It is imperative to identify and analyze the educational policies, embarked in Soviet Central Asia. This paper investigates the seven decades Communist rule in Muslim oriented Central Asia with a special focus to Islamic education policies and approaches. The Communist party serves as a seedbed of power not only in economics and politics but also in the realm of ideology and education. The interrogation and persecution on Religious education institutions, its carriers and scholars, Ulamas and believers clearly depicts the atheistic religious policy of soviets. Atheistic propaganda was intensified in the early 1920’s and 1930’s arbitrary arrests and execution took place to eliminate Muslim leaders who refused to cooperate
with the authorities. All Islamic schools (Maktabas and Madrassas) were closed and religious literature was confiscated. Inspite the approach of “drying them out” Islamic education survived in hujra (monastic cell) system of education.
This document provides a list of books related to the topic of revival and reform in Islam. It includes the titles of 27 books, along with their authors and ISBN numbers. Some of the major topics covered in the books include Islamic fundamentalism, Sufism, theology, philosophy, mysticism and the relationships between Islam and other faiths such as Christianity. The list suggests that Fazlur Rahman consulted a wide range of sources in his study and analysis of revival and reform movements in the Islamic tradition.
This document provides biographical and intellectual background on Fazlur Rahman, a prominent 20th century Islamic scholar. It discusses his education in both Islamic tradition and Western universities. As a modernist, Rahman proposed a "double movement" methodology to critically and contextually interpret Islamic sources. He faced opposition from traditionalists in Pakistan for his controversial views. Rahman spent much of his career at the University of Chicago developing renewed understandings of Islamic theology, law, and philosophy.
1) Ibn Khaldun was a prominent Muslim philosopher, historian and social scientist from Tunisia. He is considered one of the forerunners of modern sociology, historiography and economics.
2) Ibn Khaldun wrote an important work called Muqaddimah, which established the foundations of several social sciences like sociology, anthropology, historiography and economics.
3) In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiyyah (social cohesion), the dynamics of group solidarity, and the cycles of growth and decline of civilizations.
This document provides information about ancient education systems across several civilizations, including China, India, Greece, Rome, and Arabia. It discusses educational goals, students, instructional methods, curriculum, and influences on education for each civilization. It also includes review questions at the end to test comprehension.
The document summarizes the history of education in China. It describes how the education system evolved from nobles establishing schools for their offspring, to the civil service examination system being introduced in the Tang dynasty to recruit officials based on merit rather than birth. It then outlines the key periods of education throughout Chinese dynasties, including the influence of Confucianism, the civil service examination system, and the Five Classics and Four Books that formed the basis of study. The examination system drove a focus on rote learning and conformity but also allowed social mobility based on merit. The education system influenced Chinese society and government until the early 20th century.
This document summarizes the development of Islamic reformism in Thailand. It discusses how Islam originally syncretized with local beliefs when it arrived in Southeast Asia. It then describes how Islamic reformist ideas originating in the Middle East in the 18th-19th centuries were introduced to Thailand in the early 20th century by an Indonesian political refugee named Ahmad Wahab. Wahab established the first Islamic reform group in Thailand and began propagating reformist ideology. One of his students, Direk Kulsiriswasd, became a central figure in the reform movement and worked to translate Islamic texts to spread awareness of true Islamic principles to Thai Muslims. The reform movement aimed to purify Islam of non-Islamic folk beliefs and
The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BCE claiming they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Zhou period was divided into the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. The Eastern Zhou was a time of philosophical growth and included the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. This era saw the development of Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism and other schools. The Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE was the first to unify China under a centralized legalist system, though it collapsed shortly after. This period established lasting influences on Chinese culture, government and society.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th to 5th century BC and has around 5-6 million followers today. Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC in Zou, Lu state. He was born into the class between the aristocracy and common people. The main ideas of Confucianism are developing goodness through excellent character and ritual norms, along with loyalty, generosity, respect for elders, and believing Heaven is a positive personal force. In ancient China, Confucius' ideas were used as a philosophy and guide for morality and good government.
This document provides a list of books related to the topic of revival and reform in Islam. It includes the titles of 27 books, along with their authors and ISBN numbers. Some of the major topics covered in the books include Islamic fundamentalism, Sufism, theology, philosophy, mysticism and the relationships between Islam and other faiths such as Christianity. The list suggests that Fazlur Rahman consulted a wide range of sources in his study and analysis of revival and reform movements in the Islamic tradition.
This document provides biographical and intellectual background on Fazlur Rahman, a prominent 20th century Islamic scholar. It discusses his education in both Islamic tradition and Western universities. As a modernist, Rahman proposed a "double movement" methodology to critically and contextually interpret Islamic sources. He faced opposition from traditionalists in Pakistan for his controversial views. Rahman spent much of his career at the University of Chicago developing renewed understandings of Islamic theology, law, and philosophy.
1) Ibn Khaldun was a prominent Muslim philosopher, historian and social scientist from Tunisia. He is considered one of the forerunners of modern sociology, historiography and economics.
2) Ibn Khaldun wrote an important work called Muqaddimah, which established the foundations of several social sciences like sociology, anthropology, historiography and economics.
3) In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiyyah (social cohesion), the dynamics of group solidarity, and the cycles of growth and decline of civilizations.
This document provides information about ancient education systems across several civilizations, including China, India, Greece, Rome, and Arabia. It discusses educational goals, students, instructional methods, curriculum, and influences on education for each civilization. It also includes review questions at the end to test comprehension.
The document summarizes the history of education in China. It describes how the education system evolved from nobles establishing schools for their offspring, to the civil service examination system being introduced in the Tang dynasty to recruit officials based on merit rather than birth. It then outlines the key periods of education throughout Chinese dynasties, including the influence of Confucianism, the civil service examination system, and the Five Classics and Four Books that formed the basis of study. The examination system drove a focus on rote learning and conformity but also allowed social mobility based on merit. The education system influenced Chinese society and government until the early 20th century.
This document summarizes the development of Islamic reformism in Thailand. It discusses how Islam originally syncretized with local beliefs when it arrived in Southeast Asia. It then describes how Islamic reformist ideas originating in the Middle East in the 18th-19th centuries were introduced to Thailand in the early 20th century by an Indonesian political refugee named Ahmad Wahab. Wahab established the first Islamic reform group in Thailand and began propagating reformist ideology. One of his students, Direk Kulsiriswasd, became a central figure in the reform movement and worked to translate Islamic texts to spread awareness of true Islamic principles to Thai Muslims. The reform movement aimed to purify Islam of non-Islamic folk beliefs and
The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BCE claiming they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Zhou period was divided into the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. The Eastern Zhou was a time of philosophical growth and included the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. This era saw the development of Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism and other schools. The Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE was the first to unify China under a centralized legalist system, though it collapsed shortly after. This period established lasting influences on Chinese culture, government and society.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th to 5th century BC and has around 5-6 million followers today. Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC in Zou, Lu state. He was born into the class between the aristocracy and common people. The main ideas of Confucianism are developing goodness through excellent character and ritual norms, along with loyalty, generosity, respect for elders, and believing Heaven is a positive personal force. In ancient China, Confucius' ideas were used as a philosophy and guide for morality and good government.
Confucianism was founded in 551-479 BCE in Lou, China by Kong Qiu, also known as Confucius. Confucius was a teacher, politician, and philosopher who sought to restore social and political harmony through cultivating virtue and righteousness. His philosophy emphasized proper social relationships, justice, and sincerity. Confucianism went on to heavily influence Chinese social and political thought for over two millennia by promoting concepts like filial piety, loyalty, and social hierarchy. It remains an important philosophical influence in East Asia today.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th-5th century BC in China and has approximately 5-6 million followers today. It was based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese teacher, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC. The main ideas of Confucianism center around concepts like ren (goodness), li (ritual norms), loyalty, generosity, and respect for elders. Confucius taught that Heaven (Tian) was a positive force and China used Confucian philosophy as a guide for morality and good government.
Muslim Women: Active Agents in Demonstrating the Significance of Islamicjerus...islamicjerusalem
This article examines the role of Muslim women in demonstrating the significance of Islamic Jerusalem throughout history. It begins by noting that early historical sources about Islamic Jerusalem were written by men and did not mention the roles of women. The article then explores how Muslim women participated in several key ways: by transmitting hadith narrated by the Prophet about Jerusalem, taking part in the physical conquest of Jerusalem, and contributing positively to society within Jerusalem's borders after the conquest. The article aims to uncover women's agency and role in Islamic Jerusalem's history by analyzing sources through a gendered lens.
This document summarizes the evolution of Islamic studies as a discipline in both Muslim-majority and Western contexts. It discusses how Islamic studies was traditionally focused on transmitted religious texts and principles in Muslim lands, while taking a more external perspective in the West. Over time, both approaches have evolved, with Western universities incorporating more social science perspectives and Muslim universities introducing more modern subjects, though imbalances remain. The document also traces the historical development of Islamic education institutions from early informal settings to formalized schools and universities under successive Islamic empires.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It emphasizes morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. While it prescribes rituals and respects nature and ancestors, Confucianism is considered a philosophy rather than a religion. It focuses on humanistic ideals like virtue, morality, and filial piety rather than worship of gods. Confucianism had a significant influence on culture, politics, and thought in East Asia over the past 2,500 years.
Sub 4ef culture, geography, and government of chinakrich28
Classical China was geographically isolated along the Huang He River valley. Migratory invaders from the north prompted Qin Shi Huangdi to build the Great Wall for defense. China was ruled by a succession of dynasties, with rulers holding the Mandate of Heaven to rule as long as their rule was just. The Silk Road connected China to other cultures as far as Rome, and China contributed innovations like paper, porcelain, silk, and the civil service examination system.
This document provides an overview of West, Inner, and South Asia from ancient times to 1000 CE. It discusses the major empires that emerged, including the Achaemenid Empire in Iran, the Seleucid Empire, the Parthian Empire, the Sasanid Empire in Iran, and the Maurya Empire in India. For each empire, it summarizes the key factors in their rise, social and economic institutions, and religious developments. It also describes other groups that influenced the region like the Indo-Greeks, Scythians, and Kushans. The overall purpose is to outline the political and cultural history of Asia during this time period.
Confucianism was the basis of education in China and focused on moral betterment through language, literature, history, fine arts, philosophy, and ethics. It influenced the bureaucracy through establishing the examination system for scholar-officials. Confucianism also influenced the family structure by emphasizing proper relationships and filial piety, with the family serving as a model for public life and defining gender roles.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BC and was founded by Confucius. It influenced Chinese society by promoting ethics, social responsibility, and ancestor worship. During the Song dynasty, Neo-Confucianism emerged, attempting to merge Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas. The Song military was weak because Confucianism did not value the military, while the Mongol empire led by Kublai Khan was very powerful militarily. Under Mongol rule and after, Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential.
Qingzhen Shiyi is an Islamic theology work in Chinese language authored by an eighteenth century Chinese Muslim scholar known as Jin Tianzhu. The main reason for writing this book was twofold: (2) removing suspicion from the then Chinese government officials’ minds that Muslms’ behavior was against the Chinese culture and practices, and (2) letting Chinese Muslims know the original
teachings of Islam concerning their daily lives. This work appears to be theological cum jurisprudence because the author has discussed Islamic practices from these two angles. His arguments are to some extent apologetic because to justify the efficacy of Islamic rites and rituals the author has brought the views of Confucius. He has also been logical to explain why certain Muslim practices were highly appreciable. This paper aims at introducing that Chinese Muslim scholar and his work Qingzhen Shiyi, focusing mainly on Tianzhu’s theological views on God,
reward and punishment etc. and legal views on lawful and unlawful, celebration of Eid festival, charity work, wearing skullcap, ritual bath etc.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese philosophy that emphasizes social harmony which is achieved through everyone fulfilling their roles and responsibilities. Confucius taught that individuals stand in five relationships to others as sovereign-subject, father-son, elder-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend. Central concepts in Confucianism include ren (humaneness), filial piety, ritual, and the ideal of the perfect gentleman who cultivates virtue and humaneness. Confucius advocated for meritocracy and taught students of all classes.
Ancient Chinese education focused on memorizing the teachings of Confucius. Boys were taught subjects like writing, calculating, music, archery and chariot driving from ages 6 to 30, while girls received domestic education at home. Education aimed to uphold cultural traditions and prepare students for the civil service exam. Early Hindu education originated from the ancient Indus Valley civilization and was influenced by Vedic scriptures and philosophy. Students were divided into castes and studied different subjects depending on their caste. Education aimed to fulfill religious, livelihood, pleasure and spiritual goals. Early Hebrew education was influenced by their monotheistic beliefs and biblical texts. While boys attended school, girls were taught at home. Education methods included oral lessons, memor
Ibn Khaldun was a famous Arab historian and philosopher born in Tunisia in 1332. He came from a family of Andalusian origin and received a classical Arabic education, studying Islamic philosophy, mathematics, and logic. Ibn Khaldun held many high-level political positions, including secretary to various Sultans in North Africa, but he often fell out of favor and ended up in exile or prison. Later in life he grew tired of politics and focused on his literary work, including writing his famous Muqaddimah in 1377, which provided an early framework for understanding universal history.
The document summarizes the major philosophies that emerged in classical China: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized social harmony through ethical relationships and personal virtue. Daoism, founded by Laozi, focused on natural order and non-action. Legalism, developed during the Warring States period, advocated for a powerful government maintained through law and punishment. These philosophies all sought to address the social and political instability in China at the time.
The document discusses different aspects of life during The Golden Age of Islam including economic, political, intellectual, and social spheres. Economically, Islamic principles guided the system which aimed to uplift deprived masses. Politically, modern Middle Eastern politics reconstructs historical paradigms from the postmodern era which included two Islamic models. Intellectually, it was a period of unmatched activity especially in literature from intensive faith studies. Socially, divisions emerged such as the Shunni-Shi’a split while female leaders also rose and boys and girls lived similarly in Abbasid Baghdad.
The Huangdi Mausoleum is located in Shaanxi Province and contains the tomb of the Yellow Emperor, an important figure in Chinese history. It has been an important site of worship and sacrifice for dynasties throughout Chinese history. The mausoleum contains ancient cypress trees said to be over 5,000 years old planted by the Yellow Emperor himself. It has undergone numerous renovations and is protected as a key cultural site and national scenic area in China.
This document provides a timeline of key events and developments in Buddhism from the 6th century BCE to the 20th century CE. It outlines the life of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha, and notes the first Buddhist councils that helped establish the Buddhist canon. It then traces the spread of Buddhism throughout Asia and its introduction to regions like Japan, Tibet, and Korea between the 1st-15th centuries CE. The timeline also highlights the proliferation of Buddhist schools and sects over the centuries as well as important figures like Nagarjuna, Tsongkhapa, and the origins of the Dalai Lama lineage. It concludes with Buddhism's modern spread throughout the world and establishment in the West from the 19
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher born in the 6th century BC whose teachings formed the foundation of Confucianism. Confucianism became the official state philosophy in China for over 2000 years. Some key Confucian concepts include filial piety, respect for family and ancestors, and emphasis on learning and morality in government. Confucianism influenced all aspects of Chinese society, from education and government to personal conduct and etiquette. While some early dynasties suppressed Confucianism, it was embraced by the Han Dynasty and helped establish an improved system of ruling based on morality and ethics.
This document provides an overview of Taoism, including its key concepts, origins, history, and current status. It discusses that Taoism was founded by Laozi in China in the 6th century BCE and focused on achieving harmony. It later evolved into a religion and spread from China. It was suppressed during the cultural revolution but still has about 20 million followers today, many in Taiwan. The document also outlines some key Taoist beliefs like the balance of opposites, following nature's flow, and nurturing one's vital energy.
Confucianism was founded in 551-479 BCE in Lou, China by Kong Qiu, also known as Confucius. Confucius was a teacher, politician, and philosopher who sought to restore social and political harmony through cultivating virtue and righteousness. His philosophy emphasized proper social relationships, justice, and sincerity. Confucianism went on to heavily influence Chinese social and political thought for over two millennia by promoting concepts like filial piety, loyalty, and social hierarchy. It remains an important philosophical influence in East Asia today.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th-5th century BC in China and has approximately 5-6 million followers today. It was based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese teacher, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC. The main ideas of Confucianism center around concepts like ren (goodness), li (ritual norms), loyalty, generosity, and respect for elders. Confucius taught that Heaven (Tian) was a positive force and China used Confucian philosophy as a guide for morality and good government.
Muslim Women: Active Agents in Demonstrating the Significance of Islamicjerus...islamicjerusalem
This article examines the role of Muslim women in demonstrating the significance of Islamic Jerusalem throughout history. It begins by noting that early historical sources about Islamic Jerusalem were written by men and did not mention the roles of women. The article then explores how Muslim women participated in several key ways: by transmitting hadith narrated by the Prophet about Jerusalem, taking part in the physical conquest of Jerusalem, and contributing positively to society within Jerusalem's borders after the conquest. The article aims to uncover women's agency and role in Islamic Jerusalem's history by analyzing sources through a gendered lens.
This document summarizes the evolution of Islamic studies as a discipline in both Muslim-majority and Western contexts. It discusses how Islamic studies was traditionally focused on transmitted religious texts and principles in Muslim lands, while taking a more external perspective in the West. Over time, both approaches have evolved, with Western universities incorporating more social science perspectives and Muslim universities introducing more modern subjects, though imbalances remain. The document also traces the historical development of Islamic education institutions from early informal settings to formalized schools and universities under successive Islamic empires.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It emphasizes morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. While it prescribes rituals and respects nature and ancestors, Confucianism is considered a philosophy rather than a religion. It focuses on humanistic ideals like virtue, morality, and filial piety rather than worship of gods. Confucianism had a significant influence on culture, politics, and thought in East Asia over the past 2,500 years.
Sub 4ef culture, geography, and government of chinakrich28
Classical China was geographically isolated along the Huang He River valley. Migratory invaders from the north prompted Qin Shi Huangdi to build the Great Wall for defense. China was ruled by a succession of dynasties, with rulers holding the Mandate of Heaven to rule as long as their rule was just. The Silk Road connected China to other cultures as far as Rome, and China contributed innovations like paper, porcelain, silk, and the civil service examination system.
This document provides an overview of West, Inner, and South Asia from ancient times to 1000 CE. It discusses the major empires that emerged, including the Achaemenid Empire in Iran, the Seleucid Empire, the Parthian Empire, the Sasanid Empire in Iran, and the Maurya Empire in India. For each empire, it summarizes the key factors in their rise, social and economic institutions, and religious developments. It also describes other groups that influenced the region like the Indo-Greeks, Scythians, and Kushans. The overall purpose is to outline the political and cultural history of Asia during this time period.
Confucianism was the basis of education in China and focused on moral betterment through language, literature, history, fine arts, philosophy, and ethics. It influenced the bureaucracy through establishing the examination system for scholar-officials. Confucianism also influenced the family structure by emphasizing proper relationships and filial piety, with the family serving as a model for public life and defining gender roles.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BC and was founded by Confucius. It influenced Chinese society by promoting ethics, social responsibility, and ancestor worship. During the Song dynasty, Neo-Confucianism emerged, attempting to merge Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas. The Song military was weak because Confucianism did not value the military, while the Mongol empire led by Kublai Khan was very powerful militarily. Under Mongol rule and after, Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential.
Qingzhen Shiyi is an Islamic theology work in Chinese language authored by an eighteenth century Chinese Muslim scholar known as Jin Tianzhu. The main reason for writing this book was twofold: (2) removing suspicion from the then Chinese government officials’ minds that Muslms’ behavior was against the Chinese culture and practices, and (2) letting Chinese Muslims know the original
teachings of Islam concerning their daily lives. This work appears to be theological cum jurisprudence because the author has discussed Islamic practices from these two angles. His arguments are to some extent apologetic because to justify the efficacy of Islamic rites and rituals the author has brought the views of Confucius. He has also been logical to explain why certain Muslim practices were highly appreciable. This paper aims at introducing that Chinese Muslim scholar and his work Qingzhen Shiyi, focusing mainly on Tianzhu’s theological views on God,
reward and punishment etc. and legal views on lawful and unlawful, celebration of Eid festival, charity work, wearing skullcap, ritual bath etc.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese philosophy that emphasizes social harmony which is achieved through everyone fulfilling their roles and responsibilities. Confucius taught that individuals stand in five relationships to others as sovereign-subject, father-son, elder-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend. Central concepts in Confucianism include ren (humaneness), filial piety, ritual, and the ideal of the perfect gentleman who cultivates virtue and humaneness. Confucius advocated for meritocracy and taught students of all classes.
Ancient Chinese education focused on memorizing the teachings of Confucius. Boys were taught subjects like writing, calculating, music, archery and chariot driving from ages 6 to 30, while girls received domestic education at home. Education aimed to uphold cultural traditions and prepare students for the civil service exam. Early Hindu education originated from the ancient Indus Valley civilization and was influenced by Vedic scriptures and philosophy. Students were divided into castes and studied different subjects depending on their caste. Education aimed to fulfill religious, livelihood, pleasure and spiritual goals. Early Hebrew education was influenced by their monotheistic beliefs and biblical texts. While boys attended school, girls were taught at home. Education methods included oral lessons, memor
Ibn Khaldun was a famous Arab historian and philosopher born in Tunisia in 1332. He came from a family of Andalusian origin and received a classical Arabic education, studying Islamic philosophy, mathematics, and logic. Ibn Khaldun held many high-level political positions, including secretary to various Sultans in North Africa, but he often fell out of favor and ended up in exile or prison. Later in life he grew tired of politics and focused on his literary work, including writing his famous Muqaddimah in 1377, which provided an early framework for understanding universal history.
The document summarizes the major philosophies that emerged in classical China: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized social harmony through ethical relationships and personal virtue. Daoism, founded by Laozi, focused on natural order and non-action. Legalism, developed during the Warring States period, advocated for a powerful government maintained through law and punishment. These philosophies all sought to address the social and political instability in China at the time.
The document discusses different aspects of life during The Golden Age of Islam including economic, political, intellectual, and social spheres. Economically, Islamic principles guided the system which aimed to uplift deprived masses. Politically, modern Middle Eastern politics reconstructs historical paradigms from the postmodern era which included two Islamic models. Intellectually, it was a period of unmatched activity especially in literature from intensive faith studies. Socially, divisions emerged such as the Shunni-Shi’a split while female leaders also rose and boys and girls lived similarly in Abbasid Baghdad.
The Huangdi Mausoleum is located in Shaanxi Province and contains the tomb of the Yellow Emperor, an important figure in Chinese history. It has been an important site of worship and sacrifice for dynasties throughout Chinese history. The mausoleum contains ancient cypress trees said to be over 5,000 years old planted by the Yellow Emperor himself. It has undergone numerous renovations and is protected as a key cultural site and national scenic area in China.
This document provides a timeline of key events and developments in Buddhism from the 6th century BCE to the 20th century CE. It outlines the life of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha, and notes the first Buddhist councils that helped establish the Buddhist canon. It then traces the spread of Buddhism throughout Asia and its introduction to regions like Japan, Tibet, and Korea between the 1st-15th centuries CE. The timeline also highlights the proliferation of Buddhist schools and sects over the centuries as well as important figures like Nagarjuna, Tsongkhapa, and the origins of the Dalai Lama lineage. It concludes with Buddhism's modern spread throughout the world and establishment in the West from the 19
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher born in the 6th century BC whose teachings formed the foundation of Confucianism. Confucianism became the official state philosophy in China for over 2000 years. Some key Confucian concepts include filial piety, respect for family and ancestors, and emphasis on learning and morality in government. Confucianism influenced all aspects of Chinese society, from education and government to personal conduct and etiquette. While some early dynasties suppressed Confucianism, it was embraced by the Han Dynasty and helped establish an improved system of ruling based on morality and ethics.
This document provides an overview of Taoism, including its key concepts, origins, history, and current status. It discusses that Taoism was founded by Laozi in China in the 6th century BCE and focused on achieving harmony. It later evolved into a religion and spread from China. It was suppressed during the cultural revolution but still has about 20 million followers today, many in Taiwan. The document also outlines some key Taoist beliefs like the balance of opposites, following nature's flow, and nurturing one's vital energy.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE STUDENTS AT PRIMARY LEVEL INRURAL AREA OFTEHSIL: FER...ijejournal
This paper investigates the main problems of the students at primary education level in rural area of
Tehsil: Ferozwala, District: Sheikhupura. “Education for all” is a global slogan of ‘TheGovernment of
Pakistan’ andis committed to achieve it. However in Pakistan one third population of the total is living in
the rural areas and among those very rare ration have knowledge about its importance. The present study
was conducted in rural area of Tehsile: Ferozwala, District: Sheikhupura-Pakistan. In this Tehsile, there
are 21 Union Councils, in which 06 urban and 15 rural. The total strength of the Primary Schools in the
area of rural is463 for the year of 2015and the total strength of the students are18957.Only 100 students
are interviewed, among those 50 are male &50 are female.The results founded that there are a lot of
reasons, who create hurdles to get education. In this regard mostly students are deprived from getting the
basic education.Finally, suggestions are given at the end of paper.
A UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION CASE STUDY:INTEL REAL-TIME MULTI-VIEW FAC...ijejournal
This document summarizes a study on the low enrollment of tribal girls in secondary schools in Odisha, India. It finds that while enrollment of tribal students has increased at primary and upper primary levels from 1995-2011, the dropout rate for tribal students completing class 8 and 12 remains high. Interviews with parents and teachers in Raibol village identify the main causes of low enrollment of tribal girls as lack of interest in education, need for girls' domestic and caretaking labor at home, perception that education is unnecessary for girls, and financial costs. The researcher concludes more efforts are needed to increase enrollment and reduce dropout of tribal girls in secondary schools.
The study investigated the predictors of collaborative behavior and on the job effectiveness among teachers. The population of the study involve teachers within Zaria metropolis. Hence, two hundred of them were purposively sampled for the purpose of the study. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. The questionnaire was structured in a five point Liker scale system. Any item that achieve mean score of 3 point and above was taken to be accepted, while those that did not achieve that was taken as
rejected. All the items on interaction, relationship and motivation were found to be accepted by the respondents as critical variables for facilitating teachers’ collaboration and on the job effectiveness. It was found that constant interaction among teachers enhances collaboration and effectiveness. The study also revealed that the more teachers relate with one another, the more close they are and also influence each
other’s effectiveness. The study further showed that teachers motivation, influences effectiveness. It was therefore recommended that teachers themselves should establish mechanisms that would help them interact and relate more efficiently with one another on constant bases.
Ubiquitous learning allows students to learn at any time and any place. This educational activity is possible to be performed by various types of students and to operate on various devices, networks and environments, where the system understands the study pattern and behaviour of the students. Adaptivity plays an important role in Ubiquitous learning, aiming at providing students with adaptive and
personalized learning material and information at the right place and the right time. Student's history logs
is automatically created and maintained by the student history database that maintains student's history of subject content requested. This offers information on student's hardware capabilities, students preferences,
knowledge level and student status. This information can be utilized to respond to new student's request with subject content created from previous similar request. A Ubiquitous learning student model aims to identify students needs, characteristics and situations. We use C-IOB (Context-Information, Observation
and Belief) model to process the context of the student, formulate the observation and use the observations
to generate beliefs. The belief generated by C-IOB model is based on adaptation decision and subject analysis from student history database, which are able to detect the real-world learning status of students.
Designed method has been illustrated for students with divergent knowledge levels, by considering complete course material of a subject, Communication Protocols offered at graduate level.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the psychological disposition of university students in Nigeria regarding functional education and national development. The study found:
1) There was a significant relationship between students' psychological disposition (perceptions and attitudes) and their views of functional education in Nigeria. Students had positive perceptions and attitudes toward functional education.
2) For Nigeria to develop, the educational system needs to be more practical and skills-focused to equip students to contribute to society and global trends in education.
3) Functional education empowers individuals and nations by providing skills for employment, self-reliance, and contributing to social and economic development. Developed countries achieved success through commitments to functional educational systems.
ENERGY HARVESTING METHOD IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijejournal
With the advent of modern micro mechanical system technology and wireless communication wireless
sensor networks are finding a lot of application in modern day life. The design of the sensor network
depends on the specific application. This paper gives a description of the components of the wireless
sensor nodes used. It also describes how the lifetime of a wireless sensor network can be increased by the
use of energy harvesting sensor nodes.
LEARNER-CENTERED TEACHING: THE STUDENTS’ LEVEL OF LEARNING SKILLS AND STRATEGIESijejournal
Students are challenged to develop their own learning skills and strategies for life-long learning. With this,
the study investigated and analyzed the level of learning skills and strategies of the students in relation to
the extent of implementation of learner-centered teaching in the classroom. This study conducted a survey
in a high school institution where 900 students from first year to fourth year levels were considered as
respondents. A survey tool was used to evaluate the students’ level on their learning skills, collaborative
learning, and study skills through learner-centered teaching. It was found out that students rated
themselves as Good in their learning skills and strategies. This leads to enriching more the learning skills
and strategies of the students and providing them more opportunities to be engaged in meaningful activities
from which they develop their own knowledge and skills applicable in their day-to-day lives
From the dawn of Iranian history, education and learning have been revered and preferred. In the 20th century the tradition of learning has been put forward by the enlightened rule of the Pahlavi’s father and son. Reza shah (1925-41) the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty believed that the expansion of modern
education was a pre-requisite for social and political progress. He wants to make education a corner stone in his nationalist program. He considered education a single most important factor in promoting both the well being of the individual and the progress of the country and is the cure for all that is wrong with the people and the country. During this period a large number of elementary and secondary schools were established in Tehran and other major cities. Education received attention from all social classes. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the role of Reza shah Pahlavi in the development of education based on the modern curricula.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE STUDENTS AT PRIMARY LEVEL INRURAL AREA OFTEHSIL: FER...ijejournal
This paper investigates the main problems of the students at primary education level in rural area of
Tehsil: Ferozwala, District: Sheikhupura. “Education for all” is a global slogan of ‘TheGovernment of
Pakistan’ andis committed to achieve it. However in Pakistan one third population of the total is living in
the rural areas and among those very rare ration have knowledge about its importance. The present study
was conducted in rural area of Tehsile: Ferozwala, District: Sheikhupura-Pakistan. In this Tehsile, there
are 21 Union Councils, in which 06 urban and 15 rural. The total strength of the Primary Schools in the
area of rural is463 for the year of 2015and the total strength of the students are18957.Only 100 students
are interviewed, among those 50 are male &50 are female.The results founded that there are a lot of
reasons, who create hurdles to get education. In this regard mostly students are deprived from getting the
basic education.Finally, suggestions are given at the end of paper.
E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES AND HUMAN LEARNING PROCESSijejournal
E-learning technologies and their impact on human learning are discussed. Interactive technologies have changed the learning process by allowing virtual classrooms and distance education. While teachers can guide learning, self-learning is also effective and promotes creativity. Technology implementation requires paired learning modules and assessments to ensure competence. Online learning has benefits like flexibility but also risks like cheating. E-learning technologies now meet many educational standards and will continue transforming education by engaging learners.
A UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION CASE STUDY:INTEL REAL-TIME MULTI-VIEW FAC...ijejournal
Since 2011, University of Michigan—Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute (JI) has established 122
corporate-sponsored Capstone Design Projects (CDPs) with world leading companies such as Covidien,
General Electric, Hewlett Packard, Intel, and Siemens. Of these corporations, Intel was the first sponsor,
having funded 21 projects and mentored 105 students over four consecutive years. This paper is a longitudinal case study following three Intel-sponsored multi-view real-time face detection CDP teams with 15 undergraduate students during 2013 and 2014. On the technical side, the system design of face detection is based on Intel High Definition (HD) 4000 graphics and OpenCL. With numerous techniques,including accelerated pipeline over CPU and GPU, image decomposition, two-dimensional (2D) task
allocation, and a combination of Viola-Jones algorithm and continuously adaptive mean-shift (Camshift)
algorithm, a speed of 32 fps was attained for real-time multi-view face detection. In addition, a frontal view
detection accuracy of 81% was achieved in Phase I and a multi-view detection accuracy of 95% in Phase
III. Furthermore, an innovative application called face-detection game controller (FDGC) was developed.
On the other side, this research also addresses benefitsof stakeholders. After graduation, a third(5) of these
students worked in multinational corporations (MNCs) and two thirds (10) of these students entered top
American graduate schools. At the time of this writing, five of them have finished their master’s degrees and are currently working for famous companies, such as Amazon, Facebook, and Google.
CULTIVATING STUDENTS'INNOVATIVE PRACTICE ABILITY IN HARDWARE EXPERIMENTijejournal
How to cultivate students' innovative practical ability effectively is the subject of Computer Science in Colleges and Universities, especially for the first-year or second-year undergraduate students. This paper introduces the experimental teaching reform trial of the Digital Logic Circuit courses, and sums up the experience of how to stimulate students' awareness of innovation in the hardware experiment teaching and how to improve the students' practical ability. This paper proposes that we should start the student
independent innovation experiment as soon as possible at the university stage. We design the independent innovation experiment in Digital Logic Circuit of the hardware experiment, that experiment is an openminded experiment. After years of experiments carried out, the students deepened understanding of the knowledge of theory course, improve the interest in the design of hardware, understand the basic processes of the design of electronic products, improve the ability of practical, and establish the consciousness of
innovation and practice. Our trial has proved that it is very meaningful and feasible to enhance the ability of innovation practice in the low grade students of computer major.
‘A PERSISTENT SOURCE OF DISQUIET’28: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CULTURAL CAPITAL...ijejournal
This paper discusses the findings of a cultural content analysis conducted on the reading component of
twenty IELTS exams. A total of sixty reading passages were examined for cultural capital. The study found
that, on average, one reading test contained fourteen cultural references in terms of a variety of cultural
elements including cultural objects and historical settings. Geographically speaking, the readings referred
to 139 places or regions around the world with only five references pertaining to the Middle East and none
to the United Arab Emirates where this study was conducted.
“The Comments Were Clear But You Don’t Understand”: Supporting Written Feedba...ijejournal
This paper reports part of a dissertation research for the award of an MA degree at a UK University. The
dissertation research investigated how Nigerian students adapted to novel pedagogic practices in a UK
University. One of such novel pedagogic practices for some of the students was the receiving of feedback
comments on coursework drafts and on summative assessments. Several studies have found that students
may not always understand the feedback comments they receive, thereby undermining its learning and
achievement potential (Chanock, 2000; Weaver, 2006; Smith & Gorard, 2005; Nicol, 2010). Reasons for
this include comments that are too vague, general, ambiguous, abstract or in unfamiliar disciplinary
discourse (Nicol, 2010). In this paper, it is argued that for feedback comments to adequately support
learning and achievement, it should be followed up by dialogue that is proactive and effective, initiated by
any of the concerned parties in an environment of trust.
Background: As a result of enormous progress in the information technology and communications, several
organizations adopt business intelligence (BI) applications in order to cope with the development in
business mechanisms, staying at the marketplace, competition, customer possession and retention.
The rapid growing capabilities of both generating and gathering data has created an imperative
necessity for new techniques and tools can intelligently and automatically transform the processed data in
to a valuable information and knowledge. Knowledge management is a cornerstone in selecting accurate
information at the appropriate time from many relevant resources.
Objective: The major Objective of this research is to "examine the impact of business intelligence on
employee's knowledge sharing at the Jordanian telecommunications company (JTC)".
Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature serves as the basis for measuring the impact of
business intelligence using knowledge sharing scale. The study sample consisted of administrators,
technical staff, and senior managers.75 questionnaires were distributed in the site of JTC. (70)
Questionnaires were collected. (63) Found statistically usable for this study representing a response rate
of (84 %).
Findings: Most important findings for this study demonstrate that business intelligence tools respectively
(OLAP, Data Warehousing, and Data Mining)are highly effect on employee knowledge sharing.
Originality/ Value: Business Intelligence play a significant role in obtaining the underlying knowledge in
the organization, through optimum utilization of data sources the internal and external alike. Several
researches addressed the importance of integrating business intelligence with knowledge management,
little of these researches addressing the impact of business intelligence on knowledge sharing. This study
has tried to address this need.
XVI Century Representatives Of Sufism In Central Asia And Analysis Of SourcesSubmissionResearchpa
This article reveals the mythology of Sufi sects in Central Asia in the XVI century, the content and essence of mysticism, as well as its role in the socio-political life of society and the state. The article also analyzes the work of “Lamahot”, one of the rare sources reflecting the life and activity of famous Central Asian representatives of the yassavian sect, as well as its importance in studying the history of mysticism. by Jalilov Mirsaid Bektosh ugli 2020. XVI Century Representatives Of Sufism In Central Asia And Analysis Of Sources. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 2 (Mar. 2020), 54-58. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i2.270. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/270/263 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/270
The document discusses how Islam is often excluded from courses on Asian religions despite its significant historical presence and influence across Asia. It notes that after an initial period of expansion, the Islamic empires of the Safavids, Ottomans, and Mughals rose to prominence in Asia between the 12th-16th centuries. During this time, Islam became firmly established across Southeast Asia as well. However, Islam is regularly left out of surveys of Asian religions and incorrectly grouped with Judaism and Christianity as a "religion of the West". The author argues that any comprehensive understanding of Asian civilizations must include Islam given its central role throughout the region for over a millennium. Excluding Islam presents an inaccurate view of Asian history
AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ISLAM IN INDIA.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of Sunni orthodoxy and theological studies in medieval India. It discusses the dominance of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence among Muslims in the Indian subcontinent since the 11th century. It notes some of the major Hanafi legal texts produced in India. It also briefly outlines the relatively minor role of theological studies in India compared to other parts of the Islamic world, noting a few early theologians from regions like Sind and Lahore. Overall the document surveys the establishment and continued influence of Sunni Hanafi orthodoxy in medieval India.
A Social History of Education in the Muslim World.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview to the book "A Social History of Education in the Muslim World". It discusses the aim of mapping the evolution of Islamic education chronologically from the time of Prophet Muhammad to the Ottoman period, with a focus on social analysis. It explains that Islamic education played a vital role in forming Islamic civilization. The document also discusses definitions of education from an Islamic perspective, noting three key terms - tarbiyah, ta'lim, and ta'dib - derived from the Quran and hadith. Hadith emphasize the importance of knowledge, education, and good character. The introduction sets up an analysis of how Islamic education evolved over time in response to social and historical changes.
A New Look at the Activities of Jadid Schools in Turkestanijtsrd
This article covers the changes and innovations in the education system in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century based on sources. The attitude of the Russian government to the new method schools was analyzed on the basis of archival documents. It also reveals the processes of transformation in the education system, the goals and ideas of the Jadid enlighteners, and the attitude of local priests and ancient schoolchildren towards them. The new method schools in the region show their teaching system, their differences from the old schools. Muhiddinov Sunnatullo Inoyatovich "A New Look at the Activities of Jadid Schools in Turkestan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42450.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/other/42450/a-new-look-at-the-activities-of-jadid-schools-in-turkestan/muhiddinov-sunnatullo-inoyatovich
Dr. Abror N. Gadaev gave a presentation about Uzbekistan to students in Florida. Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, located between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. It has a population of 26 million and was formerly part of the Soviet Union, gaining independence in 1991. The presentation provided details on Uzbekistan's geography, climate, cities such as Samarkand, and history from early civilization through Mongol rule and the present day.
Dr. Abror N. Gadaev gave a presentation about Uzbekistan to students in Florida. Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, located between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. It has a population of 26 million and was formerly part of the Soviet Union, gaining independence in 1991. The presentation provided details on Uzbekistan's geography, climate, cities such as Samarkand, and history from early civilization through Mongol rule and the present day.
Abstracts of the workshop, Interrogating Change: Central Asia between Timeles...Encyclopaedia Iranica
This workshop aims to reimagine Central Asia as an interconnected region by bringing together scholars from different disciplines to interrogate portrayals of the region as either timeless or vulnerable to external change. The workshop will feature three panels on topics related to Central Asia: the first on Persian literary influences; the second on environmental history and pastoral nomadism; and the third on academic and bureaucratic approaches to studying Islam in the region. Presenters will explore how indigenous concepts and practices in Central Asia have adapted to and shaped social and cultural life over time.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speed up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world. The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim globalization in the past.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
The Pakistani school curriculum and textbooks contain significant distortions and omissions of history that promote a narrow, one-dimensional view of the world. Key details about Pakistan's multicultural past are ignored, including the Indus Valley civilization and later empires. Events like the 1965 and 1971 wars with India are misrepresented. Non-Muslim minorities and cultural influences are downplayed. The result is students acquire an inaccurate understanding of Pakistan's history and cultural heritage.
Chinese culture varies greatly by geography and ethnicity but includes some common elements. With over 1 billion people across 56 ethnic groups, China has many regional customs. The largest ethnic group is the Han Chinese. Some key aspects of Chinese culture discussed in the document include religion, language, food, arts, customs and celebrations, literature, and values, with influences from Confucianism and Taoism. Malaysian culture draws from its diverse population of Malays, Chinese, Indians, and other groups, featuring various festivals, music, arts, cuisine, religious beliefs, architecture, literature, clothing traditions, and more. African culture is also very diverse but shares similarities, expressed through varied arts and crafts, folklore, religions, and clothing styles
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
This document provides a summary of the history of the Batinids and their impact on the Seljuk state. It discusses how the Batinids originated from the Ismaili sect and were led by Hasan Sabbah, who established a base at the Alamut fortress in Iran. From there, the Batinids under Sabbah's leadership began targeting Seljuk leaders through assassination, aiming to destabilize the Seljuk Empire and spread their influence. The document examines the origins and rise of the Batinids in the context of religious and political conflicts between Sunni and Shia powers in the region during this time period.
Human civilization has progressed through contributions from dominant cultures throughout history, including in areas like knowledge, philosophy, astronomy, physics, religion, and mathematics. Key Islamic scholars like Al-Kindi, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn al-Haytham made significant advances in these fields. Islam has greatly contributed to human culture, especially in religious teachings and knowledge. Figures like Al-Khawarizmi, Ibn Sina, and Abu Bakar al-Kharkhi advanced fields like algebra, medicine, astronomy, and optics.
This document provides a biography and overview of the political views of the 13th century Persian scholar Nasir al-Din Tusi. It discusses his early education under his father and other teachers, his extensive travels to study science, and his work as an advisor for rulers in the Mongol Empire. The document examines Tusi's views on public administration, comparing them to those of the philosopher Al-Farabi. It summarizes that Tusi advocated for reforms to strengthen the state, develop the economy, and ensure the well-being of citizens. He linked private property to income and argued the state should support private property owners.
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docxjmindy
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate. During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the European renaissance movement which started in the 14th century got the impetus from the culture of learning, doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873-1938) on science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this world a better place for them and others as well.
Similar to Religious education in uzbekistan under soviet (20)
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
1. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
DOI : 10.5121/ije.2015.3304 33
Religious Education in Uzbekistan under Soviet
Imperialism.
A Secular Based Approach
Riyaz Ahmad Sheikh *
Research Scholar, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
India
Abstract
It is imperative to identify and analyze the educational policies, embarked in Soviet Central Asia. This
paper investigates the seven decades Communist rule in Muslim oriented Central Asia with a special
focus to Islamic education policies and approaches. The Communist party serves as a seedbed of power
not only in economics and politics but also in the realm of ideology and education. The interrogation and
persecution on Religious education institutions, its carriers and scholars, Ulamas and believers clearly
depicts the atheistic religious policy of soviets. Atheistic propaganda was intensified in the early 1920’s
and 1930’s arbitrary arrests and execution took place to eliminate Muslim leaders who refused to co-
operate with the authorities. All Islamic schools (Maktabas and Madrassas) were closed and religious
literature was confiscated. Inspite the approach of “drying them out” Islamic education survived in hujra
(monastic cell) system of education.
Key Words; Soviet, Religion, Secular, Education, Hujra, Maktabas and Madrassas.
Introduction
Transoxiana, known in the Arabic and Persian sources as Mawara- al- Nahr,1
is the ancient name
used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, South
Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan. The area had been known to the Greeks as Transoxiana
(land beyond the river Oxus) and to the Iranians as Turan, (the land of the Tur) a term used in the
Persian national epic Shah-nama. Geographically it is the area between the Anu Darya and Syr
Darya. Central Asia2
in the modern geographical designation covering an area of considerable
political, ethnic and linguistic diversity, marked by a distinctive cultural synthesis rooted in the
meeting of the civilization of inner Asia, with that of Middle Asia and the Islamic World.3
From the times of immemorial, central Asia had close ties with different ethnic groups. The
Sakes, the Parathares, the Huns, the Arabs, the Turks, and the Mongols had laid tremendous
1
For more details see Erkin Alptekin, “Relations between Eastern and Western Turkistan.”Radio
Liberty Research Bulletin, 51, December 21, 1988.
2
The term Central Asia is a Soviet invention and includes only the four former Soviet Asian
Republics. Arab definition of the area is the land on the other side of the River (Mawara- al-
Nahr).
3
Elizabeth. E. Bacon. “Central Asia under Russian Rule; A Study in Cultural Change’’.
Cornell University Press, 1996. P.5
2. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
34
impact on the world history in general and Central Asian history, cultural, Language, Education
etc in particular.
The call of Islam reached central Asia during the mid of 7th
century, through three distinctive
ways, via the Arab armies (led by Qutayba Ibn Muslim), Scholaristic way and traders’ way. The
Islamization of the region was accomplished quite rapidly. Within some 50 years, Transoxiana
had been incorporated politically, culturally and economically incorporated into the Islamic
Caliphate. The roots of Islamic faith were strengthened during the Karakhanid and Seljuk
empires. Islam developed deeper historical roots in the non-nomadic Tajik and Uzbek
populations than among the nomadic Kyrgyz, Turkmen, and Kazakh tribes.4
Islam laid its
dramatic influence on every aspect of human life. Islam gave fillip to the knowledge and widened
its scope and disseminated the knowledge to the outer world. Education, science and technology
got a new orientation in the region. During the Muslim era research in the field of Astronomy,
Mathematics, medicine, Pharmacology and Geography reached its zenith. Great legendaries like
Abu Musa al Khawazimi, Al –Farabi, Ibn-Sina, and Al –Buruni, cities like Bukhara, Marv,
Samarqand and Farghana were great centres of Islamic learning. Ibn –Sina’s “Al Qanun fi Tibb”
became text-book in Western universities for a quite longer time. During the Muslim rule,
scholarship made great strides and there was host of scholars existed in every branch of
knowledge, as evidenced by works of Tarikh-i-Bukhara, Mujumul-Buldan (Marvels of the
Land), Shah-nama, Garshasp-nama (Epic of Garshasp), Hudud al Alam. In mathematics, Ahmad
b Abd Allah Al- Marwazi (popularly known as Al Habash al –Khasib.d.870), Abu Mashar
Balkhi(d.886) and Abu Ahmad al Fergana, an astronomer and mathematician wrote Usul ilm al
Nujum(Principles of Astronomy).The period produced two great polymaths Ibn – Sina and Abu
Rahman al Buruni from Khawazam .the scholar of central Asia who emerged during the Muslim
era have left an indelible mark on the world and certainly during the period from the 7th
century
to the end of the fifteenth century. This is marked still age of achievement in the annals of world
history.5
In the eighteenth century Tsarist penetration started in the region, the main regional entities in the
southern tier were the Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand; in the North, there were three
Kazak tribal confederations or Hordes (known respectively as the Big, the little and the Middle
Horde). The Tsarist annexation of Central Asia took place with relatively little local resistance.
The Kazaks were the first to come under Russian rule. This was a creeping process which took
over a century to complete, lasting from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth
century. The conquest of the Khanates began with the fall of Tashkent in 1865. Bukhara and
Khiva became protectorates in 1868 and 1873 respectively; Kokand was fully integrated into the
Russian Empire in 1876. Transcaspia (modern Turkmenistan) was conquered in the 1880s.
Russian Revolution and Jadidism in Central Asia
The beginning of the Bolshevik revolution introduced a new era in the Central Asian region
across all sectors of the society including education.. On the eve of the Bolshevik Revolution,
three major and distinct formal educational authorities functioned in Central Asia; the traditional
Islamic education system, the Russian education system, and Jadidists education system.
4
Ahmed Rashid, “The New Struggle in Central Asia: A Primer for the Baffled,” World Policy
Journal 17, no.4 (2000/2001): 33.
5
Asimov M.S. (1997). History of Civilization of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Part. IV.
UNECO. London, p.39
3. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
35
Jadidism was originated by the national-progressive intellectuals of the region. The term in
Arabic means “New” and came into existence from the concept of “Usual –i-jadid (a new
method).
Abd Akkah Avlani (1970-1934), was convinced that the Traditional Islamic schools neither by
their character nor by their programmes could meet the demands of modern education.6
Various proponents of reform movements such as Mahmudhodzha Behbudi (1875-1919),
Munavrar Abdulrashidhanov (1878-1931), Abdullah Avlovi (1878-1934) and Miryakubn Dawlat
(1885-1935) actively participated in the socio-political and cultural life of the region. They
normally referred to themselves as “taraqqipararvarlar (progressive)”. They argued that their
approach would bring rigors to the religious educational institutions by introducing new methods,
mastery of materials and systematic Arabic language instruction. These techniques, they
advocated would also bring about broad ranges of courses including Secular subjects in a new
kind of Madrassas to be called Muhandasalik madrassalar or technical Madrassas7
. Accordingly
a number of new Jadidi Schools in Tashkent reached 24 in the year of 1917, 5 schools in the
Samarqand oblast, 39 in the Syr-Darya oblast (including the environs of Tashkent) and 30 schools
in the Fergana oblast. Thus the total number of new method Maktabas in Uzbekistan came to 90
schools approximately.8
Soviets initially used the jaddidler reformers with two folded aims one, to transform the education
system into wholly secular, second to use them for their own purpose. The main attempt of the
jadidhs was to develop an educational model that would merge religious and secular education to
a new educational institution. But quickly the movement was suppressed.9
Because the soviets
saw it a threat that it would emerge into a Pan-Turkism and Pan-Islamism in the soviet occupied
Central Asia.
However during the Second World War a kind of Jadidi concept re-emerged. Because the Soviets
themselves began to establish their own Islamic Educational institutions under a new Spiritual
Directorate (SADUM)
Islamic Education under Soviet Surveillance
Soviet educational policies and strategies in central Asia has been the subject-matter of number of
research studies. Numerous hypotheses have been put forth by various researchers, regarding the
education set ups in general and Religious education in particular. This is undeniable fact that the
research during the Soviet regime remained underdeveloped and unripe due to the political and
ideological bias. The majority of researchers find the religious policies of the Soviets
repressive, and this evaluation is more or less correct.10
On the eve of Russian revolution in
6
Michael Kemper, R. M. (Ed.). (2009). Islamic Education in the Soviet Unionand its
Successor State. London: New York: Routledge. P.228
7
Martha Bill Olcot, “Islam in Uzbekistan, Religious education and state ideology”. P.4
8
Michael Kemper, R. M. (Ed.). (2009). Islamic Education in the Soviet Unionand its
Successor State. London: New York: Routledge. P.228
9
Ibid, p.223
10
Shoshana Keller, To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central
Asia, 1917–1941 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001); Alexandre Bennigsen and Marie Broxup, The
Islamic Threat to the Soviet State (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983); Alexandre Bennigsen
and S. Enders Wimbush, Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1985).
4. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
36
1917, the native population of central Asia could choose between three types of schools (a)
Islamic schools (Maktabas and Madrassas), (b) Jadidi schools (Based on the new teaching
methods that combined religious and Secular elements) and (c) Secular-Russian Native schools.
Soviets had introduced additional educational policies upon which their system could built and
through which their system could operates such as (a) free education at all levels. b) Instruction in
the native language. C) Co-education at all levels and in all types of schools. d), a uniform course
of study. According to the data provided by Ostroumov (1913), in Turkestan there were 7,290
Maktabas (with 70,864 students) and 376 madrasas (with 9,637). Turkestan, during Soviet reign
sporadic attacks has been mounted against the Islamic educational institutions and the Soviets had
changed the religious thinking of the people through communism although Millennium old
customs had remained like marriage, burials and customs like circumcision11
. The soviet
government planned to establish only one type of schools, namely the Secular Soviet Schools. It
intended not only to reform but to destroy the system of traditional Islamic education. The Soviet
educational policies were based on the policy of Socialism and Communism which were based on
a Marxist-Lenin approach. Lenin wrote, “Our object in the field of schools is the same struggle
for the bourgeoisie, we openly declared that a school outside life, outside politics is a lie and
hypocrisy.”12
The purpose of the education is the training of educated, thoroughly developed,
active builders of a Communist society.13
In the mid of the 1920’s the soviet government ran only 1/3 of all primary schools in Uzbekistan.
Whilst the remaining 2/3 were still based on religious school systems. The number of Islamic
Maktabas even increased. (Table 1)
Islamic schools according to administrative district in Uzbekistan in 1920’s
Okrug(Administrative
districts)
Number of old -method
schools
Number of pupils
Tashkent 55 858
Samarqand 342 4,406
Fergana 79 1,693
Andizhan 427 8,692
Bukhara 148 1972
Zeravshan 105 1,189
Khodzhent 38 693
Surkhandaria 49 490
Kashkadaria 119 1,190
Source; Statistical information of the Uzbek Commissariat of Education
Despite the years of anti-Islamic propaganda (1921-1928) and despite the massive persecution of
Ulama, in Turkestan which occurred in the three of repression (1927, 1937-1938 and 1949)
Soviet repression against Islamic education was more from 1920 to 1985, the situation and status
of Islamic religious institutions deteriorated markedly. The period had a disastrous impact on the
system of Islamic education. The majority of religious schools were shut down and many
important Islamic scholars were persecuted. To eliminate the Islamic schools, soviets deprived
them from financial foundation although various Islamic schools could be maintained through
11
Svat Soucek, A History of inner Asia, Cambridge 2000,P.26
12
V.I.Lenin collected works, Moscow, 1929. Vol.37 P.77
13
How Russia Does it(London), times educational supplement, November 29,1957.P.1520
5. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
37
Waqf 14
and voluntary donations (Ihsan, Kharat, Sadqaat, and Nazr). Waqf property was legal
in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic from 1923 to 1926. The sixth plenum of the Uzbekistan
Communist Party (13-15 June 1927) adopted a resolution which called for various measures to
weaken the Spiritual Directorate, to stop the reform process in Islamic schools , to eliminate
Islamic schools in general by depriving them of their financial foundation, and finally to ban
Islamic schools as well as ban mullahs from teaching. On 8 April 1929, the Russian VTsIK
presidency passed a new law on religious organisations In accordance with the law; the
government took up a general course towards the complete destruction of Islamic schools. In
1918, a decree was announced “on the separation of Church and State and of schools and
Church”. In November 1928, the sixth session of the UzSSR adopted the decree “On the
liquidation of old method schools and Madrassas”
Islamic schooling remained the most important factor of continuity in education the Soviet reign
In 1927, 199 Maktabas existed in the Kokand Okrug, whilst in the Nur-Ata reign and the
Samarkand Okrug the number of Maktabas steadily increased by ten Maktabas. Also in the city
of Andizhan there were still slightly more religious than soviets schools in the academic year
1926/1927.15
The era Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964), brought a new wave of persecution and his approach
supposedly pushed the country on its way towards Communism. In 1961, the new programme of
the communist party promulgated that the country had entered a new and extensive stage of
building communism. The Baraq-khan madrasa was closed in 1961.
Hujra system of Education
The term Hujra (also doira) means circle and often refers to the institution in which religious
education is offered and continues to take place. The hujra were direct a response to the
atheistic policies of the soviets and the mass persecution of Ulamas and shunt downs of Islamic
schools. Nevertheless after the liquidation of confessional education between 1920s, and 1930s
religious education managed was continued underground called Hujra.16
The form and content of
education in the hujra system remained traditional and had a conservative character.17
They
trained experts in the religious(Ulama) of a relatively high level in comparison with official
educational institutions of S.A.D.UM.(1943-992) The Stalin () years were the grimmest for
religious education, and virtually none of the surviving clerics was willing to take on pupils unit
14
Waqf (an Arabic word) means “Pious foundation”. It also means property set aside for
religious purposes”. Waqf revenues provided salaries for imams, mudarris and mullahs,
and so made existence possible for primary and secondary schools (Maktabas and
Madrassas), mosques, shrines and Sufi convents, thus serving to reinforce Islamic
religious authority. Moreover, charitable endowments funded important welfare institutes
such as orphanages.
15
Michael Kemper, R. M. (Ed.). (2009). Islamic Education in the Soviet Unionand its Successor
State. London: New York: Routledge. P.238
16
The dictionary definition of hujra is “cell” or “chamber”. This network was the continuation of
traditional forms for Islamic education(Maktabas , Madrassas and Qari-khan)in the Soviet
period it could only survive on the territory of the former Turkestan Governor General ship
and especially in the Farghana valley, due to its ability to accommodated Russian forms of
government and control
17
B.M .Babadzhanov, A. K. Muminov and M.B.Olcott, “Mukhamadzhan Khindustani(1892-
1989) Religiznaia sreda ego epokhi.(2004) PP.43-59
6. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
38
conditions eased somewhat after World War II. The religious education that continued was
carried out in families in what was termed qori pochcho hujralari or hujra qori-pochcho.18
In
1956, Abdurahmonjon established his own hujra, in which students were offered the studies of
the rituals in silent Ziqr-Khafi: psycho-physical concentration-tarweed prayers as well as studies
of mystical poetry, including works of Jalaldin Rumi and Bedilya (17th
century poet). Rahmatulla-
alloma, established a hujra in 1978, where students were taught Arabic, the Quran, Hadith and the
basic of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The curriculum also includes essays of Taymiya, Maullana
Maududi and Tafsir (commentary of Quran) of Syeed Qutb (FI Zalali Quran). The most famous
of these hujras are. Nordirhon-domla from Tashkent, established an important hujra (existence
from 1962 to mid 1970’s). Hazrat Baba Muhammad ran an important hujra in Surkhandaria. Qozi
–Domulla (Abdurasid-domulla) ran an influential hujra in Dushanbe. Salim-Hojji Khujandi
(b.1890, d.1983) ran an important hujra in Bekabad.
During the persecution of Soviet rule, the hujra system of education allowed the Muslims of
central Asia to maintain their religious educational identity and to meet their obligation by the
laws of Shariah and transmit their knowledge of Islam and its laws ad to be engaged in Islamic
missionary work. It represented the sufficient theological vitality to keep Muslim identity alive in
the region. Despite the illegal status of many theologians, Islamic learning centres continued to
have a special status in society and the respect of their communities.
Islamic Education from Brezhnev to Gorbachev.
During World War II (1939-1945), legalization of Islamic educational institutions took place in
Oder to gain the loyalty of Muslims. Between 1943 and 1944, Muslim conferences held in Baku,
Tashkent and Buinaksk elected their spiritual directorate in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and
Dagestan.19
"Perestroika" (restructuring) and "glasnost" (openness) were Mikhail Gorbachev's
watchwords for the renovation of the Soviet body politic and society that he pursued as general
secretary of the Communist Party from 1985 until 1991.Perestroika and glasnost marked the
beginning of liberalization also between religious communities and the soviet state. On 14 June
1991, the soviet Republic of Uzbekistan passed the Religious act on the freedom of conscience
and religious organization. The Uzbek Religions act provided the following innovations “citizens
may receive religious education and can choose the language of their religious instruction.
Religious organisations have the right to establish educational institutions and leaning groups for
adults’ and children in accordance with the organisation’s standing rules.....” According to the
same act “Religious organizations are allowed to send citizens abroad to foreign institutions of
religious learning in order to embark upon advanced studies or to exchange experiences....vice
versa.”
Consequences of Soviet religious educational policies
Islamic educational institutions were deeply rooted in local religious practice, social traditions
and family ties and this embeddedness guaranteed their vitality. In contrast, the soviet educational
system was pushed backward by numerous administrative decrees and orders. The soviets were
not interested in the reform of Islamic Maktabas, and Madrassas rather they wanted all schools to
be not only secular, but also strictly atheist. The costs and benefits of soviet educational policy
varied over time. From the 1920,s to the World War I the period was more disastrous, during
18
A qori pochcho is a relative who is able to read the Quran. This instruction was generally
restricted to learning some basic prayers and some ayyat from the Quran, normally the first
sura, the last ayyat from ayyat-ul-kursi(Quran 2;251),and some prayers of personal
supplication (Dua)
19
Y. Ro’i, Islam in the Soviet Union: From the second World war to Gorbachev, London, 2000.
7. International Journal of Education (IJE), Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2015
39
which Islamic schools were completely shut down. Immediately after the war, SADUM was
established. The Autonomous Spiritual Directorate of Muslim in central Asia and Kazakhstan
(SADUM) was founded on the 31 July 1943 in Tashkent. Two Madrassas were open under the
guidance of SADUM. Early in the establishment of soviet power it was decided to separate the
school from church. This educational policy decision meant that any religious influence would
formally cease and that scientific-atheistic thoughts would supplant religion. The anti—religious
indoctrination expressed in militant atheistic teaching and harassment of believers. Islamic
educational institutions in the central Asia under the rule of soviets faced a great disastrous, the
persecution of soviets against the Islamic educational institutions (Maktabas and Madrassas)
Clerics, scholars. Religious literature was publically banned.
References
[1] Akiner, Shrine (1986). .Islamic People of the Soviet Union, London.
[2] Ann, - Jo, Gross. (1992). Muslim in Centre Asia: Expression of Identity and Change. Duke
University
[3] Donarld. R. Little, Jr. “The policy-Making process in the soviet education system.” Ann Arbor
Michigan, University Microflims.1966
[4] E.P. Tonkonogaja, "Illiteracy Education in the Soviet Union," Literacy Discussion, Vol. 7, No. 1
(1976)
[5] Hefner, R.W. 2007. The culture, politics and future of Muslim education. In Schooling Islam: The
Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education, ed. R.W. Hefner and M.Q. Zaman, Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
[6] Jaan Pennar, Ivan Ivanovich Bakalo, George. Z. F. Bereday. (1971). Modernization and Diversity in
Soviet Education. Praeger Publisher, UK.
[7] Kemper, M. 2009. The Soviet discourse on the origin and class character of Islam, 1923–1933. Welt
des Islam 49:1–48.
[8] Michael Kemper, R. M. (Ed.). (2009). Islamic Education in the Soviet Unionand its Successor State.
London: New York: Routledge.
[9] Nicholas Dewitt, “Strategic problems of Educational policy in the Soviet Union and the united states”
comparative education review 7.june 1963
[10] Wiiiam H.E.Johson, “Russia’s Educational heritage” Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. Carragic press 1950
Journals
[1] Encausse D & Carrere H. (1963). The Peoples of Central Asia: Cultural Development. Central Asian
Survey. Vol. II. No. 2. London.
[2] Kendirbaeve, Gulnar. (1999). we are Children of Alash. Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18. No. 1.
London.
[3] Panchi, F. G. (1975). Teachers’ education in USSR Historical developments and current trends.
Soviet Education. Vol. XIX. No. 9-10. July-Aug. Moscow.
[4] Szekel, Beah Beatrice (1978). The Development of the Soviet School in Nationality Districts. Soviet
Education, vol. XX. No.3, New York.