Reinforced_earth_and_Reinforced_earth_st.pptx
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The document discusses reinforced earth, which combines earth and reinforcing strips capable of bearing large tensile stresses. The reinforcement enables the mass to resist tension that earth alone could not. The idea originated from Henri Vidal trying to build a reinforced sandcastle. Reinforced soil structures use light, easy to construct materials and require only basic machinery. They eliminate differential settlement, increase bearing capacity, and can save land area. Components include soil, skin, and reinforcement arranged in layers. The document discusses design considerations for reinforced earth retaining walls and their seismic stability.
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Reinforced earth structures
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Reinforced earth walls
The document discusses reinforced earth walls, which combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. It describes how Henri Vidal came up with the concept while trying to build a reinforced sandcastle. The key components of reinforced earth walls are the soil, which is strong in compression, reinforcement like steel or concrete that is strong in tension, and a skin or facing to retain the soil. The document outlines design considerations for reinforced earth retaining walls, including checking external stability as a whole structure and internal stability of reinforcement layers.
Reinforced-earth-structures.pptx
Reinforced earth is a building technique that combines soil and flexible reinforcing strips to create structures capable of bearing large tensile stresses. The reinforcement strips enable the soil mass to resist tension through friction between the soil and strips. Reinforced earth structures offer advantages like light construction materials, rapid construction, elimination of differential settlement, and land savings. They consist of soil, a facing element, and internal reinforcing materials like steel or geotextiles. Reinforced earth can be used to construct retaining walls, bridge abutments, culverts, and other structures. Design considers external stability against sliding, overturning, and internal stability of reinforcement layers. Reinforced earth walls performed well during seismic events.
04. superstructure
1. Concrete beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases were constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
2. For beams and columns, formwork was erected, reinforcement bars were installed, and then concrete was poured and allowed to cure.
3. Concrete slabs were either precast off site or cast in place using formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring and curing.
4. Walls were constructed using concrete bricks laid with mortar.
Ppt supersstructure
The document discusses various aspects of superstructure components including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and staircases. It provides details on:
- Types of beams used on site, including precast and in-situ concrete beams, with reinforcement for strength.
- The concrete columns constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
- Walls being primarily concrete bricks with mortar, providing structural support and enclosure.
- Floors being constructed using either precast or cast-in-place concrete slabs reinforced for strength.
- Staircases being made of reinforced concrete with formwork to provide circulation between levels.
Advancement in retaining wall
This document provides information on various retaining wall technologies. It discusses gravity walls, crib walls, gabion walls, cantilever walls, sheet pile walls, and types of materials that can be used for retaining walls like wood, steel, concrete. It also summarizes different retaining wall systems like MSE walls, precast panel walls, counterfort walls, modular block walls, and vegetated soil bioengineering systems. The document highlights the advantages of each technology which include fast construction, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
Retaining wall
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
Masonry
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together with mortar to form walls or other structures. There are several types of bonds used in brick masonry, including stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Proper bonding and the use of headers, stretchers, and mortar help provide strength and durability to the overall masonry construction.
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Reinforced earth structures
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Reinforced earth walls
The document discusses reinforced earth walls, which combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. It describes how Henri Vidal came up with the concept while trying to build a reinforced sandcastle. The key components of reinforced earth walls are the soil, which is strong in compression, reinforcement like steel or concrete that is strong in tension, and a skin or facing to retain the soil. The document outlines design considerations for reinforced earth retaining walls, including checking external stability as a whole structure and internal stability of reinforcement layers.
Reinforced-earth-structures.pptx
Reinforced earth is a building technique that combines soil and flexible reinforcing strips to create structures capable of bearing large tensile stresses. The reinforcement strips enable the soil mass to resist tension through friction between the soil and strips. Reinforced earth structures offer advantages like light construction materials, rapid construction, elimination of differential settlement, and land savings. They consist of soil, a facing element, and internal reinforcing materials like steel or geotextiles. Reinforced earth can be used to construct retaining walls, bridge abutments, culverts, and other structures. Design considers external stability against sliding, overturning, and internal stability of reinforcement layers. Reinforced earth walls performed well during seismic events.
04. superstructure
1. Concrete beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases were constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
2. For beams and columns, formwork was erected, reinforcement bars were installed, and then concrete was poured and allowed to cure.
3. Concrete slabs were either precast off site or cast in place using formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring and curing.
4. Walls were constructed using concrete bricks laid with mortar.
Ppt supersstructure
The document discusses various aspects of superstructure components including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and staircases. It provides details on:
- Types of beams used on site, including precast and in-situ concrete beams, with reinforcement for strength.
- The concrete columns constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
- Walls being primarily concrete bricks with mortar, providing structural support and enclosure.
- Floors being constructed using either precast or cast-in-place concrete slabs reinforced for strength.
- Staircases being made of reinforced concrete with formwork to provide circulation between levels.
Advancement in retaining wall
This document provides information on various retaining wall technologies. It discusses gravity walls, crib walls, gabion walls, cantilever walls, sheet pile walls, and types of materials that can be used for retaining walls like wood, steel, concrete. It also summarizes different retaining wall systems like MSE walls, precast panel walls, counterfort walls, modular block walls, and vegetated soil bioengineering systems. The document highlights the advantages of each technology which include fast construction, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
Retaining wall
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
Masonry
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together with mortar to form walls or other structures. There are several types of bonds used in brick masonry, including stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Proper bonding and the use of headers, stretchers, and mortar help provide strength and durability to the overall masonry construction.
Reinforced earth structures notes.pdf
Reinforced earth is a construction material made of soil reinforced with horizontal layers of flexible inclusions like metal strips, grids, or fabric. It was invented in 1963 and is used widely in retaining walls, dams, bridge abutments, and other structures. The key components are soil, reinforcement, and a facing. The soil is confined by the reinforcement which resists the soil's lateral deformation under load. When loaded vertically, the soil wants to spread but is restrained by the reinforcement, which develops tensile forces that contribute to the structure's stability. Reinforced earth structures offer advantages like requiring less fill material and allowing steeper slopes, saving space. They can also be constructed directly on soft ground.
Types of retaining walls
This document discusses different types of retaining walls, including:
- Gravity walls, pre-cast crib walls, gabion walls, reinforced concrete walls, sheet pile walls, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls, slurry walls, secant pile walls, soldier piles and lagging walls, cofferdam walls, and hybrid systems.
It provides details on the materials, designs, and uses of various retaining wall types. Common materials include wood, steel, concrete, and soil reinforcements. Walls are chosen based on factors like height, site conditions, costs, and whether they are temporary or permanent.
Construction-methods-and-techniques.pptx
Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
Differnt types of Retaining walls
Retaining walls are structures designed to hold back material like earth to prevent sliding or erosion. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity walls made of concrete, stone, or brick which rely on their weight for stability. Reinforced retaining walls use reinforcement bars and concrete or masonry for stability. Mechanically stabilized earth walls use soil reinforced with steel or geotextiles in layers. Hybrid or composite walls combine mass with reinforcement.
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This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their construction methods. It describes gravity walls, sheet pile walls, cantilever walls, and anchored walls. It also discusses soil nailing, diaphragm walls, and bracing used for deep excavations. Key details include the steps for constructing retaining walls, advantages of concrete walls, advantages and disadvantages of CFA piles, applications and materials used for soil nailing, and the sequence of work for installing diaphragm walls. A case study describes an L-shaped cantilever retaining wall project in New Cairo City.
Pile foundation
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
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This document discusses various topics related to construction technology, including substructure construction methods like retaining walls, basement construction, and underpinning. For retaining walls, it describes different types such as mass walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, and precast concrete walls. It also covers design considerations and failure modes. For basements, it outlines the construction process and advantages, as well as tanking methods to waterproof the basement. Signs of foundation failure and reasons for underpinning existing structures are also provided.
Reinforced soil
This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
retaining walls ( word )
This document provides information about retaining walls, including:
1. Definitions of retaining walls and their purpose of retaining soil at slopes greater than the angle of repose.
2. Explanations of the main types of retaining walls - gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, precast concrete, and sheet pile walls.
3. Descriptions of design considerations for retaining walls including soil type, drainage, joints, and the active and passive forces acting on the wall that impact its stability.
lokesh keelara civil engg
This document provides information on masonry construction materials and techniques. It discusses common masonry units like brick, stone, concrete block and their uses in buildings. It also describes different types of walls like solid walls, cavity walls, reinforced masonry walls and their construction. Furthermore, it covers topics like mortar, bonding patterns for brickwork and potential failures in brick walls.
Theory of structures
Retaining walls are structures designed to retain earth and prevent it from sliding down slopes. They provide lateral support and hold back earthfill, embankments, and other materials in a vertical position. There are various types of retaining walls that differ based on their materials, structure, and means of stability. Common types include gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, buttress walls, sheet pile walls, soldier pile and lagging walls, slurry walls, secant pile walls, crib walls, gabion walls, and mechanically stabilized earth walls. Proper design of a retaining wall requires consideration of the earth pressures acting on it, including active and passive pressures, and ensuring adequate drainage.
Theory of structures 002
The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
Foundations
There are several types of foundations for buildings:
- Pile foundations involve boring or driving piles into the ground to support loads on weak soils. Piles can be concrete or prefabricated.
- Strip foundations are most common for houses and small buildings. They are inexpensive concrete foundations that can be reinforced.
- Raft foundations spread loads over a larger area and are used on unstable soils, but are more expensive due to requiring more concrete.
- Pad foundations support isolated loads like columns and are relatively inexpensive to construct.
Foundations
There are several types of foundations for buildings:
- Pile foundations involve boring or driving piles into the ground to support loads on weak soils. Piles can be concrete or prefabricated.
- Strip foundations are most common for houses and use a continuous strip of concrete to distribute loads across an area. They are inexpensive.
- Raft foundations spread loads over a large area using a concrete slab and are used on unstable soils, though they are more expensive.
- Pad foundations support individual columns or structures with isolated concrete pads and are relatively inexpensive to construct.
Reinforced Earth Wall RE wall
This document provides information on reinforced earth walls, including their components and construction methodology. It discusses that reinforced earth walls combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. The key components are reinforcing elements, soil backfill (which can be replaced with fly ash), and a facing element. Geogrids are used as reinforcements and provide strength in tension, while fly ash or soil in the backfill provides compression strength. The document also outlines design considerations around drainage, joint materials, and stability checks for these types of walls.
Wall materials
This document discusses wall materials and construction techniques for disaster resistant buildings. It covers different types of masonry bonds used in walls like rat trap bond and English bond. It discusses wall geometry and how factors like height, length, and reinforcement placement affect wall strength. It also addresses openings, wall and beam reinforcements, and field testing of construction materials like bricks and cement to ensure quality. The goal is to understand wall design and construction methods that improve a building's ability to withstand disasters.
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The document discusses different types of foundations and piles used in construction projects. It describes shallow foundations that are at ground level and deep foundations like piles and piers that extend below the surface into stronger soil layers. It outlines various pile types including timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. For each pile type, it provides details on materials, advantages, disadvantages, installation methods, and factors to consider in selection. The document is an informative overview of foundation and pile foundation options for structural support.
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Reinforced earth wall and its design parameters
This document provides information on reinforced earth walls, including their components and construction methodology. It discusses that reinforced earth walls combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. The key components are reinforcing elements, soil backfill (which can be replaced with fly ash), and a facing element. Geogrids are used as reinforcements and provide strength in tension, while fly ash or soil in the backfill provides compression strength. The document also outlines design considerations for stability, drainage, and joints in reinforced earth walls.
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
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Reinforced earth structures notes.pdf
Reinforced earth is a construction material made of soil reinforced with horizontal layers of flexible inclusions like metal strips, grids, or fabric. It was invented in 1963 and is used widely in retaining walls, dams, bridge abutments, and other structures. The key components are soil, reinforcement, and a facing. The soil is confined by the reinforcement which resists the soil's lateral deformation under load. When loaded vertically, the soil wants to spread but is restrained by the reinforcement, which develops tensile forces that contribute to the structure's stability. Reinforced earth structures offer advantages like requiring less fill material and allowing steeper slopes, saving space. They can also be constructed directly on soft ground.
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This document discusses different types of retaining walls, including:
- Gravity walls, pre-cast crib walls, gabion walls, reinforced concrete walls, sheet pile walls, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls, slurry walls, secant pile walls, soldier piles and lagging walls, cofferdam walls, and hybrid systems.
It provides details on the materials, designs, and uses of various retaining wall types. Common materials include wood, steel, concrete, and soil reinforcements. Walls are chosen based on factors like height, site conditions, costs, and whether they are temporary or permanent.
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Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
Differnt types of Retaining walls
Retaining walls are structures designed to hold back material like earth to prevent sliding or erosion. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity walls made of concrete, stone, or brick which rely on their weight for stability. Reinforced retaining walls use reinforcement bars and concrete or masonry for stability. Mechanically stabilized earth walls use soil reinforced with steel or geotextiles in layers. Hybrid or composite walls combine mass with reinforcement.
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Beam and collunm less framwork fo huge construction of multistrey buildings with high strenght and econamy. Best suited for countries lkies India and helpful to achive the goal of gov of India to provide homes to all the citizens .
Deep excavation report
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their construction methods. It describes gravity walls, sheet pile walls, cantilever walls, and anchored walls. It also discusses soil nailing, diaphragm walls, and bracing used for deep excavations. Key details include the steps for constructing retaining walls, advantages of concrete walls, advantages and disadvantages of CFA piles, applications and materials used for soil nailing, and the sequence of work for installing diaphragm walls. A case study describes an L-shaped cantilever retaining wall project in New Cairo City.
Pile foundation
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
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This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
retaining walls ( word )
This document provides information about retaining walls, including:
1. Definitions of retaining walls and their purpose of retaining soil at slopes greater than the angle of repose.
2. Explanations of the main types of retaining walls - gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, precast concrete, and sheet pile walls.
3. Descriptions of design considerations for retaining walls including soil type, drainage, joints, and the active and passive forces acting on the wall that impact its stability.
lokesh keelara civil engg
This document provides information on masonry construction materials and techniques. It discusses common masonry units like brick, stone, concrete block and their uses in buildings. It also describes different types of walls like solid walls, cavity walls, reinforced masonry walls and their construction. Furthermore, it covers topics like mortar, bonding patterns for brickwork and potential failures in brick walls.
Theory of structures
Retaining walls are structures designed to retain earth and prevent it from sliding down slopes. They provide lateral support and hold back earthfill, embankments, and other materials in a vertical position. There are various types of retaining walls that differ based on their materials, structure, and means of stability. Common types include gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, buttress walls, sheet pile walls, soldier pile and lagging walls, slurry walls, secant pile walls, crib walls, gabion walls, and mechanically stabilized earth walls. Proper design of a retaining wall requires consideration of the earth pressures acting on it, including active and passive pressures, and ensuring adequate drainage.
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The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
Foundations
There are several types of foundations for buildings:
- Pile foundations involve boring or driving piles into the ground to support loads on weak soils. Piles can be concrete or prefabricated.
- Strip foundations are most common for houses and small buildings. They are inexpensive concrete foundations that can be reinforced.
- Raft foundations spread loads over a larger area and are used on unstable soils, but are more expensive due to requiring more concrete.
- Pad foundations support isolated loads like columns and are relatively inexpensive to construct.
Foundations
There are several types of foundations for buildings:
- Pile foundations involve boring or driving piles into the ground to support loads on weak soils. Piles can be concrete or prefabricated.
- Strip foundations are most common for houses and use a continuous strip of concrete to distribute loads across an area. They are inexpensive.
- Raft foundations spread loads over a large area using a concrete slab and are used on unstable soils, though they are more expensive.
- Pad foundations support individual columns or structures with isolated concrete pads and are relatively inexpensive to construct.
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This document provides information on reinforced earth walls, including their components and construction methodology. It discusses that reinforced earth walls combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. The key components are reinforcing elements, soil backfill (which can be replaced with fly ash), and a facing element. Geogrids are used as reinforcements and provide strength in tension, while fly ash or soil in the backfill provides compression strength. The document also outlines design considerations around drainage, joint materials, and stability checks for these types of walls.
Wall materials
This document discusses wall materials and construction techniques for disaster resistant buildings. It covers different types of masonry bonds used in walls like rat trap bond and English bond. It discusses wall geometry and how factors like height, length, and reinforcement placement affect wall strength. It also addresses openings, wall and beam reinforcements, and field testing of construction materials like bricks and cement to ensure quality. The goal is to understand wall design and construction methods that improve a building's ability to withstand disasters.
Pile footing.pptx
The document discusses different types of foundations and piles used in construction projects. It describes shallow foundations that are at ground level and deep foundations like piles and piers that extend below the surface into stronger soil layers. It outlines various pile types including timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. For each pile type, it provides details on materials, advantages, disadvantages, installation methods, and factors to consider in selection. The document is an informative overview of foundation and pile foundation options for structural support.
REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES
This report summarizes the analysis of construction sequences for two residential building projects in Madhubagh and Lalmatia. It outlines the key steps in site preparation such as soil testing, excavation, leveling and foundation work. It also describes processes for constructing columns, beams, slabs, stairs and adding finishes like plastering, painting and distempering. Common foundation types like shallow foundations and deep foundations are also summarized. The report provides a high-level overview of construction elements and sequences for the residential buildings.
Reinforced earth wall and its design parameters
This document provides information on reinforced earth walls, including their components and construction methodology. It discusses that reinforced earth walls combine earth and linear reinforcing strips to bear large tensile stresses. The key components are reinforcing elements, soil backfill (which can be replaced with fly ash), and a facing element. Geogrids are used as reinforcements and provide strength in tension, while fly ash or soil in the backfill provides compression strength. The document also outlines design considerations for stability, drainage, and joints in reinforced earth walls.
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Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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- 1. Presentation on Reinforced earth & Reinforced earth structures By Umer Farooq Roll no. 01-CE-2008
- 2. Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses. The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
- 3. How the idea of Reinforced Earth came? IT ALL BEGAN LIKE A GAME, when Henri Vidal, a highway engineer and architect, was trying to built a sandcastle on the beach. But the sand kept on falling off and this led to the idea of reinforcing the construction with pine needles. That is how the general principle of Reinforced Earth came about.
- 4. Why Consider Reinforced Soil Structures? ⚫Wire mesh/geotextile fabric construction materials are light, easy to transport, and quick to construct. ⚫ The only machinery required is a backhoe/excavator and a compactor. ⚫Differential settlement is eliminated & Bearing Capacity increased. ⚫Rapid construction is reported. ⚫This technique can result in saving the area of land.
- 5. Components of Reinforced Earth 1. Soil 2. Skin 3. Reinforcement
- 6. Arrangement of the Components in Reinforced Earth Structure
- 7. Soil for Reinforced Earth ⚫It should be granular, cohesion less material, not too much silt or clay having particle size not more than 125 mm. ⚫Not more than 10 percent of the particles shall pass 75 micron sieve & the earth reinforcement coefficient of friction to be either higher than or equal to 0.4 & Plasticity Index < 6. ⚫The soil must have a moisture content suitable for compaction.
- 8. Skin ⚫Skin is the facing element of the reinforced soil wall. ⚫These elements keeps the reinforcement at a desired elevation in the reinforced soil wall and also protect the granular at the edge falling off. ⚫Made of either metal units or precast concrete panels.
- 9. Reinforcing Material: ⚫A variety of materials can be used as reinforcing materials e.g, ⚫Steel ⚫Concrete ⚫Glass fibre ⚫Wood ⚫Rubber ⚫Aluminium ⚫Reinforcement may take the form of strips, grids, anchors & sheet material, chains, planks, rope, vegetation and combinations of these or other material forms.
- 10. Fasteners are used to make a connection between the facing and reinforcing elements usually of the form of hexagon headed screws and nuts and bolts
- 11. Reinforced Earth abutment in flyover
- 12. Where a bank is eroding and sliding onto a road, near a building, etc, a reinforced soil structure can be a cost effective solution. A Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall
- 13. Bridge abutments can be effectively constructed as a reinforced soil structure. A Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutment
- 14. A Reinforced Soil Box Culvert or Small Bridge Structure
- 15. Reinforced earth structure in Railways
- 17. Design of Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall In the reinforced earth wall two type of stability checked: External stability : It consider the reinforced structure as whole and check the stability for sliding, overturning, bearing/tilt and slip by considering the effects of dead loads, other loads (live load, dynamic load etc.) and forces acting on the structure. Internal stability: It cover internal mechanism ( tension and pull out failure) such as shear within the structure , arrangement and behavior of the reinforcement and backfill. It checks the stability for each reinforcement layers and stability of wedges within the reinforced fill
- 18. Seismic Stability High performance during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake of a GRS RW of this type that had been constructed at Tanata validated its high seismic stability