The document provides a detailed overview of relative pronouns and their usage in sentences, including who, which, that, where, when, and why. It describes how to form relative clauses and appositives, emphasizing the correct contexts for each pronoun and when they can or cannot be omitted. Additionally, it highlights formal versus informal usage and the importance of relative clauses in providing extra information.

1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS REL A TIVE CLAUSES

2. Relative pronouns are: Who (whom, whose) which that where when why …… .. NOT what!

3. We use who – for people which – for things The book is about a girl who runs away from home. Where is the cheese which was in the fridge?

4. In informal language we can use that instead of who / which The book is about a girl that runs away from home. Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?

5. In some cases we can leave out that The job (that) he got wasn`t very interesting. A woman ( whom/that) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.

6. We can`t leave out who , which , what in relative clauses with extra information that is important Dorothy , who does my hair, has just had a baby. I lent him “The Old Man and The Sea” , which is really easy to read. NB! Here we can`t use that .

7. Whose We say whose for possession (‘of who’) We only use whose after people to refer to things that are theirs I know t he boy whose goal is to fold origami. We cannot omit whose !

8. Whom Whom is generally used in formal contexts Whom is used for direct objects (people) To whom am I speaking? The person whom you are trying to reach is not available. (Most of the time we would say ‘who,’ not whom!)

9. Where We use where for places This is the store where I bought that dress.

10. When We use when for time That was the day when I learned my teacher was an alien.

11. Why We use why to explain the reason The reason why I did it was because John was annoying me. (Usually, it´s better to just make the sentence shorter: ¨I did it because John was annoying me.¨ )

12. Whose We use why to explain the reason The reason why I did it was because John was annoying me. (Usually, it´s better to just make the sentence shorter: ¨I did it because John was annoying me.¨ )

13. Appositives (non-defining relative clauses) To give extra information, put a comma and start a new clause with a relative pronoun. End with a comma and continue the sentence. John is my friend. John is very smart. John, who is very smart, is my friend.

14. Appositives (non-defining relative clauses) We use which, when, who, or whose. We cannot say that. We cannot omit relative pronouns.