (ML) as powerful techni...nitinrane33
Precision agriculture utilizes modern technology to optimize agricultural practices, resulting in increased productivity while reducing costs and environmental impact. The use of remote sensing (RS), drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed precision agriculture. These advanced technologies provide farmers with accurate, cost-effective, and timely tools to manage crops and resources effectively. This paper evaluates the use of these techniques in precision agriculture, including their benefits, and effective applications. Remote sensing involves using satellites, aircraft, or drones to collect data on crops and the environment, such as soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation indices. With high-resolution images and three-dimensional maps of crops, UAVs enable farmers to identify and address issues like pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies. Machine learning algorithms analyze large amounts of data to predict crop yields, optimize irrigation and fertilization, and identify areas of the field that need attention. Several case studies highlight the effectiveness of these techniques in different agricultural settings. However, the paper also acknowledges the challenges associated with adopting these technologies, such as cost, data management, and regulatory issues. While the initial investment in drones and sensors may be high, the long-term benefits in terms of increased yields, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability are substantial. Farmers need to be trained in the use of these technologies to make informed decisions, and effective data management and analysis are crucial. Additionally, regulatory frameworks are still evolving, and clear guidelines are required for data privacy, safety, and ethical use. Although challenges remain, the benefits of increased productivity, reduced costs, and environmental sustainability make these technologies an attractive investment for farmers worldwide.
Keynote for the 9th International Scientific Conference
RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2019: Research and Innovation for Bioeconomy, 26-28th September 2019 Vytautas Magnus University | Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania http://www.ruraldevelopment.lt
This talk provides an overview of the multiple, sometimes contrasting perspectives on agtech players and their role for future agriculture and challenges for education and training (in France).
Similar to Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- introduction -- (20)
This slide is a revised version of my slide entitled "Introduction to Quantum Computer" shared about 5 months ago. It starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computing and Engineering, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum tech practically useful.
The document discusses integrating arts into STEM education to create a STEAM approach. It advocates for hands-on learning by exploring things in the environment and linking different subjects together. Examples are provided of using a smartphone microscope to observe various specimens up close and how this can spark students' curiosity by answering questions about things like why the sky is blue. The importance of storytelling and social interaction for students is also highlighted.
This slide starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computer, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum computer practically useful.
This document describes a non-contact mass human temperature screening system called ThermScreen. ThermScreen uses a thermal imaging camera to detect human faces in a crowd and simultaneously measure the surface temperature of multiple people standing in a line. Environmental factors are compensated for to improve accuracy. Field tests at a hospital showed the system can measure temperatures at over 30 frames per second with high sensitivity and specificity when using the proper reference temperature. ThermScreen was deployed successfully at an airport and hospital during disease outbreaks.
This document describes a non-invasive lie detection system called TAD2 that analyzes thermal images of the face. TAD2 was developed as an alternative to traditional polygraph tests, which require physical sensors be attached to the body. TAD2 uses a thermal camera to track blood flow changes in the periorbital area and respiration patterns by analyzing the nostril area. Field tests on 14 subjects using three standardized questioning techniques showed an 84% accurate classification rate at detecting deception without physical contact. The developers aim to continue improving TAD2 through additional testing and developing more advanced baseline and scoring methods.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Remote sensing and optical imaging/sensing -- introduction --
1. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 1
Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging/Sensing
-- Introduction --
Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
NSTDA Research Fellow
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC)
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
E-mail: sarun.sumriddetchkajorn@nectec.or.th
2. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 2
Outlines
• Brief Introduction about NSTDA, NECTEC
• (Far) Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging -- Satellites
• (Not Far) Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging -- Drones
• (Near you) Local Sensors and Systems
• Conclusion
4. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 4
- Thailand Science Park (47 Acres)
- 30 km from downtown Bangkok
- 440 research staff and 227 support staff
NECTEC
5. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 5
Demand
6. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 6
Speech and Text
Understanding
AI & Computing
Advanced Electronic Sensing
Intelligent Systems & Networks
Language and Semantic
Technology
Image Processing and
Understanding
Data-Driven Simulation
and Systems
Knowledge Elicitation and
Archiving
Neural Signal Processing
Human Behavior
Analytics
Opto-Electrochemical
Sensing
Photonics Technology
Terahertz Technology
Design, Simulation,
Characterization, and
Circuit Design
Silicon Technology
Industrial Fabrication
Machines and Power
Conversions
Intelligent SCADA
Embedded System
Technology
Smart Machine and Mixed
Reality
Machine Vision
AI
Data Science and Analytics
Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices
Thai Microelectronics Center
Intelligent Systems
Strategic Analytics
Networks with Machine
Learning and AI
Data Communication and Networks
Internet Innovation
Location and Automatic
Identification Systems
Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Information Security
RF Electronics
NSTDA-Supercomputer Center
Center for Cyber-Physical Systems
National S&T InfrastructureSolar Technology
Engineering
Surface and Microfluidic
Device Innovation
National Computing and
Cyber-Physical Infrastructure
8. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 8
Optics and Photonics in Food Science
We want to do Food Science
in a more Precise Way
9. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 9
Precision Agriculture is about whole farm management with the
goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_agriculture
Precision agriculture aims to optimize field-level management with regard to:
Crop Science: by matching farming practices more closely to crop needs (e.g. fertilizer inputs);
Environmental Protection: by reducing environmental risks and footprint of farming (e.g. limiting
leaching of nitrogen);
Economics: by boosting competitiveness through more efficient practices (e.g. improved
management of fertilizer usage and other inputs).
- Collection of real-time data on weather, soil and air quality, crop maturity
and even equipment and labor costs and availability
- Predictive analytics for smarter decision making
http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/precision_agriculture.shtml
11. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 11
• Satellites
• Airplanes/Drones
• Local Sensors
Closer and Better Resolution
Customers
Farms
12. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 12
Photonics in Precision Agriculture
• It helps carry information (optical, chemical, physical, biological properties).
• Its module/system can process the information at a very fast speed via high-
speed large-data-packet communications or parallel processing.
• Real module/system involves other disciplinary such as Chemistry, Biology,
Electronics, Computer Sciences, Mechanics,…
Non Contact High
Sensitivity
High
Resolution
High
Specificity
High Dynamic
Range
Robustness
13. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 13
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:EM_Spectrum3-new.jpg
Reflection, Refraction, Absorption, Scattering
Interference, Diffraction, Polarization, Quantum
14. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 14
dedunn.edublogs.org
16. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 16
VHI: Vegetation Health Index
Laser Focus World, p. 51-57, Apr. 2014
Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI)
17. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 17
Panchromatic and Multispectral
4 Bands (nm): Blue (450-520), Green (520-600), Red (630-690),
IR (760-900)
Point Target: 16.5 km
Panchromatic and Multispectral
8 Bands (nm): Blue (400-450), Blue (450-510),
Green (510-580), Yellow (585-625), Red (630-
690), IR (705-745), (770-895), (895-1040)
Panchromatic and Multispectral
11 Bands (nm): Blue (430-450), Blue (450-515), Blue (500-680),
Green (530-590), Red (640-670), IR (850-880), IR (1570-1650), IR
(1360-1380), IR (2110-2290), IR (10600-11190), IR (11150-12510)
Panchromatic and Multispectral
7 Bands (nm): Blue (450-520), Green (520-600), Red (600-690), IR
(770-900), IR (1550-1750), IR (10400-12500), IR (20800-23500)
Point Target: 80 m
18. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 18
Blue (450-515)
Green (525-605)
Red (630-690)
IR (775-900)
IR (1550-1750)
IR (10400-12500)
IR (20900-23500)
Coastal, Type of Plant,
Greeness
Type of Plants
Chlorophyll
Absorption
Land & Water
Soil Moisture
Heat Surface,
Soil Moisture,
Plant Stress
Type of Rocks
Image
Processing
• Feature
Classification
• Feature
Extraction
• Mathematical
Models
• Geographic
Information
System
Mapping
19. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 19
Rice
Cassava
Corn
Sugarcane
Rice Cassava Corn Sugarcane
Water Usage
Agriculture Area Damaged from Flood
Total Planting Area
Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI)
GISTDA: Agonline for monitoring crops
20. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 20
Plant Disease Status
GISTDA: Cmet for monitoring crop status
21. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 21
Temperature
Relative Humidity Rain Gauge
GISTDA: Cmet for monitoring crop status
22. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 22
01-15 Jan.19
16-30 Sep.18
GISTDA: Rice for monitoring the growth of rice
27. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 27
Wavelength Selection & Math Models are Very Important
for Specific Fields of Interest
28. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 28
• Monitoring
• Mapping
• Evaluating
• Controlling
https://www.itu.int/pub/D-STR-E_AGRICULT.02-2018
29. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 29
https://www.itu.int/pub/D-STR-E_AGRICULT.02-2018
30. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 30
https://www.itu.int/pub/D-STR-E_AGRICULT.02-2018
31. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 31
Many Startups in Drone Business for Agriculture
https://www.disruptordaily.com/10-companies-using-drones-disrupt-agriculture-industry/
32. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 32
Examples of Local
Sensors and Systems
34. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 34
agriphotonics.com
philips.com/horti
Horticulture
35. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 35
Light Source
Light Guide
Teat
Monochromator
vision-systems.com
Mastitis Analysis
36. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 36
Thermal Imaging Applications
InfraMation, 2007, ITC121A
(Heat Stress Management)
Poultry
Viticulture
J Expt. Botany 58, 815–825, 2007.
39. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 39
Two-Dimensional Fruit Ripeness Analyzer
Features
• 2-D ripeness estimation
• Ripeness levels: immature to overripe
Y. Intaravanne, S. Sumriddetchkajorn, and J. Nukeaw, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 168, pp. 390-394, 2012.
Fluorescent Imaging + Spectral Imaging + Image Processing
VIS UV
Proposed
Concept
ImmatureImmature
RipeOverripe RipeOverripe
RipeOverripe RipeOverripe
RipeOverripe
Immature
RipeOverripe
Immature
RipeOverripe
Immature
40. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 40
Need to measure shape and size easily
Conservation of Unique Thai Buffalo
Measuring Tape?
41. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 41
Optical Pattern from Kinect
3D Fringe Pattern
42. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 42
3D Scanners: Big Object (e.g., Buffalo)
43. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 43
Leads to simple evaluation of the
body weight and body surface area
44. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 44
Features & Specifications
•2 HD video recorder
•Scan volume: 1x1x1 m
•Maximum weight of root: 10 kg
•Scanning time: 4 sec
•Evaluation: structure of root system
architecture, root length, root width
Alliance & Customers
•BIOTEC / NSTDA
•Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
•Rayong Field Crops Research Center
Plant Phenotyping: Casava Root Traits
45. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 45
3D Scanner and Plant Phenomics
• Volumetric analysis: 110 microns resolution and 50 microns
accuracy
• Analysis: Leaft area, leaf color levels, size of nods, branch
length, height
46. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 46
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Chips
N. Nuntawong, M. Horprathum, P. Eiamchai, K. Wong-ek, V. Patthanasettakul, P. Chindaudom, Vacc., Vol. 84, pp. 1415-
1418, 2010.
Nanotechnology + Optical Spectroscopy
• Narcotic Drug Detection
• Explosive Material Analysis
48. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 48
THz Spectroscopy for Water Content Analysis in Leave
50. Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 50
Conclusion
• Optical sensors and systems for agriculture can be
operated from… far away
not too far away
in the farm
Satellites
Airplanes/Drones
Local sensors and systems
• It is not only about Optics and Photonics but
Multidisciplinary (Biology, Chemistry, Electronics
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering,…)
• We should choose the right spectra with appropriate
sensing & systems to answer the needs in each
application